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Page 1: “Socialist Growth Revisited: Insights from Yugoslavia” by Leonard Kuki ć Comments by Ricardo Lago.

“Socialist Growth Revisited: Insights from

Yugoslavia”

by Leonard Kukić

Comments by Ricardo Lago

Page 2: “Socialist Growth Revisited: Insights from Yugoslavia” by Leonard Kuki ć Comments by Ricardo Lago.

Argumentation

As such, this paper, like Allen (2003) and Broadberry and Klein (2011), rejects a fully negative assessment of socialist economic performance.

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Introduction

Leonard is a brave fellow to focus his research on Yugoslavia

Anecdote : DEC 1995 with Bole and Skegro

Socialism in Yugoslavia – Five key distinctive features

Marshall Tito

Enterprise self- management and market orientation

International trade with the OECD rather than COMECON

Foreign aid with the west

Mass emigration of labour as guest workers

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The Data : The 7 mysteries of Socialism

There full employment but nobody works

Nobody works, but the plan is always fulfilled.

The plan is fulfilled, but the store shelves are empty.

The shelves are empty, but nobody starves

Nobody starves, but everybody is unhappy

Everybody is unhappy, but nobody complains

Nobody complains, but the jails are full!

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Abstract

Providing an analytic narrative of socialist Yugoslavia, through using a diagnostic tool that identifies the mechanisms that drive economic growth – Business Cycle Accounting.

The analysis reveals that total factor productivity growth became more important over time in sustaining economic growth

Labour frictions were a major constraint on growth since the mid-1960s.

Socialist growth was primarily handicapped by poor incentives to work, rather than by poor incentives to innovate or to adopt foreign technology. ??

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Why compare to USA ?

Figure 1 presents basic macroeconomic indicators of Yugoslavia. Identical data is also shown for the U.S. - the global productivity leader – in order to contextualize Yugoslav economic performance.

Spain would be a better comparison . Too many similarities

Franco vs. Tito

Similar ruling periods : Franco ( 1939 – 1976 ) ; Tito ( 1944 – 1980 )

Liberalization : Spain ends autarky in 1959 ;Yugoslavia in 1950s too

Fast growth and transition from agricultural to industrial economy

No petroleum production and high energy intensity

Development of the car industry since the 1960s : the Seat and the Yugo

Mass migration abroad as guest workers

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Yugo

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Seat

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Was it really such a success ? Too many data problems

Between 1952 and 1989 , GDP per working age person in Yugoslavia grew by 3.6 per cent on an average annual basis, as compared to 2 per cent in the U.S.

In the same time period, Yugoslav capital to labour ratio grew on average by 4.6 per cent per annum – twice as fast as in the U.S.

The Yugoslav investment to output ratio rose from approximately 0.2 in the 1950s, to 0.3 in the 1960s and the 1970s – roughly twice as high as the U.S.

GDP and Capital Stock data – Anecdote from Czech Republic ( Akira Ariyoshi , 1993 )

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1979 triple shock

Yugoslav economic performance, therefore, can be clearly segmented into the relatively successful pre 1979 period, and the dismal post 1979 period, instigated by

Second oil shock

Rise in international interest rates

Death of Marshall Tito

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Efficiency ?

The empirical literature suggests that socialist TFP was driven by efficiency, rather than by technology (Nishimizu and Page, 1982; Brada, 1989). Thus, research should move towards uncovering the quantitative causality between policies and efficiency

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Four periods

1945-51 Rigid central planning and rigid industrialization . Fixed assets were expropriated, and industrialization was pursued through forced savings from the agriculture.

1951- 65 Distance from the Soviet Union and its ideology. Collectivization and binding output targets abandoned, and a substantial degree of decision-making power and self-management. General investment Fund as instrument of planning investments. 60 % of trade with OECD countries . Foreign aid , including from the USA.

1965-74 Market forces strengthened, liberalisation of prices ,enterprises to engage freely in foreign trade. Economic power further decentralised to the level of enterprises, as work councils were granted rights over the allocation of net income among investments and wages. Furthermore, banks became the primary financial intermediary, as opposed to the General Investment Fund.

1974- 1991 . The 1974 Constitution institutionalized the backlash of political elites against the increasingly independent managers or technocrats - to use Yugoslav jargon. The economy became clogged with over-regunlation.

