01 OWJ100001 WCDMA RNP Fundamental (With Comment) ISSUE1
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Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA RNPFundamental
Page2Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives� Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
� Get familiar with principles of radio wave propagation, and
theoretically prepare for the subsequent link budget.
� Introduce the knowledge about antennas and the meanings of
typical indices.
Page3Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents1. Radio Wave Introduction
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
4. Symbol Explanation
Page4Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents1. Radio Wave Introduction
1.1 Basic Principles of Radio Wave
1.2 Propagation Features of Radio Wave
1.3 Propagation Model of Radio Wave
1.4 Correction of Propagation Model
Page5Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Radio Wave SpectrumRadio Wave Spectrum
The frequencies in each specific band present unique propagation features.
300-3000GHz
EHFExtremely HighFrequency
30-300GHzSHFSuper High Frequency3-30GHzUHFUltra High Frequency300-3000MHzVHFVery High Frequency30-300MHzHFHigh Frequency3-30MHzMFMedium Frequency300-3000KHzLFLow Frequency30-300KHzVLFVery-low Frequency3-30KHzVFVoice Frequency300-3000Hz
ELFExtremely LowFrequency
30-300Hz3-30Hz
DesignationClassificationFrequency
Page6Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave
electric wave transmission directionElectric FieldElectric Field
Magnetic FieldMagnetic Field
Electric Field
Dipole
� When the radio wave propagates in the air, the electric field direction
changes regularly. If the electric field direction of radio wave is vertical to
the ground, the radio wave is vertical polarization wave
� If the electric field direction of radio wave is parallel with the ground, the radio
wave is horizontal polarization wave
Page7Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Perpendicular incidence waveand ground refraction wave
(most common propagation modes)
Troposphere reflection wave(the propagation is very random)
Mountain diffraction wave(shadow area signal source)
Ionosphere refraction wave(beyond-the-horizon communication path)
Propagation Path
Page8Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
①①①①①①①① Building reflection waveBuilding reflection wave②②②②②②②② Diffraction waveDiffraction wave③③③③③③③③ Direct waveDirect wave④④④④④④④④ Ground reflection waveGround reflection wave
Propagation Path
Page9Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents1. Radio Wave Introduction
1.1 Basic Principles of Radio Wave
1.2 Propagation Features of Radio Wave
1.3 Propagation Model of Radio Wave
1.4 Correction of Propagation Model
Page10Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Radio Propagation Environment� Radio wave propagation is affected by topographic structure
and man-made environment. The radio propagation
environment directly decides the selection of propagation
models. Main factors that affect environment are:
� Natural landform (mountain, hill, plains, water area)
� Quantity, layout and material features of man-made buildings
� Natural and man-made electromagnetic noise conditions
� Weather conditions
� Vegetation features of the region
Page11Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Quasi-smooth landform
The landform with a slightly rugged surface and
the surface height difference is less than 20m
Irregular landform
The landforms apart from quasi-smooth landform
are divided to: hill landform, isolated hills, slant
landform, and land & water combined landform
R
T
T
R
Landform Categories
Page12Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
distance (m)
Receiving power (dBm)
10 20 30
-20
-40
-60
slow fading
fast fading
Signal Fading
Page13Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
distance (m)
Receiving power (dBm)
10 20 30
-20
-40
-60
slow fading
fast fading
Signal Fading
Page14Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Signal Diversity
Measures against fast fading --- Diversity
� Time diversity
� Space diversity
� Frequency diversity
Page15Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Signal Diversity
Measures against fast fading --- Diversity
� Time diversity
� Space diversity
� Frequency diversity
Page16Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Solution RAKE technologyRAKE technology
Radio Wave Delay Extension� Deriving from reflection, it refers to the co-frequency interference
caused by the time difference in the space transmission of mainsignals and other multi-path signals received by the receiver
� The transmitting signals come from the objects far away from thereceiving antenna
Page17Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
T
R
Diffraction Loss� The electromagnetic wave diffuses around at the diffraction
point
� The diffraction wave covers all directions except the obstacle
� The diffusion loss is most severe
Page18Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Penetration Loss
XdBmWdBm
Penetration loss =X-W=B dBPenetration loss =X-W=B dB
� Penetration loss caused by obstructions:
Page19Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents1. Radio Wave Introduction
1.1 Basic Principles of Radio Wave
1.2 Propagation Features of Radio Wave
1.3 Propagation Model of Radio Wave
1.4 Correction of Propagation Model
Page20Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
),( fdfPathLoss =d f
Propagation model� Propagation model is used for predicting the medium value of path loss.
