WILDLIFE HEALTH MANAGEMENTWILDLIFE HEALTH MANAGEMENTDr. A. D. Dr. A. D. KholkuteKholkute
B.B.VScVSc.. & A.H.& A.H.
Treatment of Elephant woundsTreatment of Elephant wounds
Injury
Injection
First Aid Kit
1]Tr. Iodine2] Hydrogen Peroxide3] Boric Powder4]Pot. Permanganate5]Detol6] Sprit7] Cotton Bundle8] Gauge9]Iodex
10] Anti Septic Tube11] Tr. Iodine Spray12] Analgesic Spray13] Oil Turpentine14] Betadin
1] Syringes---------10 ml., 20 ml., 50 ml.2] I |V set3] Scissors , Straight & Curved4] Irrigater5] B.P.Handle & Blades6] Hand Gloves7] Thermometer8] Artery Forceps9] Adhesive Tape
Classification Of DiseasesClassification Of Diseases
1, Contagious1, Contagious——From one animal to otherFrom one animal to otherBacterial, Viral,Fungal & ParasiticBacterial, Viral,Fungal & Parasitic
2, Non Contagious2, Non Contagious3, Fungal Disease3, Fungal Disease4, Protozoan4, Protozoan5, Parasitic5, Parasitic
ContagiousContagious
Spread through direct contacts, Vehicles, HumanSpread through direct contacts, Vehicles, HumanAir, Water, Contaminated Food & WaterAir, Water, Contaminated Food & WaterCommon Grazing landCommon Grazing land
Out Breaks
Precautions & DutiesPrecautions & Duties
** Inform immediately to higher OfficerInform immediately to higher Officer* Do not inform orally* Do not inform orally* Collect information about the suspected * Collect information about the suspected
DiseaseDisease* Symptoms* Symptoms* Mortality, if any* Mortality, if any* Contact * Contact SirpanchSirpanch & tell him to report about the & tell him to report about the out break to Animal Husbandry Dept.in writingout break to Animal Husbandry Dept.in writingImmediately stop the grazing of domestic Immediately stop the grazing of domestic cattle's in Forest area to avoid contactcattle's in Forest area to avoid contact
Foot and Mouth Disease
Turmeric Powder Treatment
Turmeric Powder Treatment Turmeric Powder Treatment
Mr. Shripati (Vehicle Driver)
Determination of Age
Wild HerbivoresWild Herbivores
Spotted Deer, Spotted Deer, SamberSamber
A] Antler A] Antler B] Size ofB] Size of FaecalFaecal matter.matter.C] Wear & tare of TeethC] Wear & tare of Teeth
BLACK BUCK,BISON, OtherBLACK BUCK,BISON, Other
Number of rings on hornsNumber of rings on hornsWear & tare of TeethWear & tare of Teeth
CarnivoresCarnivores
** Wear & tare of teethWear & tare of teeth* Section of Premolar, Molar teeth* Section of Premolar, Molar teeth* Size of Scat* Size of Scat* Size of animal* Size of animal* Pug Marks* Pug Marks
Skull of Tiger
Lower Mandible of Tiger
Canine
IncisorPremolar
Molar
AGE --- 8 - 12 Months
Incisor
Canine
Estimation of the age of Tiger
Pugmark of Tiger
PML
PMB
Male
Female
PML -Below 5 cm. - Small Cat
PML - 5-7 cm. - Leopard
PML -7- 9.5-cm - Aged Leopard
PML -7-10- cm - Tiger Cub
PML - 9 – 17cm - Adult Tiger
Rearing of Orphaned cub to adulthood
Reared in captivity at Bor
Wild animal behavior
Pugmark of a Tiger outside the cage
Hand Rearing of Hyena Cubs
Care of Capture Wild AnimalCare of Capture Wild AnimalKeep away from any disturbancesPrefer Isolate placeDon't disturbReintroduce in the Forest as early as possibleVeterinary carePut a cloth on the cageNo DisplayKeep the animal in Forest to avoid disturbances
Care prior to ReintroductionCare prior to ReintroductionDon't disturb the animalReintroduce the animal where there is presence of the reintroduce animal.Don't reintroduce the wild animal in Evening hours.Area of reintroduction must be sufficient prey base.Selection of site must be having following facilities,Prey baseSufficient waterSafe atmosphere & Shelter. Don't introduce ill , Injured,Weak animal. Take opinion of Veterinarian.
Re-Introduction
Dr. A D Kholkute
General Observations to bedone by forest personals
* Pug Marks* Fecal Samples* Territory Markings* Kill* Different Calls
Different Calls of wild herbivores -
Personal Experience
Wild Animal Looking At Type of Call
Chital Human Wild Carnivores
Once Kruk Continuously Kruk,
Samber Human Carnivores
Bhyak Continuous Bhyak
Monkeys Carnivores Khek Khek
Bison Human Carnivores
Shuuuuuuu Shuuu shuuuuu Shue-------
Chinkara Predator Bhyar Bhyar Bhyar
Nilgay Bhya Bhya Bhya
Alertness and Confidence
Keen Observation
Alertness – Ears Erect
Alertness – Ears Erect
Relax but Alert
Evaluation of Health
Note down the following conditions :
Evaluation Report FormatName of person------------Post----Date of visit-----Compartment no.---
General Health of Wild LifeVery Good--------+ + + [Write 3 plus marks]Good- + + Weak- +Accordingly write down the general health of total wild herbivores in a flock. Write about the abnormalities observed if any.
Name of Vegetables In The CompartmentGrasses----
Fruit trees
Trees
Distance of water sourceNear the compartment or away from compartment
Presence of Mineral Depot [ Salt Lick ]
There are certain areas in the Forest where Minerals are present. Wild animals use to go to that place & licks soil or stones
Distance from VillageGrazing alone in groups or with Domestic HerbivoresOut break of any disease in near by villagesIf yes, immediately report to Higher authority& also inform to near by Govt. Veterinary DoctorNames of Wild Carnivores present in the area
Write down on all above points & submit your report to higher authority for necessary action.With the help of your report monitoring of wild life heath will be possible.Compartments where heath of wild life is weak, more attention is to be given.The conditions in the healthy area are in the record & are with you. Compare it on following points.1] Availability of Grasses, Fruit trees in both areas. In healthy & in weak wild life area.
Note down the difference between two areasTake suitable measures accordingly. Introduce the new verity of trees & grasses in weak sector for better results.2] Other factors like water holes, Common grazing of wild life & domestic animals & mineral depot must be consider on war footage.3] make the weak wild life area like that of healthy area. This will definitely help in improving general health of wild life.4] Collect faecal material from all the area. Get it examined.Collect only random samples & not of each wild life,The above measures will definitely improves the general health of wild life in all ranges.
Difference between Cervidae & Antelopes
Deers [ Mrug Kul ]Only Males are having antlers & are solid
Shedding of antlers every yearPresence of Canine teeth[ Shwa dant ]
In upper jaw
AntilopesHorns are present
No shadding of hornsHorns –Two layers ---Outer & Inner [ Solid ]
Females may have hornsAnnual ring on horns—every year
Presence of lachrymal glands below eyes
Shedding of Antlers
Shedding of AntlersStage 1]— 6 months to 18 years
At the age of 6 month– Bud or Pedicle develops[ Sir par unchaarea 2 gagah par]Having velvet over it.[ Makhamali
khal ki parat.]
