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Page 1: Saarc countries details

SAARC CountriesSAARC CountriesThe The South Asian Association for Regional South Asian Association for Regional

Cooperation (SAARC)Cooperation (SAARC) comprises eight member comprises eight member states (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, states (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives,

Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri-Lanka) .The SAARC was Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri-Lanka) .The SAARC was established when its Charted was formally adopted established when its Charted was formally adopted on 8 December 1985.SAARC is a manifestation of on 8 December 1985.SAARC is a manifestation of

the determination of the people of the South Asia to the determination of the people of the South Asia to work together in a sprit of friendship, trust and work together in a sprit of friendship, trust and understanding and to create an order based on understanding and to create an order based on

mutual respect, equity and shared benefits. mutual respect, equity and shared benefits.

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SAARC: It’s OriginSAARC: It’s Origin Afghanistan Afghanistan

Bangladesh Bangladesh

Bhutan Bhutan

India India

Maldives Maldives

Nepal Nepal

Pakistan Pakistan

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organization of South Asian nations, founded in December 1985 and dedicated to economic, technological, social, and cultural development emphasizing collective self-reliance. Its seven founding members are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan joined the organization in 2005. Meetings of heads of state are usually scheduled annually; meetings of foreign secretaries, twice annually. It is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal.The 11 stated areas of cooperation are:agriculture; education, culture, and sports; health, population, and child welfare; the environment and meteorology; rural development (including the SAARC Youth Volunteers Program); tourism; transport; science and technology; communications.

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HistoryHistory The concept of SAARC was The concept of SAARC was

first adopted by Bangladesh first adopted by Bangladesh during 1977, under the during 1977, under the administration of President administration of President Ziaur Rahman. In the late Ziaur Rahman. In the late 1970s, SAARC nations 1970s, SAARC nations agreed upon the creation of agreed upon the creation of a trade bloc consisting of a trade bloc consisting of South Asian countries. The South Asian countries. The idea of regional cooperation idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was again in South Asia was again mooted in May 1980. The mooted in May 1980. The foreign secretaries of the foreign secretaries of the seven countries met for the seven countries met for the first time in Colombo in April first time in Colombo in April 1981. The Committee of the 1981. The Committee of the Whole, which met in Whole, which met in Colombo in August 1985, Colombo in August 1985, identified five broad areas identified five broad areas for regional cooperation. for regional cooperation. New areas of cooperation New areas of cooperation were added in the following were added in the following years.years.

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ObjectivesObjectives The objectives of the Association as The objectives of the Association as

defined in the Charter are:defined in the Charter are: to promote the welfare of the people of to promote the welfare of the people of

South Asia and to improve their quality South Asia and to improve their quality of life; of life;

to accelerate economic growth, social to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in progress and cultural development in the region and to provide all the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their full potential; dignity and to realize their full potential;

to promote and strengthen collective to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of self-reliance among the countries of South Asia; South Asia;

to contribute to mutual trust, to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one understanding and appreciation of one another's problems; another's problems;

to promote active collaboration and to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific social, cultural, technical and scientific fields; fields;

to strengthen cooperation with other to strengthen cooperation with other developing countries; developing countries;

to strengthen cooperation among to strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on themselves in international forums on matters of common interest; and matters of common interest; and

to cooperate with international and to cooperate with international and regional organisations with similar aims regional organisations with similar aims and purposes. and purposes.

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SecretariatSecretariat The SAARC Secretariat was established in The SAARC Secretariat was established in

Kathmandu on 16 January 1987 and was Kathmandu on 16 January 1987 and was inaugurated by Late King inaugurated by Late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of NepalBirendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal ..

It is headed by a Secretary General It is headed by a Secretary General appointed by the Council of Ministers from appointed by the Council of Ministers from Member Countries in alphabetical order for a Member Countries in alphabetical order for a three-year term. He is assisted by the three-year term. He is assisted by the Professional and the General Services Staff, Professional and the General Services Staff, and also an appropriate number of functional and also an appropriate number of functional units called Divisions assigned to Directors units called Divisions assigned to Directors on deputation from Member States. The on deputation from Member States. The Secretariat coordinates and monitors Secretariat coordinates and monitors implementation of activities, prepares for implementation of activities, prepares for and services meetings, and serves as a and services meetings, and serves as a channel of communication between the channel of communication between the Association and its Member States as well as Association and its Member States as well as other regional organizations. other regional organizations.

The Memorandum of Understanding on the The Memorandum of Understanding on the establishment of the Secretariat which was establishment of the Secretariat which was signed by Foreign Ministers of member signed by Foreign Ministers of member countries on 17 November 1986 at countries on 17 November 1986 at Bangalore, India contains various clauses Bangalore, India contains various clauses concerning the role, structure and concerning the role, structure and administration of the SAARC Secretariat as administration of the SAARC Secretariat as well as the powers of the Secretary-General.well as the powers of the Secretary-General.

In several recent meetings the heads of state In several recent meetings the heads of state or government of member states of SAARC or government of member states of SAARC have taken some important decisions and have taken some important decisions and bold initiatives to strengthen the bold initiatives to strengthen the organisation and to widen and deepen organisation and to widen and deepen regional co-operation.regional co-operation.

The SAARC Secretariat and Member States The SAARC Secretariat and Member States observe 8 December as the SAARC Charter observe 8 December as the SAARC Charter Day1.Day1.