The formula can be simplified under if the heights of UE and base stationare given
where: is the distance between UE and base station, and is thefrequency
� Propagation environment affect the model, and the main factors are :� Natural terrain, such as mountain, hill, plain, water land, etc…;
� Man-made building (height, distribution and material);
� Vegetation;
� Weather;
� External noise
Page21Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lo=91.48+20lgd, for f=900MHzLo=97.98+20lgd, for f=1900MHz
Free Air Space Model
� Free space propagation model is applicable to the wireless
environment with isotropic propagation media (e.g.,
vacuum), and is a theoretic model
� This environment does not exist in real life
Page22Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ploss = L0+10χlgd -20lghb - 20lghm
χ Path loss gradient , usually is 4
hb BTS antenna height
hm mobile station height
L0 parameters related to frequencyR
T
Flat Landform Propagation Model
Page23Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Application ScopeApplication Scope
CharacteristicCharacteristic
� Frequency range f:150~1500MHz� BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m� Mobile station height Hm:1~10m� Distance d:1~20km
� Macro cell model� The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings� Predication is not applicable in 1km� Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is
above 1500MHz
Okumura-Hata Model
Page24Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Application ScopeApplication Scope
� Frequency range f:1505~2000MHz� BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m� Mobile station height Hm:1~10m� Distance d:1~20km
CharacteristicCharacteristic
� Macro cell model� The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings� Predication is not applicable in 1km� Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is
above 2000MHz or below 1500MHz
COST 231-Hata Model
Page25Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Application ScopeApplication Scope
� Frequency range : 800~2000MHz
� BTS antenna height Hbase : 4~50m
� Mobile station height Hmobile : 1~3m
� Distance d : 0.02~5km
CharacteristicCharacteristic
� Urban environment, macro cell or micro cell
� Not applicable to suburban or rural environment
COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami Model
Page26Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
K1: Propagation path loss constant valueK2: log(d) correction factorD: Distatnce between receiver and transmitter (m)K3: log(HTxeff) correction factorHTxeff: Transmitter antenna height (m)K4: Diffraction loss correction factorK5: log(HTxeff)log(D) correction factorK6: Correction factor
: Receiver antenna height (m)Kclutter: clutter correction factor
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )clutterfKHKHDK
lossnDiffractioKHKDKKPathLoss
clutterRxeffTxeff
Txeff
++×+
×+++=
65
4321
loglog
loglog
RxeffH
Experimental formulaExperimental formula
ExplanationExplanation
Standard Propagation
Page27Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents1. Radio Wave Introduction
1.1 Basic Principles of Radio Wave
1.2 Propagation Features of Radio Wave
1.3 Propagation Model of Radio Wave
1.4 Correction of Propagation Model
Page28Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Basic Principles and Procedures
Error compliant withrequirements?
Target propagation environment
CW data collection
Measured propagation path loss
Selected propagated environment
parameter setting
Forecast propagation path loss
Comparison
End
Page29Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.5m
Site Selection� Criteria for selecting a site
� The antenna height is greater than 20m
� The antenna is at least 5m taller than the nearest obstacle
Page30Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
� Transmitting subsystems
� Transmitting antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source, antenna
bracketOmni-Antenna
Transmitter
Antenna
bracket
Feeder
Test Platform
Page31Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
� Receiving subsystem
� Test receiver, GPS receiver, test software, portable
PositioningSystem
Data Acquisition System
GPS-Antenna Antenna
Receiver
Test Platform
Page32Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
� Rules of selecting a test path� Landform: the test path must consider all main landforms in the region.
� Height: If the landform is very rugged, the test path must consider thelandforms of different heights in the region.
� Distance: The test path must consider the positions differently awayfrom the site in the region.
� Direction: The test points on the lengthways path must be identicalwith that on the widthways path.
� Length: The total length of the distance in one CW test should begreater than 60km.
� Number of test points: The more the test points are, the better(>10000 points, >4 hours as a minimum)
Test Path
Page33Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
� Rules of selecting a test path
Test Path
Page34Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Drive Test� The sampling law is meets the Richard Law :40 wavelengths, 50
sampling points
� Upper limit of drive speed: Vmax=0.8λ/Tsample
� The test results obtained in exceptional circumstances must be
removed from the sampling data
� Sampling point with too high fading (more than 30dB) ;
� In a tunnel
� Under a viaduct
� If using a directional antenna for CW test, the test path is selected
from the main lobe coverage area
Page35Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Test Data Processing� The test data needs to be
processed before being able to be
identified by the planning software.