Difference between Horn and AntlerDifference between Horn and Antler
Gestation PeriodGestation PeriodLion 110 days Tiger 104 daysLeopard 95-105 daysSloth Bear 7 monthsHyena 84 daysBison 8-9 monthsChinkara 165 daysFour Horned Antelope –240 –250 daysBlack Buck 165-180 days
Gestation PeriodGestation PeriodBlue Bull[ Nil Gay] 8-9 monthsSwamp Deer [ Bara Singha] 6 monthsSamber 8 monthsSpotted Deer 180-210 daysBarking Deer 6 monthsWild Boar 4 months
UREA POISONINGUREA POISONING
Dr.A.D.Kholkute BVSC&AH
Nagpur
Artificial water holes
Artificial water holes
Artificial water holes
Urea Poisoning
Death of Bison due to Urea (Ammonia) Poisoning
Urea (Ammonia) PoisoningUrea (Ammonia) Poisoning
Common FertilizerEasily availableAvailable at subsidized rates to farmers
Urea PoisoningUrea Poisoning
Chemical Formula CH4N2ODiamide of carbonic acidWhite crystalline powder&odorlessEasily soluble in waterLiberates ammonia odor
Urea PoisoningUrea Poisoning
Poachers use urea to kill wild animalsIntake increases blood urea & ammonia levelToxic dose-100gms in cattle, 10-25gms in goatsBlood ammonia nitrogen level reaches 0.84mg-1.3mg%Rumen content-780mg/100ml
Urea PoisoningUrea Poisoning--SymptomsSymptoms
Ammonia gas & strong solution of ammonia act as CAUSTIC ALKALISevere ColicStaggering gaitShiveringForced rapid breathingMarked Jugular PulseDeath after violent struggling & bellowing
Urea PoisoningUrea Poisoning--PM findingsPM findings•Mucous membrane of stomach & intestine - Hemorrhagic patches,
Ulceration & Oedema
•Liver - Enlarged, Pale & Friable
•Skin - Blood spots[ Pin Point]
• Heart , Thymus & Lungs - General passive congestion & hyperemia.
•Kidney--- Cloudy swelling & Necrotic foci
Field Test for detection of Urea in water
pH Paper Test
Urea PoisoningUrea Poisoning--Diagnosis & Lab testDiagnosis & Lab test
Examine stomach contentpH of water-7.0 & urea-7.2
pH paper test of ruminal fluid
Chemical Test- Heat 5ml water sample, NH3gas liberates & liquid turns turbid-allow it to cool. Add 10ml of water, 1ml 10%NaOH & 0.5ml CuSO4- Reddish violet colour develops1ml sample+1mlHNO3- WHITE CRYST.ppt
Urea PoisoningUrea Poisoning--TreatmentTreatment
½-1gallon 5%acetic acid(vinegar)CNS Depressant-Ergotamines,BarbituratesI/V Glucose or Cal borogluconate
Panchnama Panchnama (FIR) Report and (FIR) Report and Examination of CarcassExamination of Carcass
Panchanama Panchanama (FIR) Report & (FIR) Report & Examination of CarcassExamination of Carcass
Attend the site as early as possibleIsolate the areaDraw map of the areaShow directions i.e. East,WestUse hand glovesCollect samples & doubtful materialWrite down every finding on a paper
Examination Of CarcassExamination Of Carcass
First examine the size of eyesA] Pupil looks rounded, Change in colour of
eyes, Diameter of eyes– 15-16mmTime of death—30 min to 2 hoursB] Decrease in size of pupil, Diameter of
eyes becomes—14-15mm Time of death------3 hrs
Examination Of CarcassExamination Of Carcass
C] pupil becomes smaller in size- wrinkles on eyes, Diameter of eyes—11-12 mmTime of death----6 hrs
D] Colour of eyes becomes ash, Pupil looks much smaller, Diameter of eyes—6-7 mmTime of death—11 hr
E] Eyes go deep in the orbit, Eyes bluishTime of death—30 hrs.
