STEMWomen Are All Over It
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SMLXG O O D
Created by SMLX Good, Inc.
STEMWomen Are All Over It
In January 2015, writer and designer Elly Zupko raised over $33,000 via Kickstarter to fund the creation of a design that would feature over 50 notable women in science, technology, engineering, and mathemat-icsfields collectively known as STEM. She crowdsourced nomina-tions of women to be included in the design, narrowing down a pool of hundreds of candidates to the 51 who appear in the final design.
This repeating design currently appears on shirts, fabrics, wallpaper, wrapping paper, and posters. This booklet provides brief biographi-cal information on all the women included on the design.
Zupko subsequently started a non-profit organization, SMLX Good, to ensure funds raised from this project would be used to continue education and activism across a spectrum of social causes, including closing the gender gap in STEM fields. For more information about this project and SMLX Good, please visit us on the web at www.STEMshirt.org.
SMLX Good Board of DirectorsElly Zupko
Maryah ConverseJessica Goodyear
Gabriel KabikSharyn Blum
About the Project
1. Ada Lovelace
2. cole Polytechnique
3. milie du Chtelet
4. Jocelyn Bell Burnell
5. Kalpana Chawla
6. Maria Goeppert-Mayer
7. Shirley Ann Jackson
8. Emmy Noether
9. Caroline Herschel
10. Annie Jump Cannon
11. Mae Jemison
12. Hedy Lamarr
13. Jane Goodall
14. Alice Ball
15. Gertrude Elion
16. Margaret Hamilton
17. Dorothy Hodgkin
18. Barbara McClintock
19. Joan Roughgarden
20. Sally Ride
21. Stephanie Kwolek
22. Sofja Kowalewskaja
23. Rosalind Franklin
24. Lise Meitner
25. Grace Hopper
26. Elizebeth Friedman
27. Henrietta Swan Leavitt
28. Marie Curie
29. Katherine Lathrop
30. Christine Darden
31. Tilly Edinger
32. Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
33. Lynn Conway
34. Mary Anning
35. Rachel Carson
36. Melba Roy
37. Mary Somerville
38. Rita Levi-Montalcini
39. Marie Maynard Daly
40. Hypatia of Alexandria
41. Temple Grandin
42. Ruby Payne-Scott
43. Yvonne Cagle
44. Liu Yang
45. Ellen Ochoa
46. Chiaki Mukai
47. Helen Quinn
48. Valentina Tereshkova
49. Chien-Shiung Wu
50. Margaret Dayhoff
51. Meg Lowman
11. Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (18151852) was an English mathematician known for her work on the Analyti-cal Engine, Charles Babbages proposed mechanical computer. Lovelace is credited with creat-ing the first algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine. In other words, Ada Lovelace was the first computer program-mer. Her writings, called simply Notes, are an essential part of the history of computer pro-gramming. She described herself as an analyst and metaphysi-cian, and was interested in how society interacts with technology.
2. cole Polytechnique
Fourteen women were killed in an anti-feminism massacre at the cole Polytechnique in Montreal, Quebec on December 6, 1989. Thirteen of the fourteen victims were pursuing degrees in STEM fields. We include this plaque in re-membrance of these young wom-en in STEM: Genevive Bergeron, Hlne Colgan, Nathalie Croteau, Barbara Daigneault, Anne-Marie Edward, Maud Haviernick, Maryse Laganire, Maryse Leclair, Anne-Marie Lemay, Sonia Pelletier, Mi-chle Richard, Annie St-Arneault, Annie Turcotte, and Barbara Klucznik-Widajewicz.
23. milie du Chtelet Gabrielle milie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Chte-let (17061749) lived in France during the Age of Enlighten-ment and was a mathematician, physicist, and author. She is most famous for her translation and commentary on Principia Math-ematica by Isaac Newton, which remains today as the standard French translation. A true poly-math with skills in math, science, languages, and arts, she also used her math talents to become a successful gambler, and some credit her with the invention of modern financial derivatives.