The processing procedure is:
� Data filtering
� Data dispersion
� Geographic averaging
� Format conversion
Page36Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Test Data Processing� The test data needs to be
processed before being able to be
identified by the planning software.
The processing procedure is:
� Data filtering
� Data dispersion
� Geographic averaging
� Format conversion
Page37Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Questions
� Which band of radio wave is used for the mobile
communication system?
� What are the two modes of signal fading in the radio
propagation environment? What are their characteristics
and reasons of generation?
Page38Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Summary� This chapter deals with radio wave. The learning points
include:
� Propagation path of radio wave
� Loss and dispersion characteristics of radio wave, and main
compensation solutions
� Typical radio wave models, main parameters involved
� Methods of correcting radio propagation models
Page39Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents1. Radio Wave Introduction
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
4. Symbol Explanation
Page40Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Positions and Functions of Antenna
Lightning protectiondevice
main feeder(7/8“)
Feederclip
Cablingrack
Grounding device
3-connector seal componentinsulation sealing tape, PVC
insulation tape
Antenna adjustment bracket
GSM/CDMAplate-shape
antenna
radio mast (φφφφ50~114mm)
Outdoorfeeder
Indoor superflexible feeder
Feeder cablingwindow
main deviceof BTS
BTS antenna & feeder system diagramBTS antenna & feeder system diagram
Page41Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
omni antenna
AntennaConnector
Dipole
Feed network
AntennaConnector
Feed network
Dipole
Directional antenna
Feed network
Working Principles of Mobile Antenna
Page42Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Categorize by emission direction
Directional antenna omni antenna
Categories of Antenna
Page43Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Plate-shape antenna Cap-shape antenna
Whip-shape Paraboloid antenna
Categorize by appearanceCategorize by appearance
Categories of Antenna
Page44Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Omni antenna Uni-polarizationDirectional antenna
Dual polarizationDirectional antenna
Categorize by polarization modeCategorize by polarization mode
Categories of Antenna
Page45Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Smart antennaSmart antenna
Smart directional antenna Smart omni-antennaSmart directional antenna
Categories of Antenna
Page46Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Electric down tilt AntennaElectric down tilt Antenna
Electrical down tilt Antenna
Categories of Antenna
Page47Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Electric Indices of Antenna
Page48Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Top view side view
directional antenna direction diagramomni antenna direction diagram
Symmetric halfSymmetric half--wave dipolewave dipole
Antenna Direction Diagram
Page49Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
dBi与与与与dBd
2.15dB
Antenna Gain
Page50Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Antenna Pattern
Antenna pattern
Page51Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Antenna Pattern
Side lobeZero point
fillingMain lobe
Max value
Zero pointfilling
Vertical pattern
Backlobe horizontal half-
power angles
Horizontal pattern
Front toback
ratio
Page52Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Antenna Pattern
Side lobeZero point
fillingMain lobe
Max value
Zero pointfilling
Vertical pattern
Backlobe horizontal half-
power angles
Horizontal pattern
Front toback
ratio
Page53Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Electric downElectric down
tilttilt
Mechanical down tiltMechanical down tilt
Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt
Page54Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Electric downElectric down
tilttilt
Mechanical down tiltMechanical down tilt
Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt
Page55Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Questions� How are antennas categorized by emission direction, and
by appearance?
� What are electric indices of antenna?
� What are mechanical indices of antenna?
� Into which types does the distributed antenna system break
down?
Page56Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Summary� Working principles of antenna
� Categories of antenna
� Electric indices of antenna
� Mechanical indices of antenna
� New technologies of antenna
Page57Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents1. Radio Wave Introduction
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
4. Symbol Explanation
Page58Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
� Absolute power(dBm)
The absolute power of RF signals is notated by dBm and dBW.
Their conversion relationships with mW and W are: e.g., the signal
power is x W, its size notated by dBm is:
For example, 1W=30dBm=0dBW.