Stage oneFlies & Eggs
•Numerous flies on carcass.•Lays numerous white colour eggs on natural orifices•Mouth•Nose•Eyes•Anus & Vagina•Wounds•Time of death—Appro.–Just after death
*******
Stage Two
1. Presence of MaggotsAfter 8-12 hours
2 PupaeAfter 4-5 days
3 Complete FlyAfter 5 days
Post Mortem changesPost Mortem changesColour of skin turns greenish -12 –18 hrs
Skin- Colourless with blue & greenish spots
36-48 hrs
Prolaps of uterus & anus - 2-3 days
Loss of hairs, nails & teeth - 3-6 days
All organs turns blackish & soft - 6-10 days
Muscles detached from bones - 6-10 days
Rupture of rumen - 6-10 days
Site Map (Collection of Evidences)
Liquor bottleRope
Electric wire
Poison
cigarette
Vomite
Bidi Bundle
Water
Cloth
GlassProhibited area Tyre marks
Footwear
Foot impression
Matchbox
Bullet Mark on tree
Axe
Main electric supply
Dead cattle
WEST
EAST
Wounds
SOUTH
NORTH
Presence of Fly and numerous Eggs
Just after
death of
animal
Presence of Maggots after 10 to 12 hours of death
Emergence of wings after 4 to 5 days
Complete fly after 5 days
Changes on Carcass
12 to 18 hrs. Greenish coloration on skin
36 to 48 hrs. Greenish and bluish spots on skin followed by discoloration
2 to 3 days – Prolapse of Anus and Uterus
3 to 6 days –falling of hairs, nails and tooth
5 to 10 days - Rupture of stomach, intestine turns black, detachment of muscles from bone
Skeletal of Tiger
Male Female
Pelvic girdle
Material Needed At Time Of Post Mortem
A] Formalin----------------10% , 40%Common saltGlycerin Saline 50%Thermo cools Square & Round IceEthyl AlcoholSprit
B] Wide Mouth Bottles [ Pearl Pet]
250 gr. 500gr. 1 Kg, 2 Kg. [ 6 Each]
Empty Air Tight Plastic Bags 1 to 2 Doz.
Sharp Knife
Scissor
Forceps
B.P. Handles & Blades
Glass Slides
Sprit Lamp
Spatula
Pipette
Empty Injection Vials, 10 ml., 30 ml. 50ml.
Absorbent Cotton
Cloth for Packing
Thread bundle & needles
Hand gloves
C] Metal seal of officeResin steak [ Lakh]CandlesMatch boxNote bookPencilStickersMeasuring tapeSticking tapeCamera & colour roleVernier calliper
Sending of materialsBacterial DiseasesUse Wide Mouth Bottles Only.1] Liver, Spleen. Kidneys, Lymph Nodes, Lungs & Brain
With out preservatives if distance is short.[ Only On ICE. ]
2] In Delay—25% Glycerin Saline.Send Larger Pieces.
Toxicological PurposeTo Forensic LaboratoryUse Wide Mouth Bottles Only.Only on ICE or DRY ICEUse Thermo Cool Boxes. Put Sample bottles & Put sufficient Ice around the bottles.Stomach with contents,Ileum & Colon tie their ends tightly.0.5 Kg. LiverOne or both KidneysAdipose tissue.Contents of Urinary Bladder.Vomits, Hairs etc.
Guide- Lines For Submitting Samples In Out breaks & for Forensic Work USE HAND GLOVES WHILE COLLECTING SAMPLES
1] Viral MaterialSamples collected must be SEND ON ICE ONLY.Sterile 50% Glycerol Soln.[ 5-10 volume]is added in the WIDE MOUTH Sample bottle.Dispatch on Ice, Dry Ice or Ice BagsHeart Blood, Blood Serum & Cerebrospinal fluid is to be forwarded in Refrigerated Sterile Vials.Rabies- Entire Head in Water tight Metal container on Ice or Dry Ice.Brain- Divide Brain in two parts between Cerebral Hemispheres.
One part-In undiluted Neutral.Other Hemisphere- 10% Formalin
Small Dead BirdsImmersed in 5 % Lysol Soln.Wrapped in Lysol soaked cheese cloth on Dry Ice.
