+ Addiction to Experience Todays Agenda: Lecture: Part A Addiction to Experience Quiz 1 (Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy.
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Addiction to ExperienceToday’s Agenda:
Lecture: Part A Addiction to ExperienceQuiz 1 (Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For
Ecstasy
+Let’s look at the quote…
Some to dance, some to make bonfires, each man to what sport and revels his addiction leads him.
- Shakespeare
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+Milkman and Sunderwirth
Milkman, H. (Professor / Psychology )
Sunderwirth, S. (Professor / Organic Chemistry)
Key theme – We are compelled by repetitious behaviors to become energized, to relax, to imagine.
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+
Craving for Ecstasy
Ancient Origins?
What we searching for?
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+Craving for Ecstasy
Addictive behaviors hi-jack the brain neurotransmission system(e.g., dopamine / meth)
Internal opiates (i.e., enkephalin; endorphins)
This is true for all behaviors
Seemingly innocent to the illicit
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+ The Addictive Personality
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+Who is Most at Risk
1. Early aggressive behaviors
2. Poor social skills
3. Lack of parental supervision
4. Substance abuse
5. Drug availability
6. Poverty
1. Self-control
2. Positive Relationships
3. Parental monitoring / support
4. Academic competence
5. Anti-drug use policies
6. Strong neighborhood attachment
(National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2008)
Risk Factors Protective Factors
+
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
More risk factors greater chance of entering into risky behaviors leads to compulsion
+Euphoric / Dysphoric Cycle
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+Drug and Activities of Choice
Genetics > behavioral style > stress
“Not Good Enough Self”
Surrender to something outside ourselves
This surrender often depends on our way of coping with stress
Certain personalities appear to gravitate toward certain addictive behaviors to shore up stress and ameliorate “not good enough self”
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+The Serendipitous Event
We find our drug of choice – reduce stress / inner turmoil
Incipient Addicts – experience compulsions and loss of control long before ingesting psychoactive substances
For instance, family problems, school truancy / violence / crime / interpersonal relations, par-suicidal behaviors
Three avenues of experience to ameliorate psychic pain
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+Antidotes for Psychic Pain
Satiation, arousal, and fantasy
These antidotes may have origins in first years of life
Childhood experiences and genetics foundation of adult compulsion
Our three antidotes correlate with drug of choice
1. Depressants2. Stimulants 3. Hallucinogens
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+Milkman and Sunderwirth (2009) hold that:
People don’t become addicted to drugs or mood altering activities as such, but rather to the satiation, arousal, or fantasy experiences that can be achieved through them.
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+Satiation Addict “Soother”
Binge on food
Television
Choice of drug – depressants (alcohol, benzodiazepines)
Striking similarity to child during first year of life (food and warmth
Pharmacologic defense against user’s own aggressive drives
Similar to opiates
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+Arousal Addict “Sensation Seekers”
Seek stimulation / risk takers / live on the edge
Gamblers
Cocaine and amphetamine users
Can be criminals
Seek to be active and potent in their environment (boastful)
Their vast expenditures of mental and physical energy are designed to deny underlying fear and helplessness
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+Fantasy Addict: “Dreamer / Mystic”
Favors repetitive activation of right-hemisphere thinking
Preoccupation with altered reality
Mystical insights / pursuit of merge with divine
LSD
Mushrooms
High potent marijuana
Try to overcome fears by creating fantasies in which they are effective and important
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+ The Brain, Antidotes, and Behavior
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
Th
e D
evia
nt C
are
er
+Basic Neuro-Chemistry
Brain an electrical-chemical computer
Process of communication between neurons (neurotransmission)
Largely responsible for brain functions that determine what we are (i.e., personality, intellect, and character)
We are our neurotransmission
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+ Pre – Postsynaptic Neuron
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
Critical Point
+Lock and Key, Release, Block
Neurotransmitters released from presynaptic attach themselves to the receptors in the postsynaptic much like a lock and key
Some drugs will increase the activation of neurotransmitter release (amphetamine)
While others will block the reuptake of neurotransmitters (cocaine) expanding the available dopamine in the synapse.
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+Blum’s Reward Cascade
+ Drugs, Dopamine Levels, Nucleus Accumbens
+Activity, Dopamine Level, and Nucleus Accumbens
+Drugs and Dopamine Release
Amphetamine 900%
Cocaine 200%
Heroine 160%
Marijuana 130%
Nicotine 100%
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
+Drugs to fight Drugs
Vigabatrin – Used to stop cocaine cravings
Campral – reduce cravings (alcohol)
Naltrexone (blocks intoxicating affects of alcohol)
Vivitrol (longer last than the Naltrexone – injectable)
(Milkman & Sunderwirth, 2009) In Craving For Ecstasy
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