Historically viewed as a time of stress Rebelliousness, emotional upheaval In reality: No greater psychological problems than in adulthood But…
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Adolescence
What Happens?
Historically viewed as a time of stress Rebelliousness, emotional upheaval
In reality: No greater psychological problems than in adulthood
But… its true that there is More depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, and suicide than in childhood
Facts:
Emotional moodiness does increase Linked to negative events More moody that children or
adults Teens are happiest with
friends Least happy in adult
structured events Moods level off by 10th
grade
Body Growth
Growth Spurts Females:
Starts by age 10 Ends by age 16
Males: Starts by 12.5 Ends by 17.5
Middle Childhood
Lasts from 7 to 11 years of age Characterized by slow physical growth Important cognitive changes occur Conservation and reversibility
▪ Child decenters – allows conservation problems to be solved; learns some matter changes shape but not volume
Middle Childhood
Emotional and social development Child enters with close ties to parents Peer relationships become increasingly
important▪ Friendships more important, last longer▪ Cliques or groups formed, mostly same sex▪ Terms boyfriend and girlfriend have little
meaning at this stage
Adolescent Development
Adolescence Physical changes of puberty Adolescent growth spurt Heightened sexual and romantic interest Peers become more important than
parents Cognitively – capable of abstract
reasoning▪ Ponders abstract issues like justice or equality
No clear cut end to adolescence in society
Cognitive development Formal operations stage entered▪ Ability to use abstract concepts▪ Shift to stage varies among individuals; some
never reach this stage, others reach it in early adulthood
Piaget’s classic experiment with weights
C D
A B
7-yr-old4-yr-old
10 kg
5 kg
8 kg
5 kg
5 kg
2 kg
5 kg
14-yr-old10-yr-old
Piaget’s Balance Test - task: make the weight times the distance equal on both sides of center
Adolescent egocentrism Imaginary audience – everyone is
watching Personal fable – belief that s/he is unique Hypocrisy – okay for one to do it but not
another Pseudostupidity – use of oversimplified
logicSocial development
Time of drifting or breaking away from family
Emotional development G. Stanley Hall – time of storm and
stress Most adolescents are happy, well-
adjusted Areas of problems▪ Parent-child conflicts▪ Mood changes - self-conscious, awkward,
lonely, ignored▪ Risky behavior - aggression, unprotected sex,
suicide, use of substances or alcohol
Adulthood
Young adulthood through older adulthood Developmental changes continue
throughout adulthood: not a single phase of life
Taking on adult responsibilities in work and social relationships
Challenges: love, work, play continue changing
Physical development Growth and strength in early adulthood,
then slow process of decline afterwards▪ Speed and endurance▪ Vision and ability to see in weak lighting▪ Hearing and detection of tones▪ Taste – intact until later in life; men tend to
lose hearing and taste earlier than women Decline affected by health and lifestyles
Cognitive development Continues throughout adulthood; some
abilities improve while others decline▪ Fluid intelligence peaks in 20s, declines
therafter ▪ Crystallized intelligence improves until 30s;
then declines slowly afterwards ▪ Overall, individual rates vary depending on
lifestyle and health
Emotional and social development Many aspects of personality are fairly
stable over time, and changes are predictable▪ On average, adults become ▪ less anxious and emotional, socially outgoing, and
creative
▪ People become more dependable, agreeable, and accepting of life’s hardships▪ Gender differences lessen over time
Emotional and social development Much disagreement about when and
how changes occur during aging – differences between stages of infant/child development and adult development▪ Not all adults go through every stage▪ Order of stages can vary for individuals▪ Timing of stages not controlled by biological
maturation
Stages of Adult Life
Early adulthood Erikson▪ Intimacy versus isolation (17 to 45 years)
Levinson - Early adulthood has three stages▪ Entry into early adulthood (17-28)▪ Age 30 transition (28-33)▪ Culmination of early adulthood (to age 40)
Challenges of career, marriage, and parenthood
Middle Adulthood
Erikson – Generativity versus stagnation (40-65
years)▪ Taking stock of what one has, who s/he is▪ Some are happy, some are disappointed▪ Generativity – reaching out, not self-centered
Middle Adulthood
Levinson – four brief stages Midlife transition (early 40s) Entry to middle adulthood stage (45 to
50) Age 50 transition Culmination of middle adulthood
Climactic – Female sexual ability to reproduce
declines Not all adult development timed by
social clock rather than biological clock
Later Adulthood
Levinson – four brief stages Midlife transition (early 40s) Entry to middle adulthood stage (45 to
50) Age 50 transition Culmination of middle adulthood
Climactic – Female sexual ability to reproduce
declines Not all adult development timed by
social clock rather than biological clock
Causes of Aging
Biological – human body deteriorates Psychological
Happy or unhappy aging Social activity and slowed intellectual
decline or disengagement and isolation Maintain healthy or unhealthy lifestyle Optimism linked to happier, healthier,
longer life
Death and Dying: The Final Stage
Kübler-Ross – five stages Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
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