Parasites70% Ethyl alcohol
Or5% Formalin
H.P.Work0.5 cm. block in 10% Formalin
1 Part commercial Formaldehyde
Tranquilisation Gun
Tranquilisation kit
Parts of Dart
Head
Feather or Stabilizer
Complete dart
Tranquilised a spotted deer
TRANQUILISATIONTRANQUILISATION
Why ? For veterinary work.Research workTransportationProblematic casesOther work
ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
Easy to handle the wild animalSafe to bothMinimum chance of dangerConditionLimited man powerMedicine dose –small quantity
ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL INFRASTUCTUREINFRASTUCTURE
Man powerTranquilisation gunMedicine & antidote
Transportation cagesStretcher, gunny bags & grassGood vehicle
PRECAUTIONS PRIOR TO PRECAUTIONS PRIOR TO TRANQUILISATIONTRANQUILISATION
Check all necessary infrastructureMedicine & antidoteAvoid tranquilisation near water source , in hot atmosphere, in night hours, lame animal, pregnant animal, mother with cub, wild animal on treeSpecial troop to control mobPresence of veterinarian with essential life saving medicine & instrument
SELECTION OF MEDECINESELECTION OF MEDECINE
Minimum Dose, Maximum Concentration & maximum EffectHarmlessAntidoteHarmless To Human
C.N.S. DEPRESENTC.N.S. DEPRESENTTERMINOLOGYTERMINOLOGY
TranquiliserCalmness reduce tensionAnalgesicPain reliever
SEDATIONMake them sleep, to calm depressionFeelings of unhappiness, hopelessness
HYPNOTICSRelaxed or drowsy stateProducing sleep
NARCOTICSDrowsiness, unconsciousnessAddictive drug which affects mood orbehaviour
DISSOCIATIVESeparate, two different drugs
TRAN. MEDECINESTRAN. MEDECINES
TRANQUILISER-----Acepromazine,vallium, dizepam,promazine, azaperone
HYPNOTICS& SEDATIVES----Chloral hydrate, barbiturates, magnesium
sulphate
NARCOTICS & ANALGESIC-------Opium,etorphine,m-99, immobilon innover vet.Dissociative-------Combination of two different drugs
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ACTION OF DRUGACTION OF DRUG
Innoculation siteDrug combinationKind of animal----promazine not used in carnivores, etorphine hcl not used infelidaeSex & seasonWeight of animal
MENTAL STATE OF ANIMALFeedingHealth of animal
SIGNS OF ANAESTHESIASIGNS OF ANAESTHESIA
Change in behaviourClosing of eyelidsUnable to walkSalivationGoes away from groupFall down on groundNumbness of tail
Precautions after Precautions after immobilisationimmobilisation
Shift the animal in a cageKeep head in elevated position i.e. on a gunny bag filled with grassSternum recumbence positionKeep calmness, Avoid direct sun lightput cloth on eyes & on cageGive antidote
COMMON DRUGS & DOSESCOMMON DRUGS & DOSES
Diazepam -- 1—3.5 mg/ kg b.W.Acepromazine male—1-2 mg/kg b.W.Xylazine hcl-----1-2mg/kg b.W.Anti dote---yohimbine hcl- antagogilKETAMINE hcl—2-50mg/kg b.W. To check salivation-Atropin sul.-0.05ml/kg b.W.
HELLABRUNN MIX.HELLABRUNN MIX.---- H.B.M.H.B.M.Combination of ketamine & xylazineConcentration —1ml=100mgDose —successfully immobilised leopard, tigress,spotted deer
Dr.A.D.Kholkute,dr.S.V.Upadhe.Dr.V.M.Dhoot & shri kishor mishrikotkar
Leopard—Male ,Wight 50 kg. —X 150 mg. and K 100 mg. On dated 15-10-2000
Leopard -- Male ,Wight 80-90 Kg. — K150mg and X 150 mg
On dated 27-11-2000
Spotted deer — X 100 mg. and K 100 mg.(Adult male)
Leopards (4 in number)-- X-125mg + K 125 mg.per animal
On dated-27-09-2007
Tigress-{ at bor sanctuary ] K 150 mg. + X 150 mg.
DOSESDOSES
TIGRESS adult —X 250mg and K 200mgLeopard — 1.5mlSloth bear — 2-3.5mlWolf — 1-1.5mlHyaena — 1-1.5mlCivet cat — 0.25ml
Suggested by Dr. B. M. Arora
DOSESDOSES
Wild herbivores -Chital — 3 - 5ml.Barsinga — 4 ml.Samber — 6-7ml.Black buck — 2.75ml.
