It refers to consistent and enduring tendencies or preferences within an individual.

It refers to consistent and

enduring tendencies or

preferences within an individual.

It is the individual’s natural,

habitual, and preferred way of

comprehending, processing and

retaining new information and

skills.

Auditory: Learners prefer to listen to the information. (e.g. listening to lectures, …etc)

Visual : Learners prefer to seen the information. (e.g. reading charts,…etc)

Kinesthetic: Learners prefer to learn by acting out the information. (e.g. role play, acting, movement)

Field Independence:Ability to observe parts and details from a whole.

Field dependentAbility to observe the whole picture and general ideas.

Personality: independent/ confident/competitive

Personality: social/ empathetic/ derive their self identity from people around them

SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING: successful learning through class exercises, activities, drilling and other focused activities.

SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING: successful learning through communication.

Field Independence:

Field dependent

Advantages:• Help to concentrate more on something.• Help to analyze separate variables without being effected by other factors.

Advantages:• They can see the whole picture of a problem or an idea.

Disadvantages:• Learners fail to se the whole picture.

Disadvantages:•A person may get distracted easily, and may not be able to see details or variables.

learners should be encouraged to use all means available for them.

Teachers should realized that there is no one perfect method or textbook for all types of learners.

Teachers should help student become aware of their learning styles (by using questionnaires, informing)

Encourage students to expand their style preference and try other styles.

Help students take charge of their own learning and know their strengths (Autonomy)

Both styles are important.

Learners can both FI and FD. They might prefer one style over the other regarding the context available for them.

As a result, learners have to use the appropriate style for the context.

teachers have to understand the preferred style of each learner.

The left hemisphere is associated with logical, analytical thought, with mathematical and linear processing of information.

The right hemisphere perceives and remember visual, tactile, and auditory images, and more efficient in processing holistic, integrative and emotional information.

Check Table 5.1. , p.125 in Brown’s book

The left hemisphere is associated with logical, analytical thought, with mathematical and linear processing of information.

The right hemisphere perceives and remember visual, tactile, and auditory images, and more efficient in processing holistic, integrative and emotional information.

•FIELD INDEPENDENT •FIELD DEPENDENT

Second language learning•Deductive teaching in the classroom. (better in producing separate words, classifications, labeling, and reorganization)

Second language learning•Inductive teaching.•(better when dealing with images, generalizations, metaphors, and emotional reactions and artistic expression)