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Growth Accounting

Business Cycle Accounting

Growth Business cycle fluctuations Not policies but wedges

( incentives )

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Wedges Wedges measure the discrepancy between the model predictions and the data observations. They measure distortions that economic agents face. Labour Wedge

Incentives to work Capital Wedge

Incentives for saving and accumulation of physical and human capital

Income Wedge Macroeconomic fluctuations

Efficiency Wedge TFP

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TFP and trade

Yugoslavia became a member of GATT in 1966, which coincides with the acceleration of TFP contribution to economic growth. The gradual integration of Yugoslavia into global markets (implied by figure 2) might have stimulated TFP through a more efficient allocation of resources, as long as the country specialised in the production of goods and services according to its comparative advantage.

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Mistakes

A rising labour wedge can be interpreted as rising return on labour that stimulates the provision of labour. The labour wedge is often taken to be synonymous with a tax on labour ( page 9 )

An increasing capital wedge can be interpreted as an increasing return on capital that stimulates savings and investments. Analogous to the labour wedge, a capital wedge is often taken to be synonymous with a tax on capital ( page 9)

All the components of output are determined outside the model, except physical capital, which is characterised by the usual law of motion ( page 10 )

𝑐 + = (6) Equation 6 describes the resource constraint of the 𝑖 𝑦economy…..aggregate demand shocks stemming from government expenditure and net foreign demand for domestically produced goods and services..... − − = (11)𝑦 𝑐 𝑖 𝑦𝑡𝜏

Net Material Product, or Social Product (SP) in case of Yugoslavia, was the official indicator used to monitor economic activity in socialist countries. SP is conceptually equivalent to GDP. ( Page 12 )

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The growing importance of the TFP wedge overtime

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Squential inclusion of Wedges ? I think there is a problem here

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Missing

Economic history paper .

There is no mention or bibliographical reference of the main economists that define the self-management Yugoslav model . For example , Branko Horvat.

Also a mention to the Economic Calculation debate Lerner- Lage / Hayek – Mises

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Problema n 3: pobres perspectivas de crecimiento

Comercio mundial

Precio de los fletes

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El interés compuesto es la fuerza más poderosa de la naturaleza”  Albert Einstei

“El dinero que gana el dinero, gana dinero”Ben Franklin

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Precio de los fletes

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Precio de los fletes

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Precio de los fletes

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Conclusión : el precio de los activos por las nubes y las perspectivas de flujo de caja por los suelos

El negocio de comprar cada vez más caro un activo que cada vez produce menos beneficio ¿Negocio ? Que tal negocio

Page 33: “Socialist Growth Revisited: Insights from Yugoslavia” by Leonard Kuki ć Comments by Ricardo Lago.

Paso revista a los principales bloques

Que esta pasando en China ?

en Japón ?

en Europa ?

en los EEUU ?

En Rusia y Brasil ?

En India ?

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Conclusión

“Malgastar una crisis es algo terrible”

Paul Romer, guru del crecimiento

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Implicaciones para Perú

Buena situación financiera

Bajo precio de los commodities

Malas perspectivas del comercio mundial

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La balanza de pagos y el presupuesto publico

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Perú : Tres escenarios de crecimiento a 20 años

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Perú: Crecimiento (1991-2013 )Dos sub-periodos: vacas gordas y vacas normales

0%

2%

4%

6% 5.0%3.9%

6.6%

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Peru: Crecimiento del PBI (1991- 2013 )Dos sub-periodos ( años de crisis y años sin crisis )

0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%

5.0%

2.3%

7.0%

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FIN

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I – Globalización, Nueva Economía y la Gran Moderación (

1983 -2007 )

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Deng Xiaoping : “Que importa el color del gato si caza ratones”

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Mas de mil millones de trabajadores se incorporan a la economia global

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Innovación tecnológica y productividad

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La Gran Moderación

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Sept 2008 : El momento Minsky

Colapso repentino en el precio de los activos que ocurre en la fase final del ciclo económico

Se produce después de largos períodos de prosperidad

Durante los cuales el aumento exagerado en el valor de las inversiones

ha dado lugar a una creciente creciente especulación con dinero prestado

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II - Perspectivas de la economía mundial

Desequilibrios financieros internacionales persisten

No se han solucionado los problemas que llevaron a la crisis del 2008

Peor horizonte de crecimiento que en décadas anteriores

Incluso si no hubiera problemas financieros, las perspectivas de la economía mundial son menos auspiciosas

Implicación para Perú : no habrá viento de cola.