Other essential drugsOther essential drugsAtropin sul. --- Checks excessive salivationHyaluronidase -- enzyme prep. for rapid absorption
Dexamethy sulfoxide- increases drug absorptionVit. E-- protect muscles from oxidative
damage
Doxapram hcl----- Res. StimulantYohimbine----------C.N.S. StimulantAdrenaline----------heart stimulantDexamethasone— anti inflammat.
anti shockSod. Bi carb.------ adjust blood acid
balance
Balanced i/v fluid—ringers lactatedRinger soln increases renal perfusion to combat shock
DARTING EQUIPMENTDARTING EQUIPMENT
Blow pipe---- 1-8 m pneumatic blowpipe mod. 45- 20 mGas pistol 35 n-------------- 40 mGas rifle model 50-------- 50 mModel 30 [small cartrige]---- 25 mSyringe projector mod.------ 60 m
CARTRIDGE TYPE & CARTRIDGE TYPE & DISTANCEDISTANCE
Blue 1-12 mRed 10-20 mYellow 5-25 mBrown 25-40 mWhite 30-35 mBlack 45-70 M
CANULA [ NEEDLES]CANULA [ NEEDLES]
1, Smooth2, Barbed3, Collar
SELECTION OF CANULASELECTION OF CANULA
16 mm---------Spotted deer, Monkey, 19 mm----------Samber, Black buck,
Leopard, Hyena28 mm---------Samber [M], Blue bull,
Tiger, lion32-38 mm-----Gour, Bear, Zebra45-51 mm----------Rhino51-63 mm------------Elephant
AIR PRESSUREAIR PRESSURE
4-8 BAR 20 m.5 BAR 10ml. DART8 BAR 10 ml. 20 ml. and 30ml.
Transportation cagesTransportation cages
Types of cages1] Transportation Cage------ For Transportation Only2] Squeeze Cage---------------For Treatment3] Bait Cage--------------------For Capturing
Sizes Of Cages Of CagesTransportation Cage –L-8 Feet, W- 5&1/2 Feet, H.- 4&1/2 FeetSqueeze Cage-----L – 8&1/2Feet, W-5&1/2 Feet, H.- 4 Feet Bait Cage---------L- 8 Feet, W- 4 Feet, H – 4 Feet
Care to be taken prior to Reintroduction ofCaptured Wild Animal
Complete information of the reintroducing area.Not too far from captured area.Sufficient Man power.Proper condition of transporting cage.Sufficient cloth to cover cage.Good vehicle.Silent atmosphere.Do not rescue in night hours.Do not rescue at hot time.Reintroduce only in the area where rescue wild life is present.Information about Prey & Predator ratioEarly morning is proper time of rescue. . Wild animals take time to come out of the cage. So don’t compel them for early coming.Many a times animal comes out of the cage & use to observe the surrounding area. It may attach the person who opened the cage get. So proper care must be taken prior to rescue.
Care at time of transportGo as early as possible.
Avoid human contact.
Do not waste time at Dhaba or hotel.
Be in Govt. Uniform.
Get the captured animal examined by a Veterinary Doctor [Graduate]before release.
POST MORTEM-FINDINGS
Electric Shock
Face-Pale, Eyes-Congested, Pupils-Dilated R.M. appearance early.Entrance & Exit Marks greenish white circular spots are seen ate Entrance & Exit spot.Lungs-congested & oedematous.Brain-congested.Peteachial Haemorrahages-under endocardium, Pericardium, Pleura, Drain & Spinal cord.Necrosis of blood vessel walls.Death due to paralysis of medulary centre.(Respl.)
Lightning Stock
Current 1000 million volts even more.
Blast like lesions.
Contusions, Laceration, Fracture, Rupture of organs.
R.M. soon & disappear quickly.
Hemorrhage brain
Patchily Hemorrhage-Pericardium &Lungs.
Contraction of Heart, Blood- thin or coagulate
Contact skin (part)-Blackish. Red Skin & Hairs-Burning
Snake Bite
Impression of two Teeth at site of bite.
Swelling & blooding from bite portion
Blood thin &Puree color.