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South Asian Free Trade AreaSouth Asian Free Trade Area Over the years, the SAARC Over the years, the SAARC

members have expressed their members have expressed their unwillingness on signing a free unwillingness on signing a free trade agreement. Though India has trade agreement. Though India has several trade pacts with Maldives, several trade pacts with Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka, similar trade agreements with similar trade agreements with Pakistan and Bangladesh have Pakistan and Bangladesh have been stalled due to political and been stalled due to political and economic concerns on both sides. economic concerns on both sides. In 1993, SAARC countries signed an In 1993, SAARC countries signed an agreement to gradually lower agreement to gradually lower tariffs within the region, in tariffs within the region, in DhakaDhaka. . Eleven years later, at the 12th Eleven years later, at the 12th SAARC Summit at SAARC Summit at IslamabadIslamabad, , SAARC countries devised the SAARC countries devised the South Asia Free Trade AgreementSouth Asia Free Trade Agreement which created a framework for the which created a framework for the establishment of a establishment of a free trade areafree trade area covering 1.6 billion people. This covering 1.6 billion people. This agreement went into force on agreement went into force on January 1, 2008. Under this January 1, 2008. Under this agreement, SAARC members will agreement, SAARC members will bring their duties down to 20 per bring their duties down to 20 per cent by 2009.cent by 2009.

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Countries in FocusCountries in Focus

1.1. BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

2.2. BHUTANBHUTAN

3.3. INDIAINDIA

4.4. NEPALNEPAL

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1.Bangladesh-Location1.Bangladesh-Location Bangladesh is Located in the north-eastern Bangladesh is Located in the north-eastern

part of South Asia. The majestic Himalayas part of South Asia. The majestic Himalayas stand some distance to the north, while in stand some distance to the north, while in the south lays the Bay of Bengal. There is the south lays the Bay of Bengal. There is West Bengal border on the west and in the West Bengal border on the west and in the east lie the hilly and forested regions of east lie the hilly and forested regions of Tripura, Mizoram (India) and Myanmar. These Tripura, Mizoram (India) and Myanmar. These picturesque geographical boundaries frame a picturesque geographical boundaries frame a low lying plain of about 1,47,570 square low lying plain of about 1,47,570 square kilometer criss-crossed by innumerable rivers kilometer criss-crossed by innumerable rivers and streams. Mighty rivers are the Padma and streams. Mighty rivers are the Padma (Ganges), the Brahmaputra (Jamuna) & the (Ganges), the Brahmaputra (Jamuna) & the Meghna and the Karnafuli.Meghna and the Karnafuli.

Bangladesh offers many tourist attractions, Bangladesh offers many tourist attractions, including archaeological sites, historical including archaeological sites, historical mosques and monuments, longest natural mosques and monuments, longest natural beach in the world, picturesque landscape, beach in the world, picturesque landscape, hill forests and wildlife, rolling tea gardens hill forests and wildlife, rolling tea gardens and tribes. Tourists find the rich flora and and tribes. Tourists find the rich flora and fauna and colorful tribal life very enchanting. fauna and colorful tribal life very enchanting. Each part of the country offers distinctly Each part of the country offers distinctly different topography, flavors and food. It is different topography, flavors and food. It is home to the Royal Bengal Tigers, freshwater home to the Royal Bengal Tigers, freshwater pink dolphins, historical temples made of red pink dolphins, historical temples made of red earth. earth.

Some of the better known tourist attractions Some of the better known tourist attractions are: Srimangal, where miles of tea gardens are: Srimangal, where miles of tea gardens are located, Mainamati, Mahasthangarh, are located, Mainamati, Mahasthangarh, Paharpur for archaeology, Rangamati, Kaptai Paharpur for archaeology, Rangamati, Kaptai and Cox's Bazar for sight seeing, and the and Cox's Bazar for sight seeing, and the Sundarbans for wild life and the greatest Sundarbans for wild life and the greatest Mangrove forest of the world, and Foy's Lake Mangrove forest of the world, and Foy's Lake for scenic beauty. for scenic beauty.

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Bangladesh-Places of InterestBangladesh-Places of Interest

Historical places: Historical places: National MemorialNational Memorial, , Central Central ShahidShahid MinarMinar, , Martyred MemorialMartyred Memorial,, ,, BahadurshahBahadurshah Park Park CurzonCurzon Hall Hall BaldhaBaldha Garden Garden, , NatoreNatore - - DighapatiyaDighapatiya RajbariRajbari, , World War II CemeteryWorld War II Cemetery, , SagordariSagordari, , JessoreJessore MujibnagarMujibnagar Memorial Memorial Gandhi Gandhi AsramAsram

Hills & Islands: Hills & Islands: RangamatiRangamati - the lake district - the lake district, , KaptaiKaptai - The lake town - The lake town, , BandarbanBandarban - the roof of Bangladesh - the roof of Bangladesh, , KhagrachhariKhagrachhari - the hilltop town - the hilltop town, , MymensinghMymensingh MoheshkhaliMoheshkhali SonadiaSonadia Island Island

Forest & Jungle: Sundarban, Forest & Jungle: Sundarban, WariWari BateshwarBateshwar MahasthangarhMahasthangarh PaharpurPaharpur MainamatiMainamati, , ShaitShait GombudgeGombudge Mosque Mosque, , Kantaji'sKantaji's Temple Temple LalbaghLalbagh Fort Fort, , SonargaonSonargaon , , AhsanAhsan ManzilManzil

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Bangladesh- FestivalsBangladesh- Festivals Pahