YOU ARE DOWNLOADING DOCUMENT

Please tick the box to continue:

Transcript
  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    1/26

    SVD (angol) nyelv gyakorl Nyelvtan

    http://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html

    Swedish Grammar

    (Updated in August 2013.

    !his grammar is ("eing written "y Lei# Stensson$ and is a part o# theLanguage and Linguisti%spages at the a%ademi% %omputer so%iety Lysator at Lin&'ping Uniersity in Sweden.

    ()ote: this do%ument is #ar #rom #inished yet.

    Table of Content

    Alpha"et and *ronun%iation ("elow )ouns Ad+e%ties Ader"s )um"ers *ronouns *repositions ,er"s -on+un%tions$ et%

    Synta

    Appendi%es: . )oun gender . Some twopart er"s

    Alphabet and PronunciationSwedish "asi%ally uses the same alpha"et as nglish$ with the addition o# three letters: $ and '. nalpha"eti%al order$ these are at the end o# the alpha"et$ in that order.

    n some #oreign words$ "orrowed #rom languages whi%h use letters not present in the Swedishalpha"et$ the #oreign letter(s are sometimes used$ espe%ially when the letters in 4uestion are 5 (#rom6ren%h and 7 (#rom German. n #oreign names$ the #oreign spelling is pra%ti%ally always used. (twould "e %onsidered wrong$ and somewhat impolite toward the person whose name it is$ to spell aname su%h as Andr5 or G7nther without the a%%ents$ unless there is some pra%ti%al reason su%h asthose letters not eisting on the typewriter you8re using to do it.

    Some the letters in the Swedish alpha"et are pronoun%ed roughly as they would "e in nglish. !heothers are pronoun%ed as #ollows:

    A a

    1

    http://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.htmlhttp://www.lysator.liu.se/~leifhttp://www.lysator.liu.se/languagehttp://www.lysator.liu.se/languagehttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#alphabethttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#nounshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#adjectiveshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#adverbshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#numbershttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#pronounshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#prepositionshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#verbshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#conjunctionshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#syntaxhttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#appendix-ihttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#appendix-iihttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.htmlhttp://www.lysator.liu.se/~leifhttp://www.lysator.liu.se/languagehttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#alphabethttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#nounshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#adjectiveshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#adverbshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#numbershttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#pronounshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#prepositionshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#verbshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#conjunctionshttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#syntaxhttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#appendix-ihttp://www.lysator.liu.se/language/Languages/Swedish/Grammar.html#appendix-ii
  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    2/26

    is di##erent depending on whether the 4uantity o# the owel is long or short. 9hen long$ theletter is pronoun%ed approimately li&e the a in the nglish word #ar. 9hen short$ theletter is pronoun%ed approimately li&e the a in Spanish %asa.

    - %is usually pronoun%ed as s "e#ore /e/$ /i/$ /y/$ //$ and /'/$ and otherwise pronoun%ed as &.(;

    < d is pronoun%ed almost as in nglish$ e%ept that the tongue should not "e hal#%urled "a%&(that is$ Swedish /d/ is not a retro#le. (;;

    eis pronoun%ed as in the nglish word de%&$ even when long= that is$ neer li&e e innglish "e or deep. (!he letter i is used #or that sound.

    G gis pronoun%ed hard$ li&e nglish g "e#ore /a/$ /o/$ /u/$ and //$ and so#t (as Swedish +

    "e#ore /e/$ /i/$ /y/$ //$ and /'/. A#ter the sound /l/ or /r/ in the same syllableg is usuallypronoun%ed as /+/ as well. n other %ases$ it is usually pronoun%ed as /g/. n loanwords$espe%ially Gree& and Latin loanwords$ g is o#ten pronoun%ed /g/ een a#ter /r/. n rare

    %ases$ su%h as energi (energy$ the g is pronoun%ed roughly li&e s+ (see "elow. (;; i

    is pronoun%ed as nglish e in "e.> +

    is pronoun%ed as nglish y in yawn. )eer as + in +aw.? &

    is pronoun%ed as a so#t %h "e#ore /e/$ /i/$ /y/$ //$ /'/$ and otherwise as an nglish &. (; A#ew e%eptions eist #or loanwords= most noti%a"ly perhaps &' (4ueue and &'r (%hoir$where a hard ? sound is used.

    L lis pronoun%ed almost as in nglish$ e%ept that when the sound is made (with the tip o# thetongue tou%hing the upper palate the tongue should not"e hal#%urled "a%&$ as in nglish$

    "ut straight. (;;@ o

    is$ depending on %ontet$ pronoun%ed as either oo in nglish too (usually when thesound is long$ or o in nglish #or (usually when short.

    4is a ery rare letter in Swedish sin%e the spelling re#orm a"out a %entury ago. t o%%ursalmost e%lusiely in names$ and a #ew #oreign loanwords (most #rom latin$ and almostalways #ollowed "y a u or$ less o#ten$ "y a . !he sound o# 4u or 4 is e4uialent toSwedish &.

    B r is normally pronoun%ed with a ery slight 4uier o# the tongue= more distin%t than is normalin nglish$ "ut not 4uite as distin%t as in German. (;; t should "e noted$ howeer$ that outo# all %onsonant sounds$ /r/ is the one that shows the largest ariation "etween di##erentSwedish diale%ts.

    ! tis pronoun%ed almost as in nglish$ e%ept that the tongue should not "e hal#%urled "a%&.!hat is$ not retro#le. (;;

    U uin Swedish is pronoun%ed in a way that is somewhat di##i%ult to des%ri"e with re#eren%e tonglish$ whi%h has no sound similar to it. -losest is perhaps the long /o/ in nglish two$

    too and you$ "ut more #ronted$ with the tip o# the tongue tou%hing the lower #ront teeth.6or those #amiliar with the *A phoneti% alpha"et$ it %an "e written .

    9 w$

    2

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    3/26

    as $ is a rare letter in Swedish$ and almost e%lusiely used in names. t is pronoun%ed as$ e%ept when used in #oreign (espe%ially nglish names$ when it is usually pronoun%edas it would "e in the language the name %ame #rom (e.g: whis&ey$ 9ayne and9ashington would normally "e pronoun%ed more or less as they are in nglish.

    C yis pronoun%ed almost as y in nglish names su%h as !erry$ !eddy or -heryl$ "oth

    when long and when short. t is neer pronoun%ed as a diphtong (li&e the y in reply.D E$as and 9$ is a rare letter in Swedish. t is usually pronoun%ed as nglish s$ "ut %an "e

    pronoun%ed as an nglish E i# one wants to emphasise the #a%t that the word is spelledwith a E$ not an s. As #or the other in#re4uently used letters$ in #oreign names$ the

    pronun%iation is o#ten that o# the language the names %ome #rom.F

    is pronoun%ed as nglish o in #or.

    is pronoun%ed as nglish ai in #air$ and as a German .H '

    is pronoun%ed mu%h li&e German '$ whi%h is roughly li&e u in nglish turn. SomeSwedish diale%ts (in%luding the standard one gies this sound a somewhat lower pit%hand a less #ronted 4uality when it is #ollowed "y /r/ or a retro#le sound$ and a somewhathigher pit%h and more #ronted 4uality otherwise.

    (; )ote: in traditional Swedish grammar "oo&s$ owels are grouped into hrda (hard: /a/$ /o/$/u/$ // and m+u&a (so#t: /e/$ /i/$ /y/$ //$ /'/$ due to their e##e%t when #ollowing the %onsonants -$G and ?$ where the so#t owels %ause a so#tening o# the pronun%iation. t %an "e noted that thehard owels are arti%ulated with the tongue at the "a%& o# the mouth$ while the so#t owels arearti%ulated at the #ront o# the mouth. So the so#tening o# the %onsonant sound mainly %onsists inanti%ipating the #ronting o# the owel sound already when pronoun%ing the %onsonant that pre%eedsit.

    (;; )ote: while the phonemes /d/$ /l/$ /s/$ and /t/ are not generally pronoun%ed in retro#le position$the %om"inations /rd/$ /rl/$ /rs/$ and /rt/ arepronoun%ed as retro#le ersions o# /d/$ /l/$ /s/ and /t/(with no separate /r/ sound.

    n addition to the single letters$ Swedish uses a num"er o# digraphs and trigraphs to spell soundsthat la%& a letter o# their own. n most %ases$ pronoun%ing a written Swedish word is #airlystraigh#orward= usually$ there is only one way o# pronoun%ing ea%h letter se4uen%e (at least i# thenet #ollowing letter is ta&en into a%%ount. !he reerse$ howeer$ is not always true. *arti%ularly

    the Swedish spelling o# the sounds similar to those written as sh in nglish$ and as s%h and %hin German$ %an "e %on#using:

    S+as in s+' (la&e$ s+un&a (to sin&$ and s+l (soul. !his spelling is rather %ommon inoriginally Swedish words$ and rare in loanwords. Usually$ s+ in modern Swedish was si

    plus a owel in @ld Swedish.S&

    as in s&ed (spoon$ s&'ta (to ta&e %are o#$ to handle$ s&ina (to shine$ s&inn (s&in$hide$ and s&l (a %ause$ a reason. -ommon when an e$ i$ or ' #ollows immediatelya#terward.

    S&+ as in s&+uta (push$ shoot$ s&+uts (a 8ride8$ and s&+ul (shed$ sha%&. Usually$ s&+ wass&i I owel in @ld Swedish.

    3

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    4/26

    St+as in st+la (to steal$ st+l& (stal& (o# a plant$ st+lpa (to tilt something$ to tipsomething oer$ st+rna (star$ and st+rt (posterior$ "utt. !hese #ie words are the onlyones in the Swedish language that use the spelling st+$ and they are sometimessummarised in the mnemoni% nonsense proer" det r lttare att stjla en stjlk n att

    stjlpa en stjrna med stjrten (it8s easier to steal a stal& than to tilt a star with your "utt.

