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Page 1: Toward Empire 1865–1902

American Stories:American Stories:A History of the United States

Second Edition

Chapter

American Stories: A History of the United States, Second EditionBrands • Breen • Williams • Gross

Toward Empire1865–1902

21

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TR and the Rough Riders in Action TR and the Rough Riders in Action A blend of A blend of Ivy League athletes and Western frontiersmen, the Ivy League athletes and Western frontiersmen, the

Rough Riders, became the most famous military Rough Riders, became the most famous military unit in the war.unit in the war.

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Toward EmpireToward Empire1865–19021865–1902

• America Looks Outward• War with Spain• Acquisition of Empire

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Roosevelt and the Rough RidersRoosevelt and the Rough Riders

• Roosevelt hoped “world-movement” would establish U.S. as world power, particularly in Asian and Latin America

• Policymakers fostered overseas business interests, strengthened navy, extended U.S. influence into Pacific

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America Looks OutwardAmerica Looks Outward

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America Looks OutwardAmerica Looks Outward

• U.S. expansion shifted after 1890• Strategically placed islands taken,

intended only as colonies

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Catching the Spirit of EmpireCatching the Spirit of Empire

• Domestic concerns dominated the post-Civil War years

• 1870s brought new interest in areas beyond U.S. boundaries

• Internationalism began to replace nationalism

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Reasons for ExpansionReasons for Expansion

• Expansion abroad sought to gain markets

• Evolutionary ideas encouraged expansion to give guidance to native peoples elsewhere

• Missionary spirit expressed in Josiah Strong’s popular Our Country (1885)

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Foreign Policy Approaches,Foreign Policy Approaches,1867–19001867–1900

• Expansionist foreign policy• Acquisitions: Alaska, Midway Islands • Eroded European influence in Latin

America Diverted Latin American trade from Europe

through a series of reciprocity treaties U.S. supported Venezuela against Great

Britain

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The Lure of Hawaii The Lure of Hawaii

• 1875: U.S. granted Hawaiian sugar free entry

• 1887: new treaty gave U.S. exclusive use of Pearl Harbor

• Queen Liliuokalani retaliated for McKinley Tariff, attempted to reduce U.S. influence

• 1893: American settlers pulled off coup • 1898: Hawaii made U.S. Possession

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Map 21.1 Map 21.1 Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian The Hawaiian Islands provided the United States with both a Islands provided the United States with both a

convenient stopping point on the way to convenient stopping point on the way to Asianmarkets and a strategic naval station in the Asianmarkets and a strategic naval station in the

Pacific.Pacific.

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The Last Hawaiian Queen The Last Hawaiian Queen The first step toward The first step toward American annexation of Hawaii came in 1893 when American annexation of Hawaii came in 1893 when

Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown. Hawaii was Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown. Hawaii was annexed to the United States as a possession in annexed to the United States as a possession in 1898 and became a U.S. territory in 1900. This 1898 and became a U.S. territory in 1900. This

photograph from c. 1898 shows the former queen photograph from c. 1898 shows the former queen with guests and members of her household at with guests and members of her household at

Washington Place, her residence from 1896 until Washington Place, her residence from 1896 until her death in 1917.her death in 1917.

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The New NavyThe New Navy

• Alfred Mahan argued that overseas markets were essential for industrial surpluses

• Large merchant marine, strong navy needed

• 1889: Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy supervised a program of naval construction

• U.S. gained offensive capability at sea

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New Steel Navy New Steel Navy Return of the Conquerors Return of the Conquerors by by Edward Moran celebrates the triumphant return of Edward Moran celebrates the triumphant return of America’s Great White Fleet. The fleet of 16 white-America’s Great White Fleet. The fleet of 16 white-

hulled battleships and supporting craft set off in hulled battleships and supporting craft set off in December 1907 on a 14-month, round-the-world December 1907 on a 14-month, round-the-world

cruise as a dramatic show of America’s naval cruise as a dramatic show of America’s naval strength.strength.

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War with SpainWar with Spain

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War with SpainWar with Spain

• The war increased overseas possessions

• It also gained the U.S. recognition as a “world power”

• Americans became convinced they had a special destiny

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A War for PrincipleA War for Principle

• February, 1895: Rebellion in Cuba• "Yellow press" whipped up U.S.

sentiment to favor Cuban independence• McKinley gained Spanish concessions • February, 1898: Explosion of the Maine

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A War for Principle (cont’d)A War for Principle (cont’d)

• April, 19: Congress declared Cuba independent, passed "Teller Amendment"

• April, 25: U.S. declared war on Spain

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The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War

• U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared • Problems of equipment and supply

Regulars possessed latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles

Guard units possessed old Springfield rifles

• Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

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African American Soldiers African American Soldiers in the Warin the War

• African Americans served in army Guard units

• Black troops resisted segregation• African American soldiers won 26

Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor

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The Battle of San Juan Hill The Battle of San Juan Hill Charge of the 24th Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry and Rescue of the Rough and 25th Colored Infantry and Rescue of the Rough

Riders at San Juan Hill, July 2, 1898Riders at San Juan Hill, July 2, 1898, colored , colored lithograph by Kurz and Allison, 1899 (above). The lithograph by Kurz and Allison, 1899 (above). The Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Colored Infantry Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Colored Infantry

regiments served with exceptional gallantry in the regiments served with exceptional gallantry in the Spanish-American War. Charles Young (left), an Spanish-American War. Charles Young (left), an

1889 graduate of West Point, was the only African 1889 graduate of West Point, was the only African American officer in the army during the war except American officer in the army during the war except

for a few chaplains.for a few chaplains.

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The Course of the WarThe Course of the War

• May, 1: Commodore George Dewey captured Manila Bay

• June: Cuba invaded• July: Santiago surrendered, Puerto Rico

occupied• August, 13: Philippines surrendered

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African Americans in the War with Spain African Americans in the War with Spain Charles Young an 1889 graduate of West Point, was Charles Young an 1889 graduate of West Point, was the only African American officer in the army during the only African American officer in the army during

the Spanish-American War except for a few the Spanish-American War except for a few chaplains.chaplains.

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Map 21.2 Map 21.2 Spanish-American War: Spanish-American War: Pacific Pacific Theater Commodore Dewey, promoted to admiral Theater Commodore Dewey, promoted to admiral immediately after the naval victory at Manila Bay, immediately after the naval victory at Manila Bay,

was the first hero of the war.was the first hero of the war.

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Map 21.3 Map 21.3 Spanish-American War: Spanish-American War: Caribbean Caribbean Theater President McKinley set up a “war room” in Theater President McKinley set up a “war room” in

the White House, following the action on giant the White House, following the action on giant maps with red and white marking pins.maps with red and white marking pins.

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Acquisition of EmpireAcquisition of Empire

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Acquisition of EmpireAcquisition of Empire

• Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations

• December, 1898: Treaty of Paris Cuba independent U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam,

Philippines

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The Treaty of Paris DebateThe Treaty of Paris Debate

• Debate over annexation of the Philippines

• Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League Against big armies, government, and debt Republican ideals incompatible with

imperialism

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The Treaty of Paris Debate The Treaty of Paris Debate (cont’d)(cont’d)

• February, 1899: Ratification of peace treaty made U.S. a colonizing nation

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Guerrilla Warfare Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippinesin the Philippines

• 1898–1901: Emilio Aguinaldo led Philippine independence movement

• Filipinos used guerilla war tactics, U.S. adopted tactics Spanish used in Cuba

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Guerrilla Warfare Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippinesin the Philippines

• 1901: U.S. replaced military with civil rule, Taft named civilian governor Local self-government permitted Schedule established for independence

• July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

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Map 21.4 Map 21.4 American Empire, 1900 American Empire, 1900 With the With the Treaty of Paris, the United States gained an Treaty of Paris, the United States gained an

expanded colonial empire stretching from the expanded colonial empire stretching from the Caribbean to the far Pacific. It embraced Puerto Caribbean to the far Pacific. It embraced Puerto Rico, Alaska, Hawaii, part of Samoa, Guam, the Rico, Alaska, Hawaii, part of Samoa, Guam, the

Philippines, and a chain of Pacific islands. The dates Philippines, and a chain of Pacific islands. The dates on the map refer to the date of U.S. acquisition.on the map refer to the date of U.S. acquisition.

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The Open DoorThe Open Door

• March, 1900: "Open Door" policy in China No European nation should carve out a

sphere of influence in China and exclude others from trading in the area

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The Open Door (cont’d)The Open Door (cont’d)

• Despite American claims to the contrary, other countries did not accept it

• Policy opened the potential for later conflict with expansion-minded powers in Pacific

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U.S. Policy in Asia U.S. Policy in Asia In this 1899 cartoon, “Putting In this 1899 cartoon, “Putting His Foot Down” from His Foot Down” from PuckPuck, the nations of Europe , the nations of Europe are getting ready to cut up China to expand their are getting ready to cut up China to expand their

spheres of influence, but Uncle Sam stands firm on spheres of influence, but Uncle Sam stands firm on American commit- ments to preserve China’s American commit- ments to preserve China’s

sovereignty.sovereignty.

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Conclusion: Outcome of the War Conclusion: Outcome of the War with Spainwith Spain

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Conclusion:Conclusion:Outcome of the War with SpainOutcome of the War with Spain

• Teddy Roosevelt a war hero• Set back the cause of civil rights for

African Americans • Confirmed Republicans as majority

party• U.S. soldiers stationed outside the

country

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Map 21.5 Map 21.5 World Colonial Empires, World Colonial Empires, 1900 1900 Events of the nineteenth century increased Events of the nineteenth century increased

European hegemony over the world. By 1900, most European hegemony over the world. By 1900, most independent African nations had disappeared and independent African nations had disappeared and

the major European nations had divided the the major European nations had divided the continent among themselves. In the East, the continent among themselves. In the East, the European powers and Japan took advantage of European powers and Japan took advantage of China’s internal weakness to gain both trading China’s internal weakness to gain both trading

ports and economic concessions.ports and economic concessions.

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TimelineTimeline


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