� Relative power(dB)
It is the logarithmic notation of the ratio of any two powers
For example:If , so P1 is 3dB greater than P2
Introduction to Power Unit
=
mwmwPWdBmp
11000*lg10)(
=
mWPmwPdBp
2
1lg10)(
wP 21 = wP 12 =
Page59Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
� Noise� Noise means the unpredictable interference signal that occur during
the signal processing (the point frequency interference is notcounted as noise)
� Noise figure� Noise figure is used for measuring the processing capability of the
RF component for small signals, and is usually defined as: outputSNR divided by unit input SNR
NF
SiNiSoNo
Noise-Related Concepts
Page60Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
� Noise figure formula of cascaded network
G1¡ ¢NF1 G2¡ ¢NF2 Gn¡ ¢NFn
Noise-Related Concepts
1211
21
...1...1
−⋅⋅⋅−++−+=
n
ntotal
GGGNF
GNFNFNF
Page61Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Receiving Sensitivity� Receiving sensitivity
Expressed with power:
Smin=10log(KTB)+ Ft +(S/N), unit: dBmK is a Boltzmann constant, unit: J/K (joule /K) , K=1.38066*10-19 J/K
T represents absolute temperature, unit: °K
B represents signal bandwidth, unit: Hz
Ft represents noise figure, unit: dB
(S/N) represents required signal-to-noise ratio, unit: dB
If B=1Hz, 10log(KTB)=-174dBm/Hz
Page62Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
� Tower Mounted Amplifier
� Enlarge uplink signal, but it’s a loss
for downlink
� Duplexer
� Sharing antenna for receiving and
transmitting
� Sharing antenna for multi-system
RF Components
Page63Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
� Splitter
� Coupler
RF Components
Page64Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tx/Rx
Trunk
Trunk
Splitter
TrunkC
oupler
Splitter
Splitter
SplitterSplitter
Splitter
Coupler
Coupler
Splitter
Splitter
Distribution System
Page65Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Summary� Definition about dBm, dB
� Noise-Related Concepts
� Receiving Sensitivity
� RF Components
Page66Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents1. Radio Wave Introduction
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
4. Symbol Explanation
Page67Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Symbol Explanation� Ec
� Average energy per Chip
� Not considered individually, but used for Ec/Io
� Pilot Ec is measured by the UE (for HO) or the Pilot scanner, inthe form of Received Signal Code Power (RSCP)
� For CPICH Ec:� Depends on power and path loss.
� Constant for a given power and path loss. Ec is not dependent onload
� For DPCH Ec:� Depends on power and path loss
Page68Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Symbol Explanation� Eb
� Average energy per information bit for the PCCPCH, SCCPCH,and DPCH, at the UE antenna connector.
� Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/Nt
� Depends on channel power (can be variable), path loss, andspreading gain (Gp)
� Constant for a given bit rate, channel power, and path loss
� Can be estimated form Ec and processing gain� Speech 12.2kbps example
� Ec = -80 dBm
� 12.2kbps data rate => Processing gain = 24.98 dB
� Eb~ -80 + 24.98 = -55.02 dBm
Page69Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Symbol Explanation� Io
� The total received power spectral density, including signal andinterference, as measured at the UE antenna connector.
� Similar to UTRA carrier Receive Strength Signal Indicator(RSSI), at least for practical consideration (SC scanner)
� RSSI in W or dBm
� Io in W/Hz or dBm/Hz
� Measured by the UE (for HO) or Pilot scanner in the form ofRSSI
� Depends on All channel power, All cells, and path loss
� Depends on same-cell and other cell loading
� Depends on external interferences
Page70Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Symbol Explanation� No common RF definition
� Thermal noise density� Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/No� Can be calculated
� No = KT– K is the Bolzman constant, 1.38*10^-23– T is the temperature, 290 K
� No = 174 dBm/Hz under typical conditions
� Typically the bandwidth noise and the receiver noise figure arealso considered
� No = KTBNF, where NF is noise figure
� To avoid confusion, NF should be used when referring to thermalnoise
Page71Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Symbol Explanation� No for WCDMA system
� Total one-sided noise power spectral density due to all noise
sources
� Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/No
� Defined this way, No and Io are substituted for one another:
� On the uplink the substitution is valid
� On the downlink, differentiating between Noise and Interference is
more challenging
Page72Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Symbol Explanation� RTWP
� Received Total Wide Bandwidth power
� To describe uplink interference level
� When uplink load increase 50%, RTWP value will increase 3dB
� RSSI
� Received Signal Strength Indicator
� To describe downlink interference level at UE side
Page73Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Symbol Explanation� RSCP
� Revived Signal Code Power (Ec)
� Ec/Io = RSCP/RSSI, to describe downlink CPICH quality
� ISCP
� Interference Signal Code Power; can be estimated by:
� ISCP = RSSI – RSCP
Page74Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Summary� Ec, Eb, Io and No
� RTWP, RSSI, RSCP and ISCP
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