    S%h as in s%hJ (hushJ$ s%hwung (oldish slang #or 8speed and/or strength in an a%tion8$ 8ere8$8go8$ et%$ and names li&e S%holl$ S%hultE$ S%heele$ et%. *rimarily used inonomatopoeti% words$ some names$ and German loanwords.

    -has in %ho%& (sho%&.

    Shis #re4uent in #oreign (espe%ially nglish loanwords and names. amples: sherry$Shelley$ shah (*ersian ruler.

    s%his used in a #ew words su%h as dus%h (shower$ &ras%h (%rash$ "rans%h ("ran%h o#

    trade$ area o# pro#essional a%tiity$ type o# "usiness and the inter+e%tion us%hJ ("le%h$ ugh$ew.

    geGarage (garage$ #romage (meaning "lan%mange and similar$ "ut not %heese. Kostly in6ren%h loanwords.

    rs6ars (#ar%e$ #arstu (hallway.

    %his used in a #ew loanwords$ su%h as lun%h.

    S+$ S&$ S&+$ St+$ and -h are usually pronoun%ed a "it li&e German %h$ while S%h$s%h$ ge$ and rs are usually pronoun%ed more li&e German s%h (nglish sh.

    !o add to the %on#usion$ s& is usually pronoun%ed as two separate letters when #ollowed "y eithera %onsonant or one o# the owel sounds /a/$ /o/$ /u/ and //. amples: s&rp (trash$ s&ri&a (toshout$ s&ata (magpie$ s&o (shoe$ s&um (#oam$ s&p (%up"oard.

    Also$ #oreign words and names #rom languages that use some ariation o# the Latin alpha"et$ andwhere this ariation in%ludes the addition o# a spe%ial letter #or the sh sound$ this spe%ial lettermight "e used. 6oreign words and names #rom languages that use other alpha"ets usually get theirsh sounds rendered as s+$ sh or s%h$ depending on what transliteration rules are "eing used.

    !here are really no simple rules #or how to spell the sh sound in the general %ase= it is usually "estto try to learn the spelling together with the word.

    Intonation, Accents, Stress, Pitch

    Swedish$ li&e most modern ndoeuropean languages$ "asi%ally has i%tus$ or stress$ a%%ent= onestressed sylla"le in a word is emphasised more than the other sylla"les.

    Unli&e most other modern ndoeuropean languages$ "ut li&e some o# the older ones$ Swedish alsohas a tonal$ or pit%h$ a%%ent. @nly two leels are distinguished$ high and low$ although onemight argue that the unstressed sylla"les hae a third$ middle$ leel.

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    5/26

    !he a%%ents in Swedish are not normally mar&ed in any way in the written language$ although 8(a%ute a%%ent$ high pit%h and M (grae a%%ent$ low pit%h hae "e%ome a de #a%to standard way o#mar&ing them when one wishes to mar& the spe%i#i%ally (su%h as in linguisti% dis%ussions$ or whendis%ussing rhythm and rhyme in poetry.

    @#ten$ pronoun%ing a word with the wrong pit%h will sound odd$ "ut not %ause any

    misunderstandings. !here are$ howeer$ a num"er o# words that are distinguished only "y thea%%ent$ and a siEa"le group o# words that hae a distin%t tonal stress. Kost o# these words are"isylla"i% words with the stress on the #irst sylla"le. amples: "Nren (the %age "Oren(%arried$ r5gel (a rule rPgel (a lat%h$ slQgen (the "lows slRgen ("eaten.

    !here is a ague general tenden%y towards interpreting "isylla"i% words with an initial high pit%h asnouns$ while words with a initial low pit%h #eels more li&e er"s$ parti%iples and ad+e%ties.

    Nouns

    (Un#inished.

    Swedish nouns are diided into de%lensions depending on their stem$ how the plural is #ormed$ andon their gender (whi%h is either 8uter8 or 8neuter8. 9ithin these de%lensions$ they are in#le%teda%%ording to:

    )um"er: singular or plural.

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    6/26

    Li&e the #irst de%lension$ the se%ond also has two primary groups o# words= those that add ein singular inde#inite$ and those whi%h use the "are stem. !he singular de#inite has an ensu##i. All words in this de%lension are uter.

    !hird de%lension$ plural inde#inite on (er.9ords o# this de%lension always use the "are stem #or the singular inde#inite$ and add (enor (et in the singular de#inite. !here are "oth neuter and uter words in this de%lension.

    6ourth de%lension$ plural inde#inite on (en.Singular inde#inite: "are stem. Singular de#inite: (et. !here are only neuter words in thisde%lension.

    6i#th de%lension. *lural inde#inite: "are stem.Singular inde#inite: "are stem. Singular de#inite: (et or (en. !here are "oth neuter and uterwords in this de%lension.

    All nouns$ e%ept neuters o# the #i#th de%lension and some irregular words$ add na to the inde#initeplural to #orm the de#inite plural. ut words with a plural already ending in n do not usuallydou"le this n e%ept in spe%ial %ases$ most o# whi%h %on%ern words that are irregular #or otherreasons$ too.

    6i#thde%lension neuters hae de#inite plurals on en.

    n#le%tion paradigm #or the #ie de%lensions:

    1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th(a) 5th(b)

    sg.indef. #las&a "us&e minut ittne "re insg.def. #las&an "us&en minuten ittnet "reet inetpl.indef. #las&or "us&ar minuter ittnen "re inerpl.def. #las&orna "us&arna minuterna ittnena"reen inerna

    nglish: bottle bush, shrub minute witness letter (`mail') wineungarian: pala%& "o&or per% tanN le5l "or

    !he gender %an easily "e determined "y loo&ing at the singular de#inite #orm o# the word (whi%halways end in either n or t= the words with a singular de#inite on n are uter$ and others areneuter.

    n the third and #ourth de%lension$ there are a num"er o# words that end in erand el= these usuallydrop the Me8 "e#ore the #inal %onsonant when an added in#le%tion su##i "egins with a owel. .g. enkonstapel(3u$ %onsta"le$ pl. konstaplar$ and ett papper(n$ paper$ sg.de#.pappret. oweer$ inthe sg.de#. %ase in the third de%lension$ the su##i is instead usually redu%ed #rom ento n$ e.g.konstapeln. 6orms su%h as konstaplenare possi"le$ "ut o#ten sound strange or ar%hai%$ and their usenowadays tends to "e limited to poetry and humourous %ontets.

    !he third de%lension %ontains some neuter words$ in whi%h %ase the sg.de#. #orm a"oe ends in etinstead o# en. @ne eample isparti$ a word with seeral "arely related meanings$ in#le%ted thus:

    parti, partiet, partier, partierna. !hree meanings o# the word are (1 Mparty8 in the sense o# agrouping o# people$ su%h as a politi%al party or a Mside8 in a legal dispute$ (2 a Mgame8 in the sense o#the o%%asion o# playing it #rom start to #inish$ e.g. Mett parti schack8 V a game o# %hess$ and (3 a set$group$ pa%&$ lot$ load$ et% o# items "eing treated as a unit$ e.g. Mett nyss inkommet parti gods8 (are%ently re%eied deliery o# goods.

    Umlat !lrals

    W

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    7/26

    A num"er o# words #orm plural with umlaut$ i.e. a %hange o# the owel o# the sylla"le "e#ore thesu##i. Sometimes$ this %auses a loss o# the su##i. !his phenomenon o%%urs in nglish too$ e.g. man men$ goose geese$ mouse mi%e$ et%$ "ut it is somewhat more %ommon in Swedish than it is innglish. Usually$ i# a word has umlaut plural in nglish and the nglish word sounds similar to theSwedish one$ the Swedish word also #orms plural with umlaut$ sin%e "oth languages hae thentypi%ally inherited the word #rom older Germani% sour%es.

    Some Swedish words with umlaut plurals are: en man mn(man$ en fot f!tter(#oot$ en hand hnder(hand$ en tand tnder(tooth$ en rand rnder(stripe$ edge$ ett land lnder(land$%ountry$ en strand strnder(shore$ "ea%h$ en brand brnder(#ire$ %on#lagration$ en fader

    fder(#ather$ en broder br!der("rother$ en moder m!drar(mother$ en son s!ner(son$ endotter d!ttrar(daughter$ en bok b!cker("oo&$ en rot r!tter(root$ en g"s gss(goose$ enand nder(a &ind o# du%&$ en mus m!ss(mouse.

    Additionally$ some words hae the length o# a owel redu%ed without %hanging owel$ sin%e theowel has umlaut #orm already. An eample is en n!t n!tter(nut.

    )ote also that the #amily wordsfader(#ather$ moder(mother and broder("rother hae shortariant #orms o# the inde#inite singulars. !hese drop the de$ giing:far, mor, bror. !his %ontra%tiononly o%%urs in the singular inde#inite$ howeer. n %asual slang$ these %ontra%tions %an then "eetended "y adding sa$ giingfarsa, morsa, brorsa$ whi%h are in#le%ted as #irstde%lension nouns inall #orms. Although the wordsyster(sister doesn8t hae this &ind o# short #orm$ it does hae aariant o# the %asual slang #orm:syrra.

