Trip around the World

Charles Darwin

Trip Around the World• In December 1831, the British ship HMS

Beagle set sail from England on a five-year trip around the world.

• On board was a 22 year old named Charles Darwin.

• Darwin was able to explore extensively in South America and numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, including the Galapagos.

• While he was on the Galapagos Islands he came up with the theory of Natural Selection.• A process in which individuals that are better

adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than others of the same species

Trip around the WorldThis is the five year route that Charles

Darwin traveled while on the HMS Beagle

Galapagos Islands•The islands are about 580 miles away from the coast of Ecuador.

Galapagos IslandsDarwin compared the organisms from the

Galapagos Islands to the organisms from the mainland in South America.

He noticed that many of the plants were similar but there were some important differences.Galapagos iguanas vs. mainland iguanas

Differences between the islands in the Galapagos Islands.Dome-shaped tortoises vs. saddle shaped tortoisesFinches beak shape

AdaptationsThe finches were

well suited for the life it led.

Short narrow beaks were better suited for eating bugs.

Large strong beaks were for eating seeds.

Beak shape is an example of an adaptation.

AdaptationsAdaptations is a trait that helps an

organism survive and reproduce.Some examples of an adaptation are:

Fur (or lack of fur)SizeCamouflageBehaviorFlight (wings)Teeth (sharp or dull)

AdaptationsEvery animal has developed special

characteristics that “customize” the animal to its environment.

Over a period of generations, animals develop behaviors and physical characteristics that enhance their survival in their environment.

All species are “adapted” to their environment.Animals also have physical adaptations to help

them survive. This helps them maintain a constant internal environment (their body) while their outside environment is changing.

This is called homeostasis.

HomeostasisHuman example of homeostasis

When you are hot, you sweat. Sweating cools your body down.

When you are cold, you shiver. When you shiver your muscles rapidly contract and relax which produces heat.

Some environments undergo extreme changes in temperature or other conditions during the year. Living things that live in such conditions have special responses that help them adjust.

Behavioral and Physical Adaptations in Animals

Adaptations

AdaptationsAdaptations is a trait that helps an

organism survive and reproduce.There are behavioral adaptations.

MigrationsHibernationDormancy

There are physical adaptations.

MigrationMigration- when animals move from one

place to another as a result of temperature changes.

Animals migrate for different reasons: To find a better climate (better weather).To find food.To find a safe place to live.To find a safe place to raise young.

Species that do migrate are called migratory species.

Species that do not migrate are called resident, or sedentary species.

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MigrationThe advantage of the migration strategy

are:In the long days of the northern summer,

breeding birds have more hours to feed their young .

As the days shorten in the fall and food supplies become scarce, the birds can migrate to warmer regions where the length of the day varies less and there is an all year round food supply.

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Who migrates the furthestThe Arctic Tern, it

flies from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic and back again each year. This guarantees that it will see two summers each year.

MigrationNot all animals will move thousands of miles to

migrate. Some species of sheep and goats will move from higher altitudes of mountains to lower ones seasonally.

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HibernationHibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic

depression in animals, characterized by lower body temperature, slower breathing, and lower metabolic rate.

Hibernation allows animals to conserve energy during the winter when food is short.

Before entering hibernation most species eat a large amount of food and store energy in fat deposits in order to survive the winter.

Hibernation may last several days, or weeks depending on species, outside temperature, and time of year.

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HibernationThere are different kinds of hibernation.

The "true" hibernators sleep so deeply that they are almost impossible to wake up. Woodchucks, ground squirrels and bats are "true"

hibernators. True hibernators do get up every few weeks to

nibble on food.Bears are not "true" hibernators. They are one

of the "light sleepers." They are easily awakened from their winter slumbers. These in-between hibernators are simply taking long winter naps. Skunks, raccoons, opossums are also in this group.

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HibernationAnother form of hibernation is called torpor.

Torpor is a state of regulated hypothermia in a warm blooded organism, lasting just a few hours, usually at night.

Torpor is a shortened sleep time. The heart rate slows down and body temperature goes down, but the animal is able to wake up and move around.

Torpor is used for many of the same reasons as hibernation, like energy conservation.

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Dormancy Dormancy is a period when an

organism’s growth or activity stops.It is a survival strategy exhibited by

many plant species, which enables them to survive in climates where part of the year is unsuitable for growth, such as winter or dry seasons.

Many familiar trees produce new leaves in the spring and lose them in the fall due to seasonal changes in temperature and light.

Trees that lose their leaves are dormant in winter.

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Physical AdaptationsAnimals also depend on their physical

features to help:Obtain foodKeep safeBuild homesWithstand weatherAttract mates

These physical features are called physical adaptations.

Physical adaptations do not develop during an animal's life but over many generations.

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Physical AdaptationsExamples of the basic adaptations that

help creatures survive:Shape of a bird's beak The number of fingers The thickness or thinness of the fur Shape of the nose or earsTeethClawsFeetProtective Coloration (Camouflage)

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Protective ColorationProtective coloration helps an animal

survive in its environment. Four examples are:Concealing coloration is when animals use the

same coloring as their environment. Disruptive coloration is when animals break up

their outline so they do not stick out. Disguise is when animals blend in with their

surroundings. Mimicry is when animals look like other

dangerous animals. They pretend to be what they are not.

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Concealing ColorationFor example, many animals in the Arctic

have white coloring to blend in with the snow that surrounds them.

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Camouflage

Disruptive colorationThese animals have spots, stripes, or other

patterns to break up its outline so it doesn't stick out against the background. Animals like zebras, leopards, and tigers use this type of camouflage.

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DisguiseAn insect that looks like a branch or leaf is

using a costume to hide from predators. If it actually looks like the object on which it stays, then it is using disguise to fool its predators or prey.

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MimicryWhen animals look like other dangerous

animals. They pretend to be what they are not.

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