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What do Policy Makers Want to Know, and How do we Communicate It?

Allen A. Fawcett

EMF Summer Workshop “Climate Change Impact and Integrated Assessments”

Snowmass, CO July 24, 2013

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What do Policy Makers Want to Know?

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•  How do we motivate action on climate change? –  What impacts of climate change are happening right now? –  What are the costs of inaction? –  What will the world / U.S. / my State look like if we don’t address climate

change?

•  What are the benefits of taking action on climate change? –  What are the benefits of the small GHG reductions we achieve today? –  What are the benefits of coordinated global action? –  What happens if we do something in between?

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2013 State of the Union Address

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•  But for the sake of our children and our future, we must do more to combat climate change. (Applause.) Now, it’s true that no single event makes a trend. But the fact is the 12 hottest years on record have all come in the last 15. Heat waves, droughts, wildfires, floods -- all are now more frequent and more intense. We can choose to believe that Superstorm Sandy, and the most severe drought in decades, and the worst wildfires some states have ever seen were all just a freak coincidence. Or we can choose to believe in the overwhelming judgment of science -- and act before it’s too late. (Applause.)

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Indicators Report

Climate Change Indicators in the United States, 2012, presents 26 indicators to help readers better understand observed trends related to the causes and effects of climate change. This document updates a report published by EPA in 2010.

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Indicators Report Example Figures

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Indicators Report Example Figures

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2013 State of the Union Address

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•  Now, the good news is we can make meaningful progress on this issue while driving strong economic growth. I urge this Congress to get together, pursue a bipartisan, market-based solution to climate change, like the one John McCain and Joe Lieberman worked on together a few years ago. But if Congress won’t act soon to protect future generations, I will. (Applause.) I will direct my Cabinet to come up with executive actions we can take, now and in the future, to reduce pollution, prepare our communities for the consequences of climate change, and speed the transition to more sustainable sources of energy.

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In my State of the Union address, I urged Congress to come up with a bipartisan, market-based solution to climate change, like the one that Republican and Democratic senators worked on together a few years ago. And I still want to see that happen. I'm willing to work with anyone to make that happen. But this is a challenge that does not pause for partisan gridlock. It demands our attention now. And this is my plan to meet it -- a plan to cut carbon pollution; a plan to protect our country from the impacts of climate change; and a plan to lead the world in a coordinated assault on a changing climate.

- President Obama June 25, 2013

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Social Cost of Carbon

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Federal agencies use the social cost of carbon (SCC) to estimate the climate benefits of rulemakings. The SCC is an estimate of the economic damages associated with a small increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, conventionally one metric ton, in a given year. This dollar figure also represents the value of damages avoided for a small emission reduction (i.e. the benefit of a CO2 reduction).

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Social Cost of Carbon 2013 Update

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Federal Rules using SCC

Federal  Register  Date   Rule   Status  3/9/2010   DOE  ECS  for  Small  Electric  Motors  (75  FR  10874)   Final  4/16/2010   DOE  ECS  for  ResidenDal  Water  Heaters,  Direct  HeaDng  Equipment,  and  Pool  Heaters   Final  5/1/2010   DOE  Equipage  Mandate  for  Air  Traffic  Control     Final  5/7/2010   EPA/DOT  Light  Duty  Vehicle  GHG  Standards  (2012-­‐2016)     Final  9/9/2010   EPA  Cement  NESHAP/NSPS  (CO2  disbenefits)  (under  reconsideraDon)   Final  3/14/2011   EPA  (supp)  NESHAP:  Mercury  Cell  Chlor-­‐Alkali  Plants  -­‐Amendments       Proposal  3/21/2011   EPA  Sewage  Sludge  Incinerators  NSPS/Emissions  Guidelines  (CO2  disbenefits)   Final  3/21/2011   EPA  Boiler  MACT  (CO2  disbenefits)     Final  4/21/2011   DOE  ECS  for  ResidenDal  Clothes  Dryers  and  Room  Air  CondiDoners   Direct  Final  6/27/2011   DOE  ECS  CAC-­‐HP  Furnace  HVAC  DFR   Direct  Final  8/8/2011   EPA  Cross-­‐State  Air  PolluDon  Rule  (CSAPR)  (vacated  by  courts,  in  review)   Final  9/15/2011   EPA/DOT  Medium-­‐Heavy  Duty  Vehicles  GHG  Standards     Final  9/15/2011   DOE  ECS  for  ResidenDal  Refrigerators  and  Freezers   Final  11/14/2011   DOE  ECS    for  Fluorescent  Lamp  Ballasts     Final  1/12/2012   DOE  ASHRAE  Standard  90.1   Proposal  2/10/2012   DOE  ECS  for  DistribuDon  Transformers   Proposal  2/16/2012   EPA  MATS  Rule     Final  3/27/2012   DOE  ECS  for  Baaery  Chargers  and  External  Power  Supplies   Proposal  4/13/2012   EPA  GHG  Standards  for  New  StaDonary  Source  EGUs     Proposal  5/30/2012   DOE  ECS  for  ResidenDal  Dishwashers     Direct  Final  5/31/2012   DOE  ECS  for  ResidenDal  Clothes  Washers   Direct  Final  10/15/2012   EPA/DOT  Light  Duty  Vehicle  GHG  Standards  (2017-­‐2025)     Final  4/18/2013   DOE  ECS  for  DistribuDon  Transformers   Final  