    Another thing to note that the noun man(man has di##erent plurals depending on nuan%es o#meaning. n the meaning o# man as opposed to woman$ the plural is mn. 9hen the word re#ers to a%ount o# people in a %rew$ the plural is o#ten Mmannar8$ "ut when the indiidual mem"ers o# a %reware re#erred to %olle%tiely (without any spe%i#i% %ounting$ as in the merry men o# ... Mmn8 istypi%ally used. n older Swedish$ the %om"ined umlaut and su##i #orm Mmnner8 is sometimes used$espe%ially in modes o# address$ e.g. M# mnner !ver lag och rtt8 (MCe men o# law and +usti%e8= this isthe #irst line o# an aria #rom Atter"erg8s opera$anal.

    Shiftin" stress

    A num"er o# word$ mostly Latin loanwords ending in or$ shi#t the position o# the stress when aword is in#le%ted in su%h a manner that the num"er o# sylla"les in%reases= these words are uters o#the third de%lension$ and typi%ally$ the stress is shi#ted so it always #alls on the penultimate sylla"le.Some eamples are: vektor(e%tor stressed v%ktor$ "ut in#le%ted vekt&rer(na)in plural= lektor

    (uniersity tea%her$ dator(%omputer$pastor(priest$ pastor= although the Latin word meansMshepherd8. A num"er o# te%hni%al words$ espe%ially ele%tri%al and ele%troni%al %omponents are alsoo# this type: resistor$ termistor(thermal resistor$ varistor(aria"le resistor$ kondensator(%apa%itor$ induktor(indu%er$ indu%tor$ transduktor(transdu%er$ motor(motor$ engine$stator(nonmoing a%tie part in ele%tri%al motor$ donator(donor. Some more eamples whose meaningare essentially the same as the nglish words they resem"le are:sektor$ mentor$ rotor$promotor$reaktor$ etraktor$gladiator$generator$senator$ doktor.

    Another %ommon %ase where a similar shi#t in stress o#ten o%%urs is when the word #or a person o# aparti%ular nationality is deried #rom the name o# the nation "y the addition o# n or es (/5:s/$ e.g.Ameri&a /am5:ri&a/ "ut ameri&an /ameri&R:n/ and Sudan /suda:n/ "ut sudanes /sudane:s/.

    )ote also >apan />R:pan/ "ut +apan /+QpR:n/$ where the n su##i is lost sin%e the name o# thenation already ends with an ). !his also %auses a shi#t o# tonal a%%ent$ where the stressed longowel has the low tone.

    X

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    8/26

    Irre"lar nons

    A small num"er o# nouns are simply irregular in their in#le%tion$ and hae to learned separately.!wo ery %ommon ones are !ga(eye and !ra(ear$ whi%h happen to "e irregular in ea%tly thesame way. !hey are "oth neuters$ and #orm their plurals "y adding on$ giing: !ga!ra(sg.inde#.$ !gat!rat(sg.de#.$ !gon!ron(pl.inde#.$ !gonen!ronen(pl.de#..

    #orei"n inflections for some loan$%ords

    Ku%h as in nglish$ some Latin and Gree& loanwords %an "e in#le%ted a%%ording to their natiein#le%tion paradigms instead o# the Swedish ones. n some older tet$ this was #airly #re4uent$ and itis o%%asionally still used today$ although mostly in #ormal or religious %ontets$ and #or somete%hni%al terms where the Swedish su##ies are phoneti%ally aw&ward to %om"ine with the #oreignword. !oday$ the #oreign in#le%tions are mostly limited to names$ %ertain pro#essional titles$ andte%hni%al terms$ and are in most %ases %onsidered optional$ with natie Swedish in#le%tions "einge4ually a%%epta"le. -onse4uently$ this se%tion is perhaps mainly o# interest to readers o# older or

    literary Swedish tets.

    !here are some ariations in how and to what etent #oreign #orms were used$ so there is no single%omplete set o# rules #or ea%tly how to use whi%h #orms$ "ut the #ollowing o"serations %an "emade #or situations when this type o# #oreign in#le%tions are used:

    !he #oreign in#le%tions are normally only applied to words that hae "een "orrowedessentially un%hanged #rom Gree& or Latin in their nominatie singular #orm. 9ords thathae lost their original su##i in the "orrowing pro%ess (usually "e%ause they were "orrowedindire%tly ia another language are normally in#le%ted as regular Swedish words een intets that otherwise use Latin and Gree& #orms #or other loanwords. So$ #or eample$ etts%hema (s%hedule$ s%hemati%$ s%hema$ whi%h has "een "orrowed un%hanged #rom Gree&YZ [\$ and whi%h has the regular Swedish inde#inite plural s%heman$ %an alternatielyuse the plural #orm s%hemata$ mirroring the Gree& plural YZ][\^ = "ut en &atastro#(disaster$ %atastrophe whi%h %omes #rom Gree& _\^\Y^`b]$ "ut whi%h has dropped theGree& ending ]$ only has the Swedish inde#inite plural &atastro#er= it is not ana%%epta"le alternatie to use &atastro#ai (mirroring the Gree& plural _\^\Y^`b\c as theSwedish plural.

    Sin%e modern Swedish has no morphologi%al di##eren%e "etween nominatie$ a%%usatie anddatie #or nouns$ the %orresponding #oreign in#le%tions are not usually used to ma&e su%h adi##eren%e. n most %ases$ the #oreign nominatie (singular or plural seres the #un%tion o#

    all those three %ases. Sometimes$ #oreign a%%usaties$ daties and a"laties may neertheless "e used$ typi%ally

    when the word 4uali#ies another word in a di##erent %ase #orm. !oday$ this is almoste%lusiely limited to a #ew set phrases su%h as till dags dato$ where dato is a Latina"latie o# the loanword datum (meaning date in Swedish$ although the original Latinmeaning is "roader$ 4uali#ying the genitie #orm dags (day$ whi%h is goerned "y the

    preposition till (to (o"sering the old#ashioned %ase goerning rules$ where till goernsthe genitie= with the whole unit literally meaning to the day o#/"y/on the date$ or moresimply$ up until today$ as #ar as today$ until now or so #ar.

    Sin%e Swedish ma&es a morphologi%al distin%tion "etween de#inite and inde#inite #orm$whi%h neither Gree& nor Latin does$ a %hoi%e must "e made regarding how to ma&e de#inite

    #orms. !ypi%ally$ one o# these three strategies is used: (a ignore the distin%tion and use the#oreign #orm as though it was "oth de#inite and inde#inite$ (" add a Swedish su##i #orde#initeness to the in#le%ted #oreign #orm when the de#inite #orm is needed$ or (% #all "a%&

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    9/26

    to using natie Swedish in#le%tion #or the de#inite #orms. !he #irst strategy$ to use the #oreign#orms entirely$ was pro"a"ly the most %ommon and regarded as the most stri%tly %orre%t$espe%ially #or religious and a%ademi% titles$ o##i%es and o"+e%ts (e.g. re&tor (prin%ipal$de&anus (dean$ pastor (priest$ mitra (mitre. oweer$ losing the distin%tion

    "etween de#inite and inde#inite #orm was sometimes a disadantage$ leading to %ompromisesin the #orm o# the other two strategies des%ri"ed.

    Latin genitie singulars are used #or the simple %ases where the Latin genitie singular is i$ espe%ially #or names ending in us$ "oth #or names "orrowed #rom Latin$ su%h asKagnus$ and latinised name #orms$ su%h as Gustaus and -arolus (#or Swedish namesGusta and ?arl. !he name >esus doesn8t in#le%t that way in Latin$ howeer$ "ut ratherhas a genitie o# >esu$ and that #orm is o#ten seen also in older Swedish tets. 6or namesending in a$ su%h as Karia and >esa+a$ the Latin genitie would end in ae$ "ut thisis typi%ally redu%e to +ust a$ ma&ing it loo& li&e the unin#le%ted nominatie is used as agenitie.

    n hymns and other religous tets$ phoneti% ariations on the genitie ending o%%ur now andthen= #or eample$ in the hymn et r en ros utsprungen (originally the German hymn*sist ein +os entsprungen$ the #orm >esse o%%urs as a phoneti% ariation o# >esu$ in the

    line esus. Later in the same hymn$ another eample is seen in @m denna rosallena / l+'d #'rresajeord A"out this rose alone / sounded earlier saiah8s word(s.

    n names o# a"stra%t entities$ organisations$ o##i%ial "uildings (espe%ially old "uildings andsimilar$ with Swedish names ending in a$ the unin#le%ted #orm is sometimes used as agenitie$ in a manner that resem"les the redu%e Latin genities. An eample o# this isUppsala dom&yr&a (Uppsala -athedral. oweer$ it should "e noted that the phoneti%ariation with e doesn8t normally o%%ur #or su%h names$ and that despite the resem"lan%ewith the redu%ed Latin genities$ those genities may hae a di##erent origin$ or a miedorigin in#luen%ed "y Latin "ut also "y other #a%tors. !here are mainly three su%h other#a%tors: an older Swedish genitie in a (stri%tly only appli%a"le to plural words$ an olderSwedish genitie in ar with a wea& r sound (appli%a"le in singular$ "ut mainly to wordso# #eminine gender$ and the possi"ility o# %onstru%ting that type o# names as %ompounds (asis %ommon in nglish today$ whi%h in Swedish %alls #or using the stem o# the word insteado# the genitie #orm. (6or Swedish words ending in a$ the a is o#ten part o# the stem.

    Generally regarding the Latinstyle genities$ it should "e noted that it is unusual to usethose #orms #or names in general$ een #or names o# a Latin origin. Use o# the Latinstylegenities tends to "e limited to names o# histori%al or religious #igures.

    !he group o# Latin plurals that are still seen today in Swedish are words on (ium ta&ing(ia in plural$ denoting lo%ations$ #a%ilities and similar$ e.g. gymnasium (se%ondarys%hool= the leel "etween the year primary s%hool and unierity in Sweden$ solarium

    (tanning salon$ planetarium$ her"arium. Although not ea%tly %ommon$ in#le%tions o#this type are still used today now and then. An unusually handled word to note in this%ontet is the Latin loanword museum$ where the Latin #orm is used #or the nominatiesingular$ "ut where the Latin stem muse is used together with Swedish in#le%tion su##ies#or other #orms.

