THE COGNITIVE REVOLUTION: A HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE
Asheley Landrum and Amy Louise Schwarz
Behaviorism
Behaviorism
Premise Psychology as an objective scienceMental events ≠ observable events
Behaviorism
Premise Psychology as an objective scienceMental events ≠ observable events
OutcomePerception = DiscriminationMemory = LearningLanguage = Verbal BehaviorIntelligence = What intelligence tests
test
Limitations of Behaviorism
It cannot explain a natural language.
Much of human experience is unobservable.MemoryDecision makingPerceptual experienceOther mental events
Revolution Begins
“Defining psychology as the science of behavior is like defining physics as the science of meter reading.”
– Noam Chomsky
Cognitive Revolution
Cognitive Revolution
Mentalism = Cognition
Integrate mentalistic concepts to explain behavioral data.
Re-opened communication with Europe
1956 - Critical Year: Information Processing (Newell & Simon)
Began Development of Artificial Intelligence
Studies about Thinking Notions of Cognitive Strategies Magic # 7, plus or minus 2
Signal Detection Theory applied to Perception
9/11/56: Moment of Conception
Interdisciplinary Approach AI Math Computer Science Language Neuropsychology
9/11/56: Moment of Conception
Key Papers “Logic Machine” (Newell & Simon) Testing Neuropsychological Theory of Cell
Assembly (Rochester at IBM) Statistical analysis of gaps in relation to
syntax (Yngve) Mathematics of Grammar –
transformational grammar (Chomsky) Speed of Perceptual Recognition (Szikakli)
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Created Neuroscience Created a program: cognitive science Miller argued: Interdisciplinary field Report created for the Foundation
Scholars from several fields came together Unwilling to comment on each other’s
disciplines So, just summarized their own fields
Foundation provided grants to promote communication between disciplines.
Discussion Questions
Discussion Questions
Psycholinguistics
Computational
Linguistics
Brain
Evolution
Cybernetics
Discussion Questions
Miller only labeled four of the connections between fields. What interdisciplinary fields link the remaining nodes?
What field belongs at the center of the figure?
Discussion Questions
Discussion Questions
Miller contends the central three are: Psychology, Linguistics, and Computer Science
What is your opinion?
Cognitive Science vs Cognitive Sciences What are the benefits of thinking of it as
a unified science?
What are the detriments?
Should people from different disciplines comment regularly on each other’s work?
Artificial Intelligence
Do you think it is possible to advance artificial intelligence to the point where it accurately mimics life?
Are there any aspects of human cognition that you believe are unable to be replicated?
Discussion Questions
This article is a personal account of the cognitive revolution.
What is added or taken away by this being a personal account as opposed to a historical perspective as the title suggests?
Discussion Questions
How did the invention of the computer contribute to the perception of cognitive science?