4. Jocelyn Bell BurnellJocelyn Bell Burnell (1943) is a Northern Irish astrophysicist who discovered the first radio pulsars as a postgraduate student at Cambridge. She also helped to construct the four-acre ra-dio telescope that enabled the discovery. Despite being the first to observe and precisely analyze the pulsars in 1967, her professor and an associate received the No-bel Prize for the discovery. Bells is one of the highest profile cases of sexism in science; however, she herself has not been critical of her omission from the prize. She has since become active against sexism in scientific fields.
35. Kalpana Chawla Kalpana Chawla (19622003) was the first Indian-American astronaut and the first woman of Indian descent to visit space. Her first flight was among the crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia, where she served as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. Later responsibili-ties included microgravity experi-ments, advanced technology de-velopment, and astronaut health and safety. Over her lifetime, she traveled 10.67 million kilome-tersthe equivalent of 252 times around the Earth. She was killed in the 2003 Columbia disaster with six other crew members.
6. Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Maria Goeppert-Mayer (19061972) was a German-born Ameri-can theoretical physicist and the second woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics. She received the prize for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus. In 1930, Goep-pert-Mayer theorized the possibil-ity of two-photon absorption by atoms, which couldnt be verified until 31 years later. Today, the unit for the two-photon absorp-tion cross section is named the Goeppert-Mayer (GM) unit. Go-eppert-Mayer was also a member of the Manhattan Project and wrote programs for ENIAC.
47. Shirley Ann Jackson
Shirley Ann Jackson (1946) is an American physicist and the first African-American woman to earn a doctorate from the Mas-sachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy, where she was one of fewer than twenty African-American students and the only one study-ing theoretical physics. She is the 18th (and current as of this writing) president of the Rensse-laer Polytechnic Institute, and is the first woman and first African American to hold this position. While president, Jackson has helped to raise over $1 billion in donations for philanthropic causes.
8. Emmy NoetherAmalie Emmy Noether (18821935) was a German mathemati-cian who has been called the most important woman in the history of mathematics by a number of luminaries, including Albert Einstein. Noethers [first] theorem, which explains the con-nection between symmetry and conservation laws, has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics. In mathemat-ics, Noether developed theories of rings, fields, and algebras. She is also known for her extensive work on noncommutative alge-bra, linear transformations, and commutative number fields.
59. Caroline Herschel Caroline Herschel (17501848) was a German-British astrono-mer. Herschel was a significant aid to her brother, William Herschel, in his position as the Kings Astronomer to George III, polishing mirrors and perform-ing the extensive calculations that enabled the functionality of his telescopes. She eventually began making observations on her own, notably discovering M110the second companion of the An-dromeda Galaxyand eight com-ets, including the periodic comet 35P/Herschel-Rigollet. She was the first woman to be paid for her contributions to science.
10. Annie Jump Cannon
Annie Jump Cannon (18631941) was a deaf American astronomer and progenitor of modern stellar classification, having classified around 500,000 stars. She is co-credited with creating the Harvard Classification Schemethe first serious attempt to organize stars based on temperature. Cannon was one of Pickerings Women at Harvard, where she aided the lab by examining data, perform-ing astronomical calculations, and cataloging photographswhile being criticized for working out-side the home. Cannon discov-ered 300 variable stars, five novas, and one spectroscopic binary.
611. Mae Jemison Mae Jemison was the first Afri-can-American woman to travel in space. A medical doctor, Jemison was selected by NASA in 1987 to join the astronaut corps and went into orbit 5 years later on the Space Shuttle Endeavor. Jemison holds nine honorary doctorates in areas including science, engi-neering, letters, and humanities. She has also appeared on Star Trek: The Next Generation, and cites Lieutenant Uhura from Star Trek as her inspiration for join-ing NASA. Jemison retired from NASA in 1993 to start a technol-ogy company and teach.