Patchily Hemorrhage on vital organs
Starvation
All organs-Reduced in size & weight except BrainSkin-Inelastic, PigmentedFat-Absent subcutaneous EdemaHairs-No shiningHeart-Smaller in size & chambers are emptyLungs-Pale, Collapsed.Bowel Contains-offensive odor & gases Liver-atrophied & show necrosisWall of Intestine-Looks like tissue paperSpleen-ShrunkenKidney-Atrophy Urinary Bladder-EmptyBlood volume-Reduced, Anemia
Organ phosphorus poisons-(Derived from phosphoric acid)
[Malathion,Dimefox, alkali-phosphate tik 20]-Aryl-phosphateSigns of AsphyxiaCyanosis of lips, toesBlood stained froth from mouth & Nostrils (NOSE)Stomach contains-Kerosene smellMucosa of stomach-Congested with patchily hemorrhages.Respiratory passage-congested having frothy hemorrhagic exudates.Lungs-Gross Congestion, excusive edema & sub pleural patchier.Internal organs-congested & poeticize.ENDRIN-Mouth & Stomach contents-Kerosene smellZINK PHOSPHATE-Garlicky odor of stomach contents Blood cherry Red, fatty Degeneration -neuroses
Chart Showing Age of Chart Showing Age of Puberty, Puberty, GastrationGastration PeriodPeriod
S.no. Name of Wild Animal
Puberty Age (years)
Mating Season
Castration Period
Delivery Month
Life Span in year
1. Common Hanuman Languor
3-4 End of April to August. Through out year
6 Month Jan. to March
25 years
2. Tiger 3-4 After Rainy Season
104 Days Feb. to May
15-20
3. Leopard 2-3 T.O.Y. 95-110 Days
T.O.Y. 12-20
4. Hyaena 4 Winter 84 Days Summer 20
5. Wild Dogs 3 Nov./Dec. 60-62 Days
Jan. to Feb.
20-22
6. Jackal 3 T.O.Y. 63 Days T.O.Y. 10-15
7. Wolf 3-4 End of Rainy Season
61-63 Days
Dec. 15-20
S.no. Name of Wild Animal
Puberty Age (years)
Mating Season
Castration Period
Delivery Month
Life Span in year
8. Bison 3-4 March to May
9 Month Nov. to March
20-30
9. Wild-Buff 3-4 After Rainy Season August/sept.
9 Month March to May
20-
10. Chinkara 2.5 April to May & T.O.Y.
165 Oct. to Feb.
12-15
11. Four Horned Antelope
2-3 Summer 8-8.5 Oct. to Feb.
15
12. Black Buck
19-23 Month
Feb. to March
165 Days Dec. On wards
12-15
13. Blue Bull 25 Month T.O.Y. 8-9 Month ------------ 20 Year
14. Samberg 4 Years Nov. to Dec.
8 Month on Wards
May to June
20
15. Spotted Deer
4 Years Summer Winter Max. in May
210-215 Days
Sept. Onwards
20-25
DiseasesSymptoms, Transition & P.M. charges resembles to the counter part species.
Bacterial DiseasesTuberculosis
Monkeys &Dears are susceptible. Chronic & Contagious disease. Dry cough, Loss of weight, dull hair coat, Dispend, & Depression.Diagnosis
Tuberculin test, sputum culture & occasionally from faecal culture.Tuberculin Test
0.1 ml. of tuberculin is injected intradermly in the middle of cervical region. (on neck area) Diffused o demotes swelling with
not feeling-After 72 hoursIn Primates
Thoracic ‘x’ rayTuberculin Test
By injecting 10000 units of old mammalian tuberculin (0.5-1ml) intradermally in to the skin of each eyelid with Tuberculin syringe & needle.
Treatment-Streptomycin daily for first 2 moths, 15 mg/kg B.W. After wards Twice weekly for 10 months.Ionized tab.-Daily for first two moths.5 mg/kg B.W. vat B 6Necropsy Findings-Lesions are seen in Lungs Nodular lesions with pus.Organ affected-lungs, pleura, liver, peritoneum, kidney &spleen. Regional lymphnode.PasturellosisAcute & chronic form.Chervils & Bovines are affected Elephant & Rhinos are also susceptible.Symptoms-are rarely observed.In Deer-Nasal, oral discharge & prostration.Bison’s-Swelling over neck region. hot & painful.P.M. Findings-Hemorrhagic lungs & pleura & pericardium.Musculature of body is pink & edematous Lymph nodes are swollen & hemorrhagic. Patchily hemorrhage on Various tissues.Treatment-Streptomycin 10-15 mg per lb. b/w (2.2 lb=1kg)Evading 33.5% I/V 100.200 ml
3. LeptospirosisDeer, Antilopes, swamp deer, chinkara, and one tiger.Lepto, enter the body through m.m. of the eyes, nose, mouth or through abraded skin.Contaminated water & food by urine.Organism, localized in kidney, liver.
Symptoms- Jaundice, Inter mitten fever abortion.Lab.Exa.-Microscopic exa. of sediment of urine. Send kidney & liver pieces in 10% Formalin for H.P.Treatment-Penicillin & Tetracycline for 7-10 days
Anthrax-acute septic, disease. Hyper pyrexia.Soil born infection-Bleeding from natural orifices. Sudden death. Birds also spread diseases.Irradiated from- Spores are present in alimentary tract of birds.India-Rhinos in airing Asiatic Elephant Wild Herbivores Carnivores.NO.P.M.Lab.exa-Blood smears, ear piece should be sent to lab.Treatment-Crystalline penicillin 40.80 lakes crys4 - 40 lakes at 6 hour Interval Anti Anthrax serum 100-200 ml I/V
Viral Diseases
F.M.D.Natural hosts-cattle, yak, gaur, bison, mithun wild dogs, Deer, Antilopes, Camel, Elephant. sheep & goatsStrains-OAC Asia 1, sat 1, 2,3In India-OAC Asia 1Acute & highly contagious disease in wild herbivores
SymptomsVesicles or Erosions in mucosa of mouthRise in TempVesicles in cleft of hoofSalivationLamenessStarvationUnable to Drink
Treatment
Very difficult to treat wild herbivores in in-situcondition.
I came across an out break of F.M.D. at Navergaon National Park, Dist. Bhandara[M.S.]. 5-6 Bison’s died due to this disease. Though the mortality is less but I observed 6-8% Mortality
HistoryThere was out break of F.M.D. in near cattle. The
area of out break was very near to National Park.
Local Cattle & wild herbivores use to graze together in Forest. So due to this disease spread in the Bosons, out break in cattle occurred in octs.2001. Out break in Bison was reported on 6-5-2002.
It was not possible to Tranquilise every Bison for treatment. So a thought came in my mind to treat the Bison’s on Artificial water holes.(Summer Season)
Line of Treatment-“Water hole Treatment”
1. First all artificial water holes were identified. Filled them with fresh water
Added – Khuren, Homeopathy medicine 15 bottles in each water hole Twice daily
Pot, permanganate-3%
Cephalexin
Vimerol liquid
2. Area around 10-15 feet was first soaked with water by spraying water.
3. Sprayed Turmeric powder on soaked area.
4. Above medication was done Twice daily
Very Good results were observed.
Rinder-Pest
Highly Contagious viral disease.Symptoms-High fever, erosive steatites, gastro enteritis DiarrheaDisease spread from infected Domestic animals.Outbreak - Barasinga (Kanha 1967)Gaur, Nilgai, Samber, Spotted deer & Four horned antelopesP.M. Findings-Necrotic ulcers on buccal m.m.(brain like)Skin Irruption. Large Intestine-Zebra MarkingIleum -Necrosis & deep ulcers (payers patches)Upper Resp.tract - patchierBladder & Vagina- ------!!-------.Samples for Lab. Work & Confirmation-Sample of spleen Blood, liver, IntestineIn 50% Buffered glycerin- Saline or In plastic bages ON ICE.H.P.-Tissues in 10% Formalin
DENTITION
1.Tiger
2{ I- 3/3 C- 1/1 P- 3/2 M- 1/1 } = 30
2.Bovines/Cervids
2 { I- 0/4 C- 0/0 P- 3/3 M- 3/3 }= 32
3.Hyeana/Wolf
2 { I- 3/3 C- 1/1 P- 4/4 M- 2/3 }= 42
Thank you, have a nice time.