Interagency  SCC  Es6mates:  2010-­‐2013  Rulemakings

Interagency  Updated  SCC  Es6mates:  2013  Rulemakings 6/17/2013   DOE  ECS  for  Microwaves     Final  

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What are the Benefits of Global Action?

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74.8%

20.9%

4.4%

0-­‐3.6

3.6-­‐5.4

5.4-­‐7.2

7.2-­‐9.0

9.0-­‐10.8

10.8-­‐14.4

Full  Participation

1.18%

29.3%

37.8%

18.9%

8.1%

4.7%

Reference

0-­‐2

2-­‐3

3-­‐4

4-­‐5

5-­‐6

6-­‐8

11.1%

47.2%

27.0%

10.1%

4.0% 0.6%

Developing  Country  Delay  

•  The pie charts show the approximate probability of observed global mean temperature changes in 2100, relative to pre-industrial, falling within specific temperature ranges under reference, developing country action delayed until 2050, and G8 international action scenarios.

•  Observed temperature change does not equal the change in equilibrium temperature because –  CO2e concentrations rise after 2100: Equilibrium temperature change is not achieved until after CO2e concentrations are stabilized. In this

analysis, CO2e concentrations will continue to rise after 2100. Therefore, changes in equilibrium temperature will differ from the observed temperature changes.

–  Ocean temperature inertia: This inertia causes the equilibrium global mean surface temperature change to lag behind the observed global mean surface temperature change by as much as 500 years. Even if CO2e concentrations in 2100 were stabilized, observed temperatures would continue to rise for centuries before the equilibrium was reached.

•  Under the Reference scenario (1st chart), the probability of the observed temperature change in 2100 being below 2 degrees C is approximately 1%, while there is a nearly 75% probability associated with this under the Full Participation scenario (3rd chart).

•  The probability of being above 4 degrees C is about 32% in the Reference case, while it is just under 15% in the Delayed Participation scenario (2nd chart) and zero under Full Participation (3rd chart).

° Celsius

Probability of Observed Temperature Changes in 2100

Reference, Delayed Participation, and Full Participation Scenarios

° Fahrenheit

What will it achieve?

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Climate Impacts & Risk Analysis Project

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Change in # of days above present day 95th percentile Comparison of CIRA Scenarios to RCPs and SRES

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Change in # of days above present day 95th percentile Changes in Temperature in 2100

Reference (No Mitigation)

Global Mitigation Scenario

Stronger Global Mitigation Scenario

Cha

nge

in #

of d

ays

in 2

100

abov

e pr

esen

t day

95t

h per

cent

ile

•  With no mitigation, avg. temps increase substantially & hottest days become more frequent. •  These changes are substantially reduced under both mitigation scenarios.

Cha

nges

in s

urfa

ce a

ir te

mp.

(˚C

) in

2100

rela

tive

to p

rese

nt d

ay Daily Max Temperature Average Temperatures

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Thank You

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Appendix

Interagency Climate Change Adaptation Task Force

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Change in # of days above present day 95th percentile

This report—part of the Administration’s efforts to support national climate change adaptation planning through the Interagency Climate Change Adaptation Task Force and Strategic Sustainability Planning process established under Executive Order 13514 and to advance the U.S. Department of Energy’s goal of promoting energy security—examines current and potential future impacts of these climate trends on the U.S. energy sector. It identifies activities underway to address these challenges and discusses potential opportunities to enhance energy technologies that are more climate resilient, as well as information, stakeholder engagement, and policies and strategies to further enable their deployment.

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Change in # of days above present day 95th percentile

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Change in # of days above present day 95th percentile

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