12. Hedy Lamarr In addition to being a glamorous film star who acted in 35 movies, Hedy Lamarr was an Austrian and American inventor credited with co-inventing the technol-ogy for spread spectrum and frequency hopping communica-tions that enables modern wi-fi and Bluetooth. The technology aided Americas military during World War II because it was used in controlling torpedoes. Lamarr was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014 and also has a star on the Holly-wood Walk of Fame. She is also credited with appearing in the first ever sex scene in a film.
713. Jane Goodall Jane Goodall (1934) is an Eng-lish primatologist, ethologist, and anthropologist, know chiefly for
her work with primates, and par-ticularly chimpanzeesa subject
in which she is considered the worlds foremost expert. Goodall conducted a 55-year study of the social and familial interactions of wild chimpanzees in Tanzania,
eschewing strict scientific con-vention and instead observing the chimpanzees in a more em-pathetic and personal way. She is a UN Ambassador of Peace and one of the worlds top conserva-tion and animal welfare activists.
14. Alice BallAlice Ball (18921916) was a pharmacist and chemist who developed and introduced a new treatment of Hansens disease (also known as leprosy) that was used until the 1940s. Ball was the first African American and
first woman to graduate from the
University of Hawaii with a Mas-ters degree, but the university did not recognize her work for nearly
90 years. February 29 is now Alice Ball Day and is celebrated every 4 years, and she was the re-cipient of the 2007 University of Hawaii Board of Regents Medal of Distinction.
815. Gertrude Elion Gertrude Elion (19181999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist. The daughter of immigrants, she received the No-bel Prize in Physiology or Medi-cine in 1988 for her work devel-oping a multitude of new drugs. Elion and her research partner George Hitchings used innova-tive research methods that would eventually lead to the develop-ment of the drug AZT, which was the first U.S. government-
approved treatment for HIV and the first breakthrough in AIDS
therapy. Elion was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1991.
16. Margaret Hamilton
Margaret Hamilton (1936) is an American computer scientist and software engineer. She is well-known for her work as the Direc-tor of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo space program. Her team was responsible for helping pio-neer Apollo on-board guidance software that enabled humans to land on the moon, and her work creating an ultra-reliable architec-ture directly prevented an abort of the Apollo 11 Moon landing. She is depicted standing next to programming code she wrote as part of this team.
917. Dorothy Hodgkin Dorothy Hodgkin (19101994) was a British biochemist who won the 1964 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for developing protein crystallography. Hodgkin was one of the pioneer scientists in the field of X-ray crystallography,
which is used to determine the three-dimensional structures of biomolecules. One of her most influential discoveries was to
confirm the structure of penicil-lin as had been earlier surmised; other discoveries included the structure of vitamin B12, which garnered her the Nobel Prize,
and of insulin.
18. Barbara McClintock
Barbara McClintock (19021992) was an American cytogenicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983 for discovering genetic transposition. She is (as of 2015) the only woman to receive an unshared Nobel Prize in that category. Early in her career, she became a leader in the develop-ment of maize cytogenics, a field on which she would focus the remainder of her career. In her pioneering work, she developed the technique for using micro-scopic analysis to demonstrate fundamental genetic ideas, in-cluding transposition.
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19. Joan Roughgarden Joan Roughgarden (1946) is an American evolutionary biolo-gist and one of the worlds most influential theoretical ecologists.
She is well known for her critical studies on Darwins theory of sexual selection, and in her 2004 book Evolutions Rainbow, she pos-ited an alternative social-selection theory. Roughgarden was as-signed male at birth, but publicly transitioned to female in 1998. Her identity as a transsexual has influenced her scientific interests
and inquiries into the nature of biological categorization, gender,
and sex roles.
20. Sally RideSally Ride (19512012) was an American physicist and astro-naut. She was the first woman in space and remains (as of 2015) the youngest American astronaut to travel to space. Ride flew twice on the space shuttle Challenger, before continuing her career in physics research. She was the only person to serve on both the committees investigating the Challenger and Columbia disas-ters, respectively. She founded Sally Ride Science, which creates entertaining science programs and publications for elementary and middle school students, with a particular focus on girls.
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21. Stephanie Kwolek Stephanie Kwolek (19232014) was an American chemist best known for inventing Kevlar, an achievement for which she was awarded the DuPont companys Lavoisier Medal for outstanding technical achievement. She is the only female DuPont employee to have received that honor (as of 2015). With her workgroup at Du-Pont, Kwolek had been searching for a lightweight but strong fiber to be used in tires when she dis-covered the polymer that would lead to Kevlar, which is five times stronger than steel. One million Kevlar bullet-resistant vests were sold in her lifetime.
22. Sofja Kowalewskaja
Sofja Kowalewskaja (18501891) was the first major female Rus-sian mathematician, responsible for important original contri-butions to analysis, differential equations, and mechanics, and the first woman appointed to a full professorship in Northern Europe. She also became one of the first women to work for a sci-entific journal as an editor, when she was appointed editor of Acta Mathematica in 1884. After much lobbying on her behalf, she was granted a Chair in the Russian Academy of Sciences, but was never offered a professorship in Russia.
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23. Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Franklin (19201958) was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer who made contributions to the understand-ing of the fine molecular struc-tures of DNA, RNA, and more. Franklin is considered a high-pro-file example of sexism in science; Francis Crick and James Watson used Franklins image of DNAknown as Photo 51without her knowledge, and from it, were able to deduce DNAs structure, a discovery for which they received the Nobel Prize. Franklins con-tributions to the discovery were significantly downplayed until well after her death.
24. Lise MeitnerLise Meitner (18781968) was an Austrian physicist who worked on radioactivity and nuclear physics. Meitner was part of the Hahn-Meitner-Strassmann team that worked on transuranium-elements, which led to the radiochemical discovery of the nuclear fission of uranium and thorium in 1938, an achievement for which her col-league Otto Hahn was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1944. Meitner is often mentioned as one of the most glaring exam-ples of womens scientific achieve-ment overlooked by the Nobel committee. Element 109, meit-nerium, is named in her honor.
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25. Grace Hopper Amazing Grace Hopper (19061992) was an American computer scientist and U.S. Navy rear admiral. She was of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer in 1944, and invented the first compiler for a computer programming lan-guage. Hopper helped popularize the idea of machine-independent programming languages, which led to the development of CO-BOL, one of the first high-level programming languages. She is credited with popularizing the term debugging, inspired by removing an actual moth from a computer.
26. Elizebeth Friedman
Elizebeth Friedman (18921980) was an American cryptanalyst and author, and a pioneer in U.S. cryp-tography. She has been dubbed Americas first female cryptana-lyst. She introduced her hus-band, William F. Friedman, to the field, who went on to make nu-merous contributions. Friedman served at Riverbank Laboratories, one of the first facilities in the U.S. to seriously study cryptog-raphy, then later left to serve the U.S. War Department, Navy, and Department of the Treasury. Her work was instrumental in the fight against international smuggling and drug running at the time.
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27. Henrietta Swan Leavitt
Henrietta Swan Leavitt (18681921) was an American astrono-mer who discovered the relation between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variable stars. She began her career as a computer at the Harvard College Observatory in 1893, examining photographic plates in order to measure and catalog the brightness of stars. Though she received little recognition in her lifetime, it was her discovery that first allowed astronomers to measure the distance between the Earth and faraway galaxies, and later led to the determination that the universe is expanding.
28. Marie CurieMarie Skodowska-Curie (1867 1934) was a Polish and natural-ized-French physicist and chem-ist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel
Prize, and the only person to win
twice (at the time). Curie coined the term radioactivity and her achievements included techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two ele-ments, polonium and radium. Marie Curie literally gave her life for science when she died in 1934 from aplastic anemia brought on by exposure to radiation.
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29. Katherine Lathrop Katherine Lathrop (19152005) was an American nuclear medi-cine pioneer and member of the Manhattan Project. Lathrop is credited with seminal re-search on the biological effects of radiation, and the invention of radiotracers, including Io-dine-125, Palladium-103, and Technetium-99m. The latter of these is still used about 20 mil-lion times a year worldwide in nuclear medicine scans designed to identify tumors or abnormal metabolism. Lathrop was one of the first members of the Society of Nuclear Medicine when it was formed in 1955.
30. Christine DardenChristine Darden (1942) is an American aeronautical engineer who researches sonic booms at NASA, including supporting efforts to reduce noise pollution and the depletion of the ozone layer. Darden began her career at NASA in 1967 at Langley Research Center, performing cal-culations for engineers as one of NASAs human computers. She openly questioned the sexism she saw in her work environment, as men with the same experience and educational background were being promoted ahead of her, and was subsequently promoted to an aerospace engineer in 1973.
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31. Tilly Edinger Tilly Edinger (18971967) was a German-American paleontologist and the founder of paleoneurol-ogy, the study of brain evolu-tion. Edingers founding work of paleoneurology, Die Fossilen Gehirne (Fossil Brains), was based on her discovery that mamma-lian brains left imprints on fossil skulls, allowing paleoneurologists to discern their anatomy. Being Jewish, Edinger worked in secret from 19331938, until the Nazis discovered her and she fled to London. She later moved to the U.S. to take a position at the Harvard Museum of Compara-tive Zoology.
32. Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
Fay Ajzenberg-Selove (19262012) was an American nuclear physicist. She was known for her experi-mental work in nuclear spectros-copy of light elements, and for her annual reviews of the energy levels of light atomic nuclei. She was a recipient of the 2007 Na-tional Medal of Science. Ajzen-berg-Selove was the only woman in her undergraduate class of 100 at the University of Michigan, and she was the first full-time female faculty member at Haverford Col-lege. She later successfully fought gender discrimination at the Uni-versity of Pennsylvania and was hired into a tenured position.
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33. Lynn Conway Lynn Conway (1938) is an Amer-ican computer scientist, electrical engineer, inventor, and transgen-der activist. Conway is notable for a number of achievements, including the Mead & Conway revolution in VLSI design, which incubated an emerging electronic design automation industry. She worked at IBM in the 1960s and is credited with the invention of generalized dynamic instruction handling, a key advance by most modern computer processors to improve performance. IBM fired Conway after she revealed her intention to transition to a female gender role in 1968.
34. Mary AnningMary Anning (17991847) was a British fossil collector, dealer, and paleontologist who became known around the world for important finds she made in Jurassic marine fossil beds in the cliffs along the English Channel in Dorset County. Her findings contributed to important changes in scientific thinking about prehistoric life and the history of the Earth. Her discoveries included the first ichthyosaur skeleton correctly identified, the first two plesiosaur skeletons found, the first pterosaur skel-eton located outside Germany, and important fish fossils.
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35. Rachel Carson Rachel Carson (19071964) was an American marine biologist and conservationist whose book Silent Spring and other writings are credited with advancing the global environmental movement. After publishing success in the early 1950s, Carson turned her attention to conservation, and particularly environmental issues she believed were caused by pes-ticides. Silent Spring spurred a re-versal in national pesticide policy, led to a ban on DDT and other pesticides, and inspired a grass-roots movement that resulted in the creation of the U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency.
36. Melba RoyMelba Roy (19291990) was Assistant Chief of Research Programs at NASAs Trajectory and Geodynamics Division in the 1960s and headed a group of NASA mathematicians called computers. Starting as a math-ematician, she was head mathe-matician for Echo Satellites 1 and 2, and she worked up to being a Head Computer Programmer and then Program Production Section Chief at Goddard Space Flight Center. At NASA, she received an Apollo Achievement Award and an Exceptional Per-formance Award.
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37. Mary Somerville Mary Somerville (17801872) was a Scottish science writer and polymath, at a time when womens participation in science was discouraged. She studied mathematics and astronomy, and was nominated to jointly be the first female member of the Royal Astronomical Society at the same time as Caroline Herschel (page 5). Somervilles writings were immensely influential, including inspiring John Couch Adams to look for and discover Neptune. Somerville supported the womens suffrage movement in the U.K., which would not be fully success-ful until 56 years after her death.
38. Rita Levi-Montalcini
Rita Levi-Montalcini (19092012) was an Italian Nobel Laureate honored for her work in neu-robiology. She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF). Levi-Montalcini lost her university job in 1938 due to anti-Semitism, but continued her work in a ge-netics laboratory in a bedroom at her home. In the 1990s, she was one of the first scientists pointing out the importance of the mast cell in human pathology, and her research led to the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.
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39. Marie Maynard Daly
Marie Maynard Daly (19212003) was an American biochemist and the first African-American woman in the U.S. to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. She spent a portion of her career in cancer research, and later researched the effects of aging, hypertension, and athero-sclerosis, supporting research that identified the relationship between high cholesterol and clogged arter-ies. She spent her teaching career advocating for increasing the number of minority students en-rolled in medical schools. In 1988, she established a scholarship for African-American chemistry and physics majors at Queens College.
40. Hypatia of Alexandria
Hypatia (c. 360415) was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher in Egypt. She is renowned as the first woman to make a substantial contribution to the development of math-ematics. She was the head of the Neoplatonic school at Alex-andria, where she taught phi-losophy and astronomy. Hypatia came to symbolize learning and science which the early Christians identified with paganism, and she was brutally murdered by a sect of Christian extremists, an event considered to be the beginning of the decline of Alexandria as a center of learning.
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41. Temple Grandin Temple Grandin (1947) is an American professor of animal science, best-selling author, au-tism activist, and a consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior. Grandin invented the hug box, a device used to calm people on the autism spectrum. Grandin is a prominent pro-ponent of animal welfare and designed adapted curved corrals, intended to reduce stress, panic, and injury in animals being led to slaughter. Grandin, who herself is on the autism spectrum, was one of Times 100 most influen-tial people in 2010.
42. Ruby Payne-Scott
Ruby Payne-Scott (19121981) was an Australian pioneer in ra-diophysics and radio astronomy, and was the first female radio astronomer. She is considered one of the most outstanding Australian physicists, and her groundbreaking work in radio astronomy created what is now a fundamental part of the modern lexicon of science. Payne-Scott discovered solar type I and type III radio bursts, the signature of propagating beams of nonther-mal electrons in the solar atmo-sphere and the solar system. She was also an early advocate for womens rights in Australia.
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43. Yvonne Cagle Yvonne Cagle (1959) is an American NASA astronaut. Currently Cagle is on faculty and serves as the NASA liaison for exploration and space develop-ment with Singularity University. During the workshop, Cagle was embedded with the crew as a crew training consultant and advisor, providing insights and feedback to both crew and study team from the viewpoint of an astronaut, flight surgeon, space develop-ment expert, and science liaison. Cagle designed the first useful product to be 3-D printed aboard the International Space Station, a compression strap buckle.
44. Liu YangLiu Yang (1978) is a Chinese pilot and astronaut who became the first Chinese woman in space in 2012. Liu was selected for the crew of Shenzhou 9, the first manned mission to the Chinese space station Tiangong 1, along with Jing Haipeng, the first repeat Chinese space trav-eller, and Liu Wang. The mis-sion was launched on June 16, 2012, 49 years to the day after the first female space traveller, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova (page 24) was launched. During this manned space mission, Liu performed experiments in space medicine.
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45. Ellen Ochoa Ellen Ochoa (1958) is a former astronaut and the current direc-tor of the NASA Johnson Space Center. She is the Centers first
Hispanic and second female director. She became the first
Hispanic woman to go to space when she served on a nine-day mission aboard the shuttle Dis-covery in 1993. A veteran of four space flights, Ochoa has logged
nearly 1,000 hours in space. As a pioneer of spacecraft technology, Ochoa patented an optical sys-tem to detect defects in a repeat-ing pattern, and is a co-inventor on three other patents.
46. Chiaki MukaiChiaki Mukai (1952) is a Japa-nese cardiovascular surgeon and JAXA astronaut. She was the first Japanese woman in space,
and was the first Japanese citizen
to have two spaceflights. Both
were Space Shuttle missions, and in total she has spent 23 days in space. As a physician, Mukai has been staff/in-residence as part of the surgery departments at six hospitals, and has been credited with sixty publications. Mukai is well-known as a space ambas-sador in Japan, and is active in encouraging public engagement with space exploration.
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47. Helen Quinn Helen Quinn (1943) is an Austra-lian-born particle physicist whose contributions to the search for a unified theory for the three types of particle interactions have been recognized with multiple honors, including the Dirac Medal of the International Center for Theoreti-cal Physics. Her contributions in the field include demonstrating how the physics of quarks can be used to predict certain aspects of the physics of hadrons, a useful property now known as quark-hadron duality. Quinn is active in education and works directly with teachers to engage more students with the study of physics.
48. Valentina Tereshkova
Valentina Tereshkova (1937) is a Russian former cosmonaut, and the first woman and first
civilian to have flown in space.
As the pilot of Vostok 6 in 1963, she orbited the earth 48 times and spent almost 3 days in space. With a single flight, she
logged more flight time than the
combined times of all previous American astronauts. Tereshkova also took photographs of the horizon, which were later used to
identify aerosol layers within the atmosphere. In 2013, she offered to go on a one-way trip to Mars if the opportunity arose.
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49. Chien-Shiung Wu Chien-Shiung Wu (19121997) was a Chinese American experi-mental physicist who made signif-icant contributions in the research of radioactivity. Wu worked on the Manhattan Project, where she helped develop the process for separating uranium metal into the uranium-235 and uranium-238 isotopes by gaseous diffusion. She is best known for conducting the Wu experiment, which contra-dicted the law of conservation of parity. This discovery earned the 1957 Nobel Prize in physics for her male colleagues but not for her, making Wu another promi-nent casualty of sexism in science.
50. Margaret Dayhoff
Margaret Dayhoff (19251983) was an American physical chem-ist and professor, who has been called the mother and father of bioinformatics. Dayhoff was a noted research biochemist at the National Biomedical Research Foundation where she pioneered the application of mathematics and computational methods to the field of biochemistry. She dedicated her career to apply-ing the evolving computational technologies to support advances in biology and medicine, most notably the creation of protein and nucleic acid databases and tools to interrogate the databases.
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51. Meg Lowman Canopy Meg Lowman (1953) is an American biologist, educa-tor, ecologist, writer, explorer, and public speaker. Her expertise involves canopy ecology, canopy plant-insect relationships, and constructing canopy walkways. Nicknamed the real-life Lorax, Lowman pioneered the science of canopy ecology. She has designed hot-air balloons and walkways for treetop exploration to solve mysteries in the worlds forests, especially insect pests and ecosystem health. She works to map the canopy for biodiversity and to champion forest conser-vation around the world.
Whos Next?Those included on the STEM: Women Are All Over It design represent merely a cross-section of the phenomenal women who have contributed to the advancement of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Many women have long worked in anonymity, and even in hostile environments. But through education, inspira-tion, and the focused creation of equal opportunity, we can close the gender gap in STEM. Women are intrinsic to the successful advance-ment of our ability to understand and protect the world we live in. Who will be the next person to change the world? It could be you.
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All photographs used in this booklet and in the STEM: Women Are All Over It family of designs are public domain, licensed under the Creative Commons, or used by permission. Photographs may have been digitally altered to remove backgrounds, change colors to black-and-white, and/or to balance contrast levels. Public domain photo-graphs may be re-used freely. Photographs under Creative Commons licences may be re-used under the same terms as their original licens-es. Other photographs may not be re-used without permission.
The following attributions apply:
Ajzenberg-Selove, Fay: AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection.
Anning, Mary: Public domain.
Ball, Alice: Public domain.
Burnell, Jocelyn Bell: Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribu-tion-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. Attribution: Roger W. Haworth.
Cagle, Yvonne: Public domain.
Cannon, Annie Jump: Public domain.
Carson, Rachel: Public domain.
du Chtelet, milie: Public domain.
Chawla, Kalpana: Public domain.
Conway, Lynn: Courtesy of the subject.
Curie, Marie: Public domain.
Daly, Marie Maynard: Public domain.
Darden, Christine: Public domain.
Dayhoff, Margaret: Public domain.
cole Polytechnique: Public domain.
Edinger, Tilly: Public domain.
Elion, Gertrude: Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Attribution: Wellcome Images.
Attribution for Photographs
Franklin, Rosalind: Public domain.
Friedman, Elizebeth: Public domain.
Goeppert-Mayer, Maria: Public domain.
Goodall, Jane: Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Attribution: Floatjon.
Grandin, Temple: Courtesy of the subject.
Hamilton, Margaret: Public domain.
Herschel, Caroline: Courtesy of Webster Institute for the History of Astronomy.
Hodgkin, Dorothy: AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection.
Hopper, Grace: Public domain.
Hypatia of Alexandria: Public domain.
Jackson, Shirley: Courtesy of the subject.
Jemison, Mae: Public domain.
Kowalewskaja, Sofja: Public domain.
Kwolek, Stephanie: Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribu-tion-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Attribution: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
Lamarr, Hedy: Public domain.
Lathrop, Katherine: Courtesy of the subjects family.
Leavitt, Henrietta Swan: Courtesy of the subject.
Levi-Montalcini, Rita: Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana. Used with permission.
Lovelace, Ada: Public domain.
Lowman, Meg: Courtesy of the subject.
McClintock, Barbara: Courtesy of the Smithsonian.
Meitner, Lise: Public domain.
Mukai, Chiaki: Public domain.
Noether, Emmy: Public domain.
Ochoa, Ellen: Public domain.
Payne-Scott, Ruby: Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribu-tion-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Attribution: Peter Gavin Hall.
Quinn, Helen: Courtesy of the subject.
Ride, Sally: Public domain.
Roughgarden, Joan: Courtesy of the subject.
Roy, Melba: Public domain.
Somerville, Mary: Public domain.
Tereshkova, Valentina: Public domain.
Wu, Chien-Shiung: AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection.
Yang, Liu: Public domain.
Ajzenberg-Selove, Fay ..............16Anning, Mary .............................17Ball, Alice ......................................7Burnell, Jocelyn Bell ....................2Cagle, Yvonne ............................22Cannon, Annie Jump ..................5Carson, Rachel ...........................18du Chtelet, milie ......................2Chawla, Kalpana ..........................3Conway, Lynn ............................17Curie, Marie ................................14Daly, Marie Maynard .................20Darden, Christine ......................15Dayhoff, Margaret .....................25cole Polytechnique ...................1 Edinger, Tilly .............................16Elion, Gertrude ...........................8Franklin, Rosalind .....................12Friedman, Elizebeth ..................13Goeppert-Mayer, Maria ..............3Goodall, Jane ...............................7Grandin, Temple .......................21Hamilton, Margaret ....................8Herschel, Caroline .......................5Hodgkin, Dorothy.......................9Hopper, Grace ...........................13Hypatia of Alexandria ..............20Jackson, Shirley ............................4Jemison, Mae ................................6Kowalewskaja, Sofja..................11Kwolek, Stephanie.....................11
Lamarr, Hedy ...............................6Lathrop, Katherine ....................14Leavitt, Henrietta Swan ............14Levi-Montalcini, Rita ................19Lovelace, Ada ...............................1Lowman, Meg ............................26McClintock, Barbara ...................9Meitner, Lise ..............................12Mukai, Chiaki .............................23Noether, Emmy ...........................4Ochoa, Ellen ..............................23Payne-Scott, Ruby .....................21Quinn, Helen .............................24Ride, Sally ...................................10Roughgarden, Joan ....................10Roy, Melba ..................................18Somerville, Mary .......................19Tereshkova, Valentina ...............24Wu, Chien-Shiung .....................25Yang, Liu .....................................22
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