    6or Gree& plurals #orm$ none is espe%ially %ommon in modern Swedish$ "ut the pro"a"lyleast un%ommon group are some singulars on a ta&ing ata in plural$ e.g. s%hema(s%hedule$ s%hemati%$ s%hema$ as mentioned a"oe. Another su%h group o# words aresingulars on on with plural on a$ "ut most su%h words are #ound in the #orm o#te%hni%al terms and phrases that rarely o%%ur in eeryday spee%h. An eample is hapalegomenon (Gree& f\ jk[$ (something said (only on%e$ a linguisti% term #or

    a word or phrase o%%uring only in a single pla%e within a parti%ular %orpus o# tet= #or that$whi%h the Gree&style plural hapa legomena %ould "e used$ or it %an "e in#le%ted with

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    10/26

    Swedish su##ies$ (sg.inde#. $ sg.de#. et/at$ pl.inde# $ pl.de#. en/ena= "ut the pl.de#.sounds so aw&ward it8s tempting to rephrase to aoid that #orm.

    Gree& genitie %ase #orms are pra%ti%ally neer used. @%%asionally$ Latin and Gree& o%atie %ase #orms may o%%ur$ "ut that is mostly limited to

    >esu and ?riste in religious %ontet$ with the phoneti% ariation ?risti (whi%h wouldstri%tly "e a genitie #orm also o%%uring.

    Adjectives

    n Swedish$ ad+e%ties are in#le%ted a%%ording to the num"er$ gender and de#initeness o# the wordthey 4uali#y (no matter whether the ad+e%tie is in attri"utie or predi%atie position$ i.e. whether itis used as in a redapple or the apple is red.

    n older Swedish$ ad+e%ties were also in#le%ted a%%ording to %ase. !here are a num"er o# setphrases where these %asein#le%ted ad+e%ties still surie$ #or instan%e i l+usanlga (V in "right(accusative)#lame$ (V in "right #lame$ on #ire$ "urning "rightly and allom"e&ant (V all(dative)#amiliar V &nown to all.

    Begular ad+e%ties typi%ally hae three di##erent #orms: singular inde#inite uter$ singular inde#initeneuter$ and a %ommon #orm #or the other si possi"le ariations on num"er$ gender and de#initeness.!he #irst o# these three #orms is re#erred to as the "asi% or unin#le%ted #orm$ and is the #ormnormally #ound in di%tionaries. !here is also a #ourth #orm$ a mas%uline ariant o# the de#inite #orm$and whi%h %onsists o# %hanging the #inal a o# the %ommon de#inite #orm to e (in those %aseswhere that #orm doesn8t already end in e. Use o# this #orm is optional nowadays.

    Begular ad+e%ties derie their se%ond #orm "y su##iing a t to the "asi% #orm. oweer$ in terms o#spelling$ a num"er o# modi#i%ations %an o%%ur:

    nnIt "e%omes nt$ dIt "e%omes tt$ -dIt and -tIt "e%omes -t$ where - is any %onsonant. !his means that the #irst and

    se%ond #orm o# ad+e%ties su%h as sart ("la%& and #ast (#irm$ solid are spelled andpronoun%ed the same.

    !he third #orm o# regular ad+e%ties is o"tained "y su##iing an a to the "asi% #orm. Ad+e%tieswhose "asi% #orm end in an unstressed al/el/en/er lose the unstressed owel$ yielding la/la/na/

    ra$ respe%tiely$ when the su##i is added. ()ote on spelling: i# the "asi% #orm ends in an short owelplus an m or an n$ the %onsonant is dou"led "e#ore adding the a.

    A #ew ad+e%ties$ most nota"ly Mliten8 (little$ small$ are irregular and may %hange or modi#y thestem during in#le%tion$ "ut this is a small group o# e%eptions.

    n addition to pure ad+e%ties$ parti%iples %an also #un%tion as ad+e%ties. !he past parti%iple istypi%ally in#le%ted ad/at/ade #or wea& er"s (see &erbs"elow and (en/(et/na #or other er"s$with the #irst two #orms "eing uter and neuter #or the singular inde#inite$ and the third is #or all theother #orms. !he present parti%iple always end in (ende$ and is normally not in#le%ted when usedas an ad+e%tie.

    amples:

    10

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    11/26

    '"rn

    ("reen)

    '*it

    (%hite)

    '*id

    (%ide)

    's*art

    (blac+)

    'liten

    (little)

    'mlad

    (!ainted)

    'sliten

    (%orn)

    u.sg.indef. gr'n it id sart liten mlad slitenn.sg.indef. gr'nt itt itt sart litet mlat slitet

    sg.def. gr'na ita ida sarta lilla mlade slitnapl. gr'na ita ida sarta sm mlade slitna

    %ept #or a ery small num"er o# irregular ad+e%ties su%h as Mliten8$ the plural #orm is always thesame as the de#inite singular.

    n all %ases a"oe where the de#inite #orm ends in a$ the traditionalstyle mas%uline #orm iso"tained "y %hanging that a to an e= thus: gr!ne$ vite$ vide$ svarte$ lille and slitne=

    "ut with no separate mas%uline #orm #or m"lade$ and no separate mas%uline #orm #or the pluralsm".

    Com!arati*es and s!erlati*es

    Ku%h li&e nglish$ Swedish has %omparatie and superlatie #orms o# the ad+e%ties$ and %an #ormthem in two ways: "y su##i$ or "y using mer(more and mest(most.

    Kost monosylla"i% ad+e%ties always #orm %omparaties and superlaties "y su##iing$ adding are#or %omparatie and ast#or superlatie$ e.g. r!dr!darer!dast(red$ v"tv"tarev"tast(wet$sen

    senaresenast(late$ vidvidarevidast(wide. !hese words %an use mermesttoo$ "ut usually don8t$and when they do$ it %an o#ten suggest a slightly di##erent nuan%e o# meaning= #or instan%e$ merr!d may suggest a meaning li&e more li&e red$ more distin%tly red$ or more towards redrather than a plain redder= and #or the superlatie$ mest r'd %an suggest things li&e mostly red(as in red in the largest part$ "ut possi"ly with spots o# other %olours$ literally or metaphori%allyrather than plain reddest.

    Ad+e%ties #ormed with the deriational su##i ig#rom a monosylla"i% root nearly always useareast$ and those #ormed #rom a "isylla"i% root o#ten do this$ too. *olysylla"i% roots waer$ "utunless the #inal word is #ar too long$ it is nearly always %onsidered a%%epta"le to use areasteenthough mermestmight "e pre#era"le in these %ases.

    @ther ad+e%ties with more than one sylla"le in the stem tend to go with merand mest$ althoughsome "isylla"i% (and the o%%asional polysylla"i% word stressed on the last sylla"le o# the stemwaer and %an use su##ies as well$ e.g. bekvm(%om#orta"le and intressant(interesting. !he list

    %an "e made rather long$ and di##erent people hae di##erent opinions as to whi%h o# these words%an properly ta&e the areastsu##ies$ and whi%h are restri%ted to only the mermestmodel.

    A small group o# ad+e%ties hae irregular #orms in this respe%t. !he pro"a"ly most signi#i%ant o#these are:f"frre(#ew$ #ewer$ (no superlatie #ormstorst!rrest!rst(large$ litenmindreminst(small$ h!gh!greh!gst(high$ tall (a"out o"+e%ts$ l"nglngrelngst(long$ tall (a"out people$l"glgrelgst(low$ brabttrebst(good$ d"ligsmresmst("ad. n an attri"utie position$the irregular superlaties ta&e the su##i o# de#initeness (a$ or ein the optional mas%uline #orm$while in predi%atie position$ they remain in the #orm gien here$ e.g. det st!rstahuset (the largesthouse$ "ut detta hus r st!rst (this house is (the largest. !he attri"utie #orm is used een whenthe noun the ad+e%tie 4uali#ies is omitted: detta hus r det st!rsta (this house is the largest one.

    @r$ "y an alternatie grammati%al analysis$ one %ould say that the attri"utie #orm %an #un%tion as anoun "y itsel#.

    11

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    12/26

    Adverbs(eing written.

    !here are "asi%ally three &inds o# Swedish ader"s: plain/"asi% ader"s$ older noun or ad+e%tie%ase #orms (mostly daties suriing as ader"s$ and neuter ad+e%ties used as ader"s. !he lattergroup is straight#orwardly #ormed +ust as when one would #orm an inde#inite neuter singularad+e%tie$ so there isn8t mu%h more to say a"out them.

    Some "asi% ader"s are: igen(again$ tillbaka("a%& in the sense o# returning$fram("t)(at/in the#ront$ #orward$ bak("t)(at/in the "a%&$ "a%&ward$ in(inwards$ inside.

    Some prepositions %an dou"le as ader"s$ sometimes in a sense ery similar to the prepositionalmeaning$ and sometimes in a slightly di##erent sense. amples:p"(on$ av(preposition: o#$ #rom=ader": o##$ ur(out o#$fr"n(preposition: #rom$ ader": a wide and ague sense o# away$ out o#

    rea%h$ ahead o#$ et%$ i(preposition: in$ ader": into.Some prepositionInoun phrases hae "een %ontra%ted to ader"s$ e.g. ivg(away$ isr(apart in asense o# dri#ting apart$ itu(apart$ in the sense o# %utting or "rea&ing$ espe%ially into two parts.Some o# these hae "e%ome petri#ied and only eist in %onne%tion with a limited set o# words$ e.g.ih"g(originally i-h"g$ e.g. Min mind8$ Min intension8 whi%h now mainly o%%urs in %onne%tion withthe er" komma(to %ome$ as komma ih"g n"gonting(to remem"er something= the original%onstru%tion similar to the nglish epression o# something %oming to mind.

