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Page 1: Traditional International Relations analyses are just the tip of the iceberg.

• Chapter 5

Middle-earth & Feminist Theory

Page 2: Traditional International Relations analyses are just the tip of the iceberg.

Traditional International

Relations analyses are just

the tip of the iceberg

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Feminist analyses create a stronger,

more-inclusive basis for

understanding and explaining

order and justice

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Lenses foreground some things while

backgrounding others

Realist lenses foreground interstate conflict

Liberal lenses foreground interstate cooperation

Neo-Marxist lenses foregroundclass inequalities

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Gender-sensitive lenses highlight a

variety of relations of domination in world

politics

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“Gender” is not the same as “Sex”

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Feminist IR is not just about

looking at women, but

using insights grounded in

women’s lives to look at the

world

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Asks “Where are the

women?”

YouTube video of news coverage

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Important Terms

Ontology What exists

Epistemology How we know things

Methodology How we find out what

we want to know

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Post-Structural

ist

Rationalist

Standpoint

Feminist IR scholarship involves 3 major approaches

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Post-Structural

ist

Rationalist

Standpoint

Sees causal connections between gender and

state action

Emphasizes that changing practices of socialization

may be the key to emancipation

Starts research from women’s lives to create

less biased/distorted knowledge

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3 “Waves” of Feminism

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Anarchy

1st Wave

Liberal Feminism focused on inequalities in the political and

legal system

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Women can advance through legal and

social changes

Gender roles are equivalent to biological sex

Women are constrained by

masculine models

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Treated as property by Saurman who promises her to Wormtongue

Rejects Aragorn’s statement that she is merely a women and “her part is in the house”

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Anarchy

2nd Wave

The “personal” is “political”

Social institutions create inequalities

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ConstructivistOntology

Hierarchical gender relations

are not natural, and are created through social constructions of masculinity and

femininity

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StandpointEpistemology

Starting from the experiences of those at the “bottom rungs of society” may tell us more about the

world of International Relations

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Post-Structuralists

Addressing the “double burden” of reproductive and

productive labor for women may be the

key to broader social change

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The “reproductive economy” supports and gives a free ride

to actors in the “productive economy”

Socialist Feminism

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Illustrates socialist feminism’s argument that sexism is inextricably linked to problems of class

Lobelia Sackville-Baggins

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Radical Feminism

Challenging systems of

patriarchy and calling for

a radical reordering of society

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Anarchy 3rd Wave

Problematizes a singular category of “woman”

Women’s experiences are inextricable from oppression

experienced by other kinds of marginalized groups

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Postcolonial Feminism

Women’s perspectives and concerns vary –

there is no “universal” or

exhaustive set of experiences

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Dis, the Dwarf Princess

The experiences of Dwarf women are very different than for women of

other races in Middle Earth

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Postmodern Feminism

Gender is constructed

through language, and is not always constructed in the

same way

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Galadriel

Cannot advise the Fellowship what to do, but can

clarify their opinions to help them make their

own decisions

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Traditional IR is just the tip of the iceberg in explaining and understanding

international relations

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Objective knowledge is not possible

The privileged are licensed to think for everyone,

so long as they do so “objectively”


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