No se puede contar con mejoras en los precios de los minerales ni con dinamismo en el comercio mundial

Hay que emprender reformas en educación , infraestructura y productividad

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Problemas del 2008 : Seis riesgos que siguen intactos

1) No ha habido des-apalancamiento

La deuda total privada y publica de los G-20 ha aumentado 30 %d el PBI desde entonces. No ha habido ajuste fiscal

2) Estamos ante una “diluvio monetario” sin precedentes

Cada 40 días los bancos centrales de USA , Japón , Europa y China emiten el equivalente al PBI anual del Perú

3) No se ha logrado un crecimiento auto-sostenido , pese a los estímulos

4) Hay una sobrevaluación generalizada de bonos , bolsas y bienes raíces

5) Riesgo bancario sistémico o Too Big To Fail : hay menos bancos y son mayores

6) Seguimos ante la bomba de tiempo de los “derivados” OTC

Contratos de derivados por un monto de 7 veces el PBI mundial

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De paliativo temporal a maquina sucesiva de burbujas .

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El problema de los derivados

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Concluyó el boom de crecimiento de los últimos 30 años

Primero - La revolución tecnológica continuara , pero no otros factores extraordinarios e irrepetibles :

Incorporación de China , India y Europa del Este a la economía global

Con un influjo de mil millones de trabajadores Aportando además un nuevo bolsón de

ahorro de estos a los países desarrollados Segundo- El crecimiento en los próximos 20 años

tendrá que provenir de la “Inspiración” porque la demografía va a imponer limites al crecimiento por “Transpiración”

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Decadencia demográfica : Japón es el caso mas claro pero Italia , Alemania y muchos otros le siguen

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Evolución de la pirámide de población mundial

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Que fuentes de crecimiento económico?

Tres fuerzas sustentan el crecimiento económico :

Expansión del tamaño del mercado via comercio internacional ( Especialización )

Mayor uso de factores de producción : Trabajo y Capital ( Crecimiento por “Transpiración” )

Mayor productividad en el uso de los factores : Innovación ( Crecimiento por “Inspiración” )

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Crecimiento por Inspiración y Transpiración

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III - Implicaciones para Perú

Primero : analicemos el crecimiento de la economía en los últimos 24 años

Segundo : tratemos de establecer escenarios de crecimiento para los próximos 20 años ( 2015 a 2034 )

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Perú: Crecimiento (1991-2013 )Dos sub-periodos: vacas gordas y vacas normales

0%

2%

4%

6% 5.0%3.9%

6.6%

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Peru: Crecimiento del PBI (1991- 2013 )Dos sub-periodos ( años de crisis y años sin crisis )

0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%

5.0%

2.3%

7.0%

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Perú : Tres escenarios de crecimiento a 20 años

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Se acabó la bonanza de los commodities

De regreso a los déficits presupuestales , desequilibrio en la cuenta corriente y aumento en la deuda publica

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Términos de intercambio y tipo de cambio real

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La balanza de pagos y el presupuesto publico

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Agotamiento económico

Las oportunidades de inversión mas claras y rentables ya se aprovecharon

Deterioro en Ley y Orden ( Acemoglu y Robinson )

Efecto acumulativo de los gremios y lobbies ( Olson )

Mala priorización y alto costo de inversión en infraestructura

Fracaso del enfoque de regionalización elegido

Corrupción

Deterioro en la productividad del capital ( ICOR)

Experiencia de otros paises : Corea , Chile

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Productividad del Capital : ICOR

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ICOR : Relación incremental Capital –Producto

ICOR= Incremento en el PBI / Incremento en Stock de Capital ( Inversión neta )

o bien

ICOR = Tasa de crecimiento del PBI / Ratio de Inversión a PBI

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Productividad del Capital : ICOR

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Agotamiento social

Es posible que haya un regreso al populismo ?

Cuando ?

San Isidro versus Barranca o Cerro Azul ….

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Perú : Tres escenarios de crecimiento a 20 años

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Conclusión

“Malgastar una crisis es algo terrible”

Paul Romer, guru del crecimiento

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FIN

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Libros a tener en cuenta

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