    Some older ader"s (and other words hae petri#ied$ mu%h li&e the prepositionInoun phrasesmentioned a"oe$ into idiomati% ader"s with only a ague meaning o# their own. !he most

    %ommon o# these are pro"a"ly an$ tillandf!r. ut note that "oth tillandf!rare per#e%tly alie as%ommon prepositions$ though$ meaning Mto8 and 8#or8$ while anis mostly dead as a separate word inSwedish$ although it has suried in German. (Be#er to the dis%ussion a"out parti%le er"s #or somemore details a"out these words.

    ,arious dire%tional$ lo%ational and demonstratie words %an "e %onsidered ader"s$ too= e.g. hr(here$ hit(hither$ dr(there$ dit(thither.

    Numbers

    Ku%h li&e nglish$ Swedish has two &inds o# num"er words$ the %ardinals (one$ two$ et% andthe ordinals (#irst$ se%ond$ et%.

    !he num"er words are mostly unin#le%ted$ with the #ollowing e%eptions: en/ett (one agrees ingender with the word it 4uali#ies$ and the two #irst ordinals$ #'rsta (#irst and andra (se%ond$hae an optional mas%uline #orm ending in e rather than a.

    -meral Cardinal .rdinal -meral Cardinal .rdinal

    1en/ett #'rsta 0noll (nollte

    2 t andra 20 t+ugo t+ugonde3tre tred+e 30 trettio trettionde#yra #+rde 0#yrtio #yrtionde

    12

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    13/26

    T#em #emte T0#emtio trettiondeWse s+tte W0setio setiondeXs+u s+unde X0s+utio s+uttiondetta ttonde 0ttio ttiondenio nionde 0nittio nittionde

    10tio tionde 100(etthundra (etthundrade11ela el#te 200 thundra thundrade12tol tol#te T00#emhundra #emhundrade13tretton trettonde 1 000(etttusen (etttusende1 #+orton #+ortonde 2 000 ttusen ttusende1T #emton #emtonde T 000 #emtusen #emtusende1Wseton setonde 10 000tiotusen tiotusende1Xs+utton s+uttonde 20 000t+ugotusen t+ugotusende1arton artonde T0 000#emtiotusen #emtiotusende1nitton nittonde 1 000 000en mil+on mil+onte

    -ompound %ardinals are #ormed "y aggregating the indiidual num"er words$ largest #irst:

    2 V#yrtiot (0I2123 V(etthundrat+ugotre (100I20I3

    X11 V #yratusens+uhundraela (000IX00I112W2 1 V thundrasetiottusenetthundra#yrtio#yra ((200IW0I2;1000I100I0I

    Usually$ %ompounds are only #ormed #or units o# up to si digits. 9hen millions and highernum"ers are inoled$ they are usually "ro&en o## into a separate words$ e.g. T31 23 3T V#emhundratrettioen mil+oner thundra#yrtiotretusentrehundrattio#em.

    6or legi"ility$ thousands are sometimes also "ro&en o## into separate words$ e.g. 2 XT1 V#yrtiottusen s+uhundra#emtioett$ "ut this is less %ommon.

    -ompound ordinals are #ormed li&e %ardinals$ e%ept that the last (and only the last %ompoundelement is an ordinal:

    2nd V#yrtioandra (0I2nd123rd V(etthundrat+ugotred+e (100I20I3rd

    X11th V #yratusens+uhundrael#te (000IX00I11th

    2W2 1th V thundrasetiottusenetthundra#yrtio#+rde ((200IW0I2;1000I100I0Ith(ut not ;#yrtiondeIandra (0thI2nd et%.

    Large num"ers than millions may not "e so %ommon$ "ut there are seeral words #or largernum"ers:

    1 000 000mil+on1 000 000 000mil+ard

    1 000 000 000 000"il+on1 000 000 000 000 000"il+ard

    1 000 000 000 000 000 000tril+on1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000tril+ard

    1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000&adril+on

    13

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    14/26

    1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000&adril+ard1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000&intril+on

    1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000&intril+ard

    n prin%iple$ the list %an %ontinue with #urther stems "orrowing Latin num"er words and addingalternatiely il+on and il+ard$ i.e.$ setiljonjard$ septiljonjard$ oktiljonjard$ et%$

    adding si more Eeroes #or ea%h new Latin num"er word$ "ut anything "eyond what %an "e%om#orta"ly epressed with triljon tends to %ause %on#usion "oth "e%ause the num"er is unusuallylarge and "e%ause the largenum"er words are unusual$ and it is usually "etter to rephrased thenum"er in other terms$ su%h as s%ienti#i% notation with powers o# ten.

    n %ases when s%ienti#i% notiation isn8t li&ely to redu%e the %on#usion$ arious #all"a%&s are used(mu%h li&e in nglish. @ne su%h #all"a%& is to diide the num"er "y a triljon$ put the resultingnum"er in the genitie$ and then add triljonat the end$ e.g. femhundratjugo"tta biljarder

    setiotusentv"hundratjugofyra biljoners triljoner.

    Pronouns

    Personal !ronons

    !he personal and possessie pronouns in Swedish are

    meanin" nominati*e form ob/ect form !ossessi*e

    +ag mig min/mitt/mina

    you (singular du dig din/ditt/dinahe han honom hansshe hon henne hennesman sig sig one (inde#inite generi% thirdpersonit (uter den den dessit (neuter det det desswe i oss r/rt/rayou (plural ni er er/ert/erathey de dem deras(re#leie sig sin/sitt/sina

    (mutualre#leie arandra

    !he mas%uline and #eminine pronouns are used when tal&ing a"out people$ and sometimesmetaphori%ally a"out o"+e%ts.

    Some o# the possessies hae three #orms$ %orresponding to the three #orms o# ad+e%ties. !he #irst#orm is the uter singular$ the se%ond is the neuter singular$ and the third is the %ommon plural.

    )ote that the pronouns %orresponding to it and they %oin%ide with the de#inite arti%le$ "ut thatthe plural o# the pronoun has a distin%t o"+e%t%ase #orm dem$ whereas the plural #orm o# the de#initearti%le is always de.

    !he re#leie pronoun re#ers to the agent o# the senten%e. t is used where himsel#$ hersel#$itsel# or themseles would "e used in nglish.

    1

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    15/26

    !he inde#inite thirdperson pronoun man is gender neutral$ "ut is not normally used to re#er "a%&to a spe%i#i% person$ "ut rather #or inde#inite general %ases similar to the 6ren%h pronoun on$ andto the way the nglish word one is sometimes used as a pronoun (e.g. one does what one %an.6or genderinde#inite spe%i#i% re#eren%es$ the uter pronoun den is sometimes used (e.g. den somspar den har$ meaning literally the one who saes$ that one has$ i.e. the %orresponding proer" toa penny hained is a penny gained= the Swedish proer" also o%%urs as den som spar hanhar and

    den som spar honhar$ using a te%hni%ally gendered pronoun to re#er "a%& to the genderneutralden.

    Another way o# ma&ing genderneutral re#eren%es is "y using the #irstde%lension noun mnnis&a$and then re#er "a%& to that "y den or hon (she$ "ased on the word mnnis&a histori%ally "einggrammati%ally #eminine$ and thus in some older and literary %ontets "eing re#erred to with agrammati%ally gendered pronoun een though the re#eren%e isn8t ne%essarily semanti%allygendered. Cet another way$ whi%h is employed espe%ially in some #ormal %ontets$ is to use thenoun eder"'rande (whi%h is the presenttense parti%iple o# a er" meaning %on%ern$ a##e%t$re#er to$ apply to$ with the parti%iple e##e%tiely meaning the person in 4uestion. t should "enoted that oeruse o# eder"'rande tends to ma&e a tet sound "ureau%rati%$ "ut also that it is

    sometimes used thus #or humorous e##e%t.

    0elati*e !ronons

    Belatie pronouns typi%ally introdu%e su"ordinate %lauses$ and typi%ally #ollow another pronoun ora noun phrase$ with the relatie pronoun re#erring to the same things as the thing it #ollows$ "ut witha new synta%ti% rle in the su"ordinate %lause.

    Swedish has two primary relatie pronouns:somand vilken. omis restri%ted in the sense that it%annot #ollow a preposition$ it %an8t "e in#le%ted$ and doesn8t hae a genitie #orm$ while vilkenis

    in#le%ted to vilketin the neuter$ vilkain plural (so #ar ea%tly li&e an ad+e%tie$ and has the #ormvarsin genitie. (Sometimes$ varsis said also to "e the gentie o#som= "ut it ma&es no pra%ti%aldi##eren%e.

    !here are also some se%ondary relatie pronouns$ whi%h o%%ur now and then. !hey tend to "e rarein %ollo4uial spee%h$ "ut are somewhat more #re4uent in literature and #ormal spee%h. Kany o# theseare #ormed "y a method also used in German and nglish: "y +oining the lo%ationalrelatie/interrogatie pronoun with a preposition$ #orming words li&e ari#rn (where#rom$ ari(wherein$ ara (whereo#$ artill (whereto$ ar#'r (where#ore and arid (whereat.!heir usage is highly similar to their nglish %ounterparts.

    A #ew demonstratie pronouns$ su%h as dr (there and dit (thereto %an also "e used as relatiepronouns. !his di##ers #rom nglish$ where it is instead the interrogatie #orms (where$ whitherwhi%h dou"les as relatie pronouns.

    emonstrati*e !ronons

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    16/26

    somewhat more #ormal or emphati%.endetde%an "e #urther 4uali#ied "y adding hr(here or dr(there$ to mar& the distin%tion nglish mar&s with the %hoi%e "etween this and that.

    oth dendetdeand dennadettadessa%an "e used either as repla%ements #or a de#inite arti%le in anoun phrase$ or independently$ e.g. >ag ill ha den hr bilen$ >ag ill ha denna bil ( want thiscar or >ag ill ha den hr$ >ag ill ha denna ( want this one.

    eterminati*e !ronons

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    17/26

    possi"ly as a senten%e #ragment when responding to or supplementing a preious statement$typi%ally in %ollo4uial use su%h as /ilken juice jag drack0 1ll2 (9hi%h +ui%e dran& All(o# itJ.

    ingen, inget, inga(none, nothing, nobody). Used mu%h li&e innglish. !his is one o# the words that use the uter singular on its own is used to re#er to

    people$ while the neuter singular on its own re#ers to things. 9hen used as ad+e%ties$

    howeer$ the uter and neuter singular #orm re#le%ts the grammati%al gender o# the noun it isused together with$ no matter whether it is a person or a thing that it re#ers to.

    ngon, ngot, ngra(someone, something, some people,some things). Used mu%h li&e in nglish. !his word "ehaes li&e ingen$ inget$ ingaa"oe when the singular #orms are used on their own$ with ingen meaning no"ody andinget meaning nothing$ "ut #ollow the grammati%al gender o# the head noun when usedas ad+e%ties.

    somlig, somligt, somliga(some type, some kind).9hen used onits own$ somligt means some types o# things$ while somliga means some type o#

    people or some people (sometimes with a mildly easperated or derogatory tone$ mu%h as

    %an "e the %ase with the nglish phrase some people. !he uter singular is not normallyused on its own.

    annan, annat, andra(other, another). !his word %an "e used as anad+e%tie meaning other or as a noun meaning another (or$ #or the plural$ some others.oweer$ when used a noun$ it "ehaes #ully as a noun and re4uires a de#inite or inde#initearti%le when used in the singular. !hus #or eample$ as an ad+e%tie$ en annan "o& (another

    "oo&$ de andra "'%&erna (the other "oo&s$ "ut as a noun$ en annan (another$ deandra (the others. )ote$ though$ that no arti%le is re4uired in the inde#inite plural$ sin%eregular Swedish nouns don8t re4uire that either.

    mngen, mnget, mnga(many). t may seem odd to hae singular

    #orms #or a word meaning many$ and indeed$ the usage o# those #orms would pro"a"lyo#ten "e per%eied as unusual or possi"ly een odd in %asual spee%h$ and their use is mainlyrestri%ted to literary %ontets$ older tets$ and when a ery spe%i#i% nuan%e o# meaning isre4uired. ut there is a%tually a ery similar usage in nglish$ where the %ollo4uial languagemight say they ate many apples (Swedish: de t mnga pplen$ "ut where the literarylanguage may instead %hoose to say they ate many an apple (Swedish: de t mngetpple.

    var, vart, --(each). 6or o"ious reasons$ this word has no plural #orm. 6or lesso"ious reasons$ it also %annot "e used as an independent word= "ut this is pro"a"ly +ust aswell$ sin%e the #orms ea%tly %oin%ide with two unrelated interrogatie/relatie pronouns$ar (where and art (whereto wither.

    !he #ollowing words do not in#le%t li&e ad+e%ties in regard to gender and plural$ "ut they arenormally used to 4uali#y nouns in a manner grammati%ally (though not ne%essarily semanti%allysimilar to ad+e%ties:

    varje(each). !his is an unin#le%ted ersion o# the ar/art pronoun mentioneda"oe. Unli&e ar/art$ this word %an "e used as a separate noun phrase$ although that &indo# usage is rarely use#ul in pra%ti%e.

    mnga(many). See mngen$ mnget$ mnga a"oe. flera(a nmber o!). !his word %an "e used as a regular ad+e%tie meaning simply

    more$ larger in num"er (as in hmta fler servetter2 get more nap&insJ$ "ut in thatusage$ it8s de"ata"le whether it ma&es sense to %ount it as an inde#inite pronoun. oweer$

    1X

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    18/26

    the word %an also "e used in a non%omparatie sense$ with a meaning o# a num"er o# ormore than +ust a #ew o#$ and in that sense$ it is more similar to an inde#inite pronoun.

    f; frre(!e"# !e"er). !his word a a "it similar to an ad+e%tie in the sense that ithas a %omparatie #orm in addition to its "asi% #orm. !raditional Swedish grammar %onsidersthis ad+e%tie to la%& a superlatie #orm$ although "y analogy with some regular ad+e%tieswith similar in#le%tion$ a superatie #orm #rst is o%%asionally used. oweer$ that is

    traditionally %onsidered a grammati%ally in%orre%t #orm= and aside #rom %on%erns o#grammati%al tradition$ the #orm #rst is a "it phoneti%ally unwieldy$ and easily misheard as#'rst (#irst$ #rs (min%emeat$ or rst (worst in %asual spee%h$ depending on diale%t.Some more a%%epted alternaties when a superlatie to # is %alled #or are minst (least$the superlatie o# liten$ whi%h means small$ minst till antalet (least in num"ers$ or #oremphasis possi"ly longer phrases su%h as de det #inns minst a (those there are least o#.@%%asionally$ the desire to aoid the #orm #rst also leads to %onstru%tions su%h as#taligast (literally: #ewnum"ered8est or mest #talig (literally: most #ewnum"ered.

    !he #ollowing words #un%tion as inde#inite pronouns "ut in ways not parti%ularly similar toad+e%ties:

    man, en, ens. 9hen used as an inde#inite pronoun$ this word is similar to the 6ren%hpronoun on$ and also to the way one is sometimes used in nglish. !he #orm en is theo"+e%t #orm (a%%usatie/datie$ and ens is the genitie$ "ut +ust as #or other personal

    pronouns$ it is %ommon to use the re#leie pronouns sig (o"+e%t #orm and sin/sitt/sina(genitie to re#er "a%& to the su"+e%t o# the senten%e$ o#ten ma&ing en and ens resered#or %ases when the same inde#inite su"+e%t is re#erred to oer a span o# seeral senten%es.See also the notes a"out the pronoun man in the se%tion on personal pronouns a"oe.

    envar. @lder #orm still o%%asionally used$ meaning ea%h person$ ea%h an eery one$ea%h person separately.

    varannan, vartannat. !his is essentially a %ontra%tion o# the ar/art (ea%hpronoun a"oe with the word annan/annat/andra (other$ se%ond$ with a meaning o# ea%hse%ond one$ one out o# eery two. (-are should "e ta&e to not %on#use this with themutualre#leie plural pronoun arandra whi%h has a similar grammati%al origin$ "ut adi##erent meaning. t is typi%ally used as de sg arandra they saw ea%h other.

    ingenting(nothing). !his #orm %annot "e used as an ad+e%tie$ only as a separatepronoun.

    ngonting(something). !his #orm %annot "e used as an ad+e%tie$ only as aseparate pronoun.

    !he #ollowing phrases are %onstru%tions o# seeral words rather than single words$ and might thusnot really 4uali#y as pronouns$ "ut sin%e they #ill a similar semanti% and grammati% rle$ will listthem here anyway:

    var och en, vart och ett(each one, each and every one).Ku%h as #or the singleword pronouns ar/art$ this %onstru%tion has no plural #orm$ "utdoes re#le%t grammati%al gender$ with the uter #orm "y de#ault re#erring to people and theneuter #orm "y de#ault re#erring to things. Unli&e the singleword pronoun ar/art$ these

    phrases %an only "e used independently= they %an8t "e used to 4uali#y a noun phrase.oweer$ the genitie ariant o# this phrase$ ars o%h ens (and more rarely arts o%hetts %an "e used as a regular genetie to 4uali#y a noun phrase.

    (relative-pronoun-phrase) som helst("hoever, "hatever,"hichever). !his phrase is used together with a relatie pronouns su%h as em$ ad$

    1

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    19/26

    il&en/il&et/il&a$ e.g. em som helst$ meaning whoeer$ anyone at all$ anar"itrarily %hosen something$ whi%heer one might "e pre#erred$ any ... at all. @therwords and phrases %an #ollow the relatie pronoun "e#ore the ... som helst$ espe%iallywhen the relatie pronoun used is il&en/il&et/il&a$ e.g. il&en "o& som helst (any

    "oo& at all or vilkaa eleerna som helst (any oneso# the students. !he phrase ... somhelst on its own %onsists o# words originally meaning whi%h and most pre#erred$

    although in this usage$ the phrase doesn8t ne%essarily imply that any parti%ular pre#eren%ehas "een heeded= and in #a%t o#ten implies that the %hoi%e may "e %ompletely random.

    Interro"ati*e !ronons

    (eing written.

    ad what

    em whoar whereart whither wheretohur hownr whenar#'r whyil&en/il&et/il&a whi%h

    Com!osite !ronons and !ronon !hrases

    (eing written.

    n addition to the pronouns listed a"oe$ seeral more %an "e produ%ed "y %om"ining pronouns withprepositions or spe%ial su##ies. n parti%ular$ the lo%ation pronouns ar (where$ hr (here anddr (there %an "e su##ied with any o# a large num"er o# simple prepositions as a su##i$ e.g.artill (to where$ to whi%h$ hrtill (to/#or this$ ar(i#rn (#rom where$ arur (out o#whi%h$ armed (with whi%h$ hrmed (with/"y this ari (wherein$ ar#'r (where#ore$why$ dr#'r (there#ore.

    .ther !ronons and !ronominal !hrases

    Swedish has a re%ipro%al pronoun varandra$ whi%h %orresponds well to the nglish phrase ea%hother (and sometimes one another$ e.g. ,i ser arandra (we see ea%h other and de tittar parandra (they loo& at ea%h other. t %an only o%%ur in o"+e%t position in a senten%e$ and onlywhen the su"+e%t is plural.

    Swedish also has a distri"utie possessie pronoun varsinvarsitt(in theory also with a pluralvarsina$ "ut this isn8t normally used$ meaning approimately one ea%h o# our/your/their/one8sown. .g. arnen #i%& arsin present (the %hildren re%eied a present ea%h. A similar meaning%an "e epressed with the ader" vardera: "arnen #i%& en present vardera$ whi%h is more #lei"lesin%e it allows in%luding a num"er$ e.g. "arnen #i%& trepresenter vardera (the %hildren re%eiedthreepresents each$ whereas varsinvarsittimpli%itly indi%ates only one ea%h.

    1

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    20/26

    !he %ommon element varwhi%h is a pre#i to "oth varandraand varsinis an ader" meaningea%h= whi%h is not to "e %on#used with (1 the relatie and interrogatie pronoun var(where$ (2the er" #orm var(was$ (3 the un%ounta"le neuter noun var(i%hor$ pus$ or ( the nearly o"soleteuter noun var(warding$ warder$ %are$ %areta&er whi%h appears in some %ompound nouns su%h as

    g"rdvar(grounds&eeper and bevar(%are$ prote%tion.

    Prepositions

    *repositions in Swedish wor& mu%h li&e in nglish as standalone words$ "ut %an intera%t a "it morewith er"s than they usually %an in nglish$ in the sense that they %an "e atta%hed as a pre#i to aer"$ modi#ying the er" so that the noun phrase that would hae "een goerned "y the

    preposition instead "e%ome a dire%t o"+e%t o# the er". oweer$ the meaning o# the er" %an "ealtered as part o# this pro%ess$ so it is %an reasona"ly "e argued that this is not an a%tion o# the

    preposition itsel#$ "ut rather a deriation o# a new %ompound word whi%h has a preposition and aer" as its %omponents.

    Some %ommon Swedish prepositions are:

    i$$ in p$$ on av $$ o!, by frn $$ !rom till $$ to ur $$ ot o!, deriving !rom (e)mot $$ to"ard, against om $$ abot, arond under $$ nder, dring (time) ver $$ over vid $$ at, by, near t $$ to, to"ard, !or ... sake, on ... behal! fr$$ !or, a!!ecting med $$ "ith utan$$ "ithot innan$$ on the inside o!, be!ore (time)

    Ku%h li&e in nglish$ Swedish has a #ew ader"s that hae the same or a similar #orm as a relatedpreposition. Some o# the most %ommon su%h ader"s are p (on$ av(o##$ om(again= again "utdi##erently= into something else$ utan(outside$ outer sur#a%e$ in(dire%tion into= note di##eren%e#rom pronoun i.

    Some other ader"s o#ten o%%urring together with prepositions are:fram(#orth$ #ore$ bak(a)("a%&$ ut(out (dire%tion$ bort(away$ ute(outside (lo%ation$ inne(inside (lo%ation.

    Also mu%h li&e in nglish$ Swedish prepositions %an also "e loosely +oined with ader"s to #ormtwoword units #un%tioning as a single preposition$ or sometimes een "e made a %ompound word.Some %ommon eamples are:

    in i $$ into

    20

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    21/26

    ut i $$ ot into inne i$$ inside o! ute i $$ ot in ute p $$ ot on bakom $$ behind framfr $$ in !ront o! bredvid $$ ne%t to inom $$ "ithin ut ur $$ ot o!, ot !rom inside o! bort frn $$ a"ay !rom bortom $$ beyond

    !he list %an "e made 4uite long$ "ut most o# these twopart prepositions only hae one meaning$whi%h applies in pra%ti%ally all %ases$ whi%h ma&es them #airly easy to loo& up in a di%tionary$ asopposed to some o# the "asi% prepositions that %an hae spe%i#i% grammati%al and semanti%#un%tions depending on the er" they o%%ur together with.

    Verbs(Un#inished.

    Swedish er"s #all into one o# #ie %on+ugations$ the #irst three o# whi%h are termed wea&$ "e%auseo# their haing undergone redu%tion and loss o# the older Germani% stem %hanges. !he #ourth%on+ugation is o#ten re#erred to as the strong %on+ugation$ and the #i#th as the mied %on+ugation(sin%e it has a strong imper#e%t stem$ "ut a wea& supine.

    Swedish er"s are not in#le%ted "y person or num"er (although they still used to "e in#le%ted "ynum"er as late as in the 1308ies$ "ut they are in#le%ted "y tense$ mood$ and oi%e.

    ample paradigms o# the er" ara (to "e / lenni$ ha(a (to hae / "irto&olni$ and isa (toshow / mutatni:

    infinitiv ara ha(a isapresens r har isar imperfekt ar hade isade

    supinum arit ha#t isatperfekt har arit har ha#t har isatpluskvamperfekthade arit hade ha#t hade isatpresens

    participarande haande isande

    perfekt

    particip had/ha#t/hada isad/isat/isade

    imperativ arJ ha(J isaJ

    !he names o# the #orms a"oe are gien in Swedish$ "ut "eing "orrowed #rom Latin$ they are 4uitesimilar to the nglish terms$ sin%e these are also "orrowed #rom Latin. !he only nota"le di##eren%esare imperfektwhi%h is the was tense$ andpluskvamperfekt(also &nown as konditionalis

    (%onditional$ the had "een tense.

    21

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    22/26

    !heperfektandpluskvamperfekttenses are always #ormed with the present and imperfekt#orms o#the auiliary er" ha(to hae #ollowed "y the supine o# the main er"$ mu%h li&e in nglish.

    *assie #orms o# the er"s are in most %ases #ormed "y adding s to the %orresponding a%tie #orm.!he only general e%eption is in the present tense$ where the normal ending r is usually dropped

    "e#ore adding the s. )ote$ howeer$ that a #ew er"s whose stem end in r$ su%h asstyra(to

    steer= to %ontrol= to goern$ use the "are er" stem in the present tense$ and these er" do not droptheir r "e#ore the passie s.

    !here are a num"er o# er"s that are irregular in the way they #orm the present and imperfekttense.rregular er"s are usually listed with a tema(literally Mtheme8$ "ut in the %ontet o# er"s$ it re#ersto a se4uen%e o# in#le%ted #orms: the present tense$ the imperfekttense$ and the supine #orm.Sometimes the in#initie is added as a #ourth #orm$ at either the "eginning or the end o# the tema.!he in#initie is usually signalled epli%itly "y the in#initie mar&er att.

    !he tema#or a #ew o# the most %ommon irregular er"s are: att vara(to "ervarvarit$ att se(toseesers"gsett$ att g!ra(to do/ma&eg!rgjordegjort$ att veta(to &nowvetvisstevetat$ att

    vilja(to wantvillvillevelat$ att t"la(to endure/Mstand8t"lt"ldet"lt$ att kunna(to "e a"le tokankundekunnat$ att f"(to re%eie$ to "e allowed tof"rfickf"tt.

    )ote also the regular er" att vara(to lastvararvaradevaratwhose in#initie %oin%ides with theer" #or Mto "e8.

    (!o "e added: an oeriew o# all #ie %on+ugations.

    (!o "e added: er" theme umlaut patterns.

    Conjunctions, etc

    !he most %ommon %on+un%tions in Swedish are och(and$ eller(or and men("ut. !hey are usedmu%h li&e their nglish %ounterparts. 3chand eller%an "e used to %onne%t senten%es as well aselements in a noun phrase.

    (Kore to "e written here...

    Syntax

    (Kore to "e written here...

    Swedish synta is #airly straight#orward #or someone used to nglish$ "ut there are a #ew things thatdi##er. !he pro"a"ly most noti%a"le part is that Swedish senten%es o#ten use inerted word order(the er" "e#ore the su"+e%t to indi%ate 4uestions$ %onditionals and %onse%uties. nerted wordorder is also used when the senten%e starts with an ader"ial or when any o"+e%t o# the er" is

    pla%ed at the #ront o# the senten%e.

    amples:

    4!ven f!ll ner p" marken(the leaes #ell down on the ground$

    22

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    23/26

    $!ll l!ven ner p" marken0(did the leaes #all down on the ground$ 5er p" marken f!ll l!ven(down on the ground #ell the leaes$ $aller l!vet ner p" marken s" r det nog h!st(i#/when the leaes #all on the ground$ it is

    pro"a"ly autumn. )ote that "oth su"senten%es in the last eample uses inerted wordorder.

    (Kore to "e written here...

    Appendix I Noun !ender

    !he grammati%al gender o# Swedish nouns are essentially a property o# the word that has to "elearned together with the word itsel#. n a num"er o# %ases$ one %an ma&e reasona"le guesses "asedon the #orm o# the word$ "ut this is not always the %ase. !he only simple situation is i# you already&now the singular de#inite #orm o# the word$ in whi%h %ase the word is a uter word i# it ends in n$and a neuter word i# it ends in t. ut it is the singular inde#inite that is the traditional di%tionary#orm.

    The sim!le sitations

    9ords ending in ausually "elong to the #irst de%lension$ in whi%h there are only uter words.%eptions to the arule eist$ "ut they are #ew= two %ommon e%eptions are !ga(eye and !ra(ear whi%h are irregular neuters. !hey are in#le%ted thus: !ga, !gat, !gon, !gonen6 !ra, !rat, !ron,!ronen. Another %ommon e%eption is hjrta(heart$ whi%h is a regular neuter o# the #ourthde%lension.

    Some deriational su##ies "elong to predi%ta"le de%lensions and genders$ e.g. else(3u$ ning(2u$het(3u$ eri(3/Tn$ skap(Tn.

    @ther words ending in e%an "e either uters o# the se%ond de%lension$ e.g.pojke("oy$ buske(shru"$ vante(mitten$ ande(spirit$ ghost$ genie$ or neuters o# the #ourth de%lension$ e.g. m!te(meeting$ bete("ait$ vete(wheat$ dike(dit%h. -hemi%al elements and other su"stan%es andmaterials ending in eare usually also #ourthde%lension neuters$ e.g. vte(hydrogen$ kvve(nitrogen$syre(oygen$ brnsle(#uel.

    Present !artici!le sed as a non

    !he present parti%iple has a su##i (e)ndeand %an "e used as a noun whose gender and in#le%tiondepends on whether it re#ers to the a%ting person (uter or the a"stra%t a%tion (neuter. 6or instan%e$the er"g"(go$ wal& has a present parti%ipleg"ende(wal&ing$ whi%h %an #un%tion either as anad+e%tie (den g"ende mannenV the wal&ing man$ the man who is wal&ing$ or as a noun: en

    g"endeV a wal&ing person$ a pedestrian= and ett g"ende$ somewhat aw&wardly translata"le assomething li&e: a wal&ing$ an eent %onsisting o# wal&ing$ the a%t o# wal&ing.

    As a uter word$ the parti%iple is not in#le%ted "y num"er or de#initeness (although it is in#le%ted "y%ase$ meaning an ssu##i in the genetie %ase. As a neuter word$ it is in#le%ted as a neuter noun o#the #ourth de%lension. !hus: en g"ende, den g"ende, tv" g"ende, de tv" g"ende= "ut ett g"ende, det

    g"endet, tv" g"enden, de tv" g"endena.

    23

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    24/26

    .ther nons

    6or words ending in other ways than the ones mentioned in the preious se%tions$ guessing thegender #rom the morphologi%al #orm o# the singular inde#inite is more di##i%ult. spe%ially as thereare minimal pairs distinguished only "y gender$ su%h as Men l"r8 (a %rate and Mett l"r8 (a thigh.

    Appendix II Some particle verbs

    Swedish$ mu%h li&e nglish$ has a num"er o# er"s that %hange their meanings in the presen%e o#%ertain ader"s and parti%les. Some eamples o# this phenomenon in nglish are: set o##$ set up$ puton$ put up with$ gie in$ tell someone o##. !hese are re#erred to aspartikelverb$ parti%le er"s (innglish also %alled phrasal er"s.

    Unli&e nglish$ "ut li&e German$ the Swedish ader"s and parti%les %an shi#t "etween "eing used as

    a er" pre#i and as separate words. !he same er"Iader"/parti%le %om"ination %an appear in "othpre#ied #orm and as two separate words= sometimes$ the di##eren%e signi#ies di##erent meanings$"ut usually$ the di##eren%e is +ust di%tated "y the er" #orm. 6or instan%e$ the past parti%iple isalmost always #ormed with the ader"/parti%le pre#ied to the er"$ while using the pre#i in a plain

    present indi%atie %an hae an oer#ormal or "ureau%rati% sound unless the #orm is well esta"lished.

    Sometimes typi%ally when the ader"/parti%le is also a a preposition the words that %ould haemade up a parti%le er" are used as a plain er" plus preposition= "elow$ this will "e re#erred to asMnon%ompound8 use. n the spo&en #orm$ this is usually signalled "y "oth the er" and theader"/parti%les "earing medium stress$ while the er" "ears heay stress and the preposition isunstressed. !his di##eren%e in stress is usually not indi%ated in writing$ although it %an "e indi%ated

    "y underlining or itali%s as any other emphasis$ i# re4uired to aoid am"iguity.

    t should also "e noted that there eist some more #irm %ompound er"s that %annot %ausally "e splitinto two words$ and that the #orms o# su%h #irm %ompounds o%%asionally %oin%ide with the &ind o#

    parti%le er"s that are the main su"+e%t o# this appendi= sometimes with %ompletely di##erentmeanings. Some %ompound er"s o# this type will also "e listed "elow$ gien in the %ompound #or$as opposed to the parti%le er"s that are usually gien in their twoword #orm e%ept when the twoword #orm is rare or has a di##erent meaning.

    Lastly$ it should "e noted that this appendi only gies an oeriew o# some %ommon parti%le er"s$and is #ar #rom a %omplete list.

    Com!onds %ith 'ta (ta+e)

    M7a p" 8 V put on (a"out %lothes$ )on%ompound use: tou%h . (Also note Mta p" sig 8 whi%h %anmean the same thing as the %ompound Mta p" $ "ut whi%h %an also "e used to mean to ta&e on aduty or responsi"ility.

    M7a med 8 V "ring = a"out persons: "ring along.

    M7a av 8 V ta&e o## (a"out %lothes. )on%ompound use: ta&e some part o# . (.g. Mta a sina

    "esparingar8 V ta&e #rom one8s saings.

    2

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    25/26

    M7a till 8 V resort to . Usually not used in pre#i #orm$ sin%e that %on#li%ts with the eisting%ompound er" Mtillta8 (in%rease$ mount$ strengthen$ e.g. Minden tilltar8 V the wind gets stronger.

    M7a till sig 8 V a"sor"/a%%ept/em"ra%e (a"out a"stra%t matters$ tea%hings$ opinions$ et%.

    M7a sig till 8 V resort to $ with a sense o# urgen%y$ %on#usion or desperation. Kore %ommon in

    4uestions than statements$ e.g. M,ad s&a i ta oss till8 V M9hat(eer shall we do8. )ote non%ompound use: get onesel# to $ manage to go to = e.g. M,i tn&er ta oss till Sto%&holm i helgen8 VM9e mean to ta&e ourseles to Sto%&holm this wee&end8 (i.e. 9e8re planning to go to Sto%&holm thiswee&end.

    Com!onds %ith 'stta (set, !t)

    Mtta av 8 V allo%ate $ set aside #or some parti%ular use. Used "oth in pre#i and twoword #orm$een though the latter %on#li%ts with the #irm %ompound Mastta8 (depose$ remoe #rom o##i%e.

    Mtta om 8 V relo%ate/rearrange $ %hange the setting o# . !he twoword #orm is mainly useda"out plants$ swit%hes and other things that are physi%ally rearranged in nearly the same pla%e$while the pre#i #orm mainly re#ers to a"stra%t transa%tions. n the %ontet o# e%onomi%$ the deriednoun Momsttning8 is the standard word #or Mturnoer8$ and the %ompound er" is sometimes used inthis sense to$ e.g. M$!retaget omsatte mer pengar i "r n tidigare8 V M!he %ompany turnoer8ed (Vhad a turnoer o# more money this year than preiously8. )ote that the su"+e%t o# the Momsttning8%an "e something other than money$ in whi%h %ase Me%hange8$ 8%ir%ulation8$ Mrepla%ement8 et% may

    "e a more suita"le "etter translation than Mturnoer8= e.g. a %ompany that has repla%ed mu%h o# itssta## in a %ertain period %an "e said to hae had a high Mpersonalomsttning8 (Swedish 8personalVsta##$ personnel.

    Mtta p" 8 V swit%h something on. (-aution: this phrase is also used in slang #or Mhae se with8.

    Mtta till 8 V resort to $ employ/a%tiate . Usually with a suggestion o# in%reasing the pa%e$perhaps #or some #inal stage o# some &ind o# %ompetition. .g. Mstta till alla tillgngliga resurser8 VMemploy all aaila"le resour%es8.

    M7illstta 8 V (1 #ill a position (typi%ally a"out employment$ o##i%ial appointments to nonele%tedo##i%es$ et%. .g. Mplatsen r redan tillsatt8 V Mthe a%an%y has already "een #illed8= (2 addsomething$ a"out ingredients.

    Com!onds %ith 'tala (s!ea+)M7illtala (som y)8 V address (as y. eware that Msom8$ mu%h li&e nglish Mas8$ %an appear in "oththe sense M"y the title o#8 and Min the %apa%ity o#8$ and that the latter %an re#er either to the spea&ing

    person or the addressed person. n other words$ this Swedish phrase has a"out the same am"iguitiesas the %orresponding nglish one.

    M7illtala 8 V appeal to (in the sense o# "eing pleasing to $ not in the sense o# ma&ing a petition.

    M7ala om (f!r y)8 V in#orm y o# . )ote non%ompound use: tala om V spea& a"out .

    M7alas vid8 V hae a tal&/dis%ussion$ typi%ally a"out some spe%i#i% topi%. ()ote: deponent alwayspassie #orm. !he pre#ied #orm Mvidtalas8 sounds #ormal$ serious$ or "ureau%rati%. )ote that theer" itsel# is in the passie #orm$ and that the su"+e%t is typi%ally plural.

    2T

  • 8/9/2019 SVD (Angol) Nyelv Gyakorl Nyelvtan

    26/26

    M1vtala 8 V agree on $ ma&e an agreement a"out $ ma&e a %ontra%t to the e##e%t o# .

    M#ntala y 8 V ma&e y "eliee $ %onin%e y o# (usually implying that is not %ompletely"eliea"le "y itsel# and that the "elie# has to "e #or%ed. @#ten used re#leiely Mintala sig 8 V ma&eonesel# "eliee $ tell onesel# .

    M7ala ut (om )8 V spea& %ompletely$ tell the #ull story (a"out . !he %ompound #orm Muttala 8 has adi##erent meaning$ whi%h is pronoun%e $ "oth in the sense o# arti%ulating o%ally and in the senseo# pronoun%ing a +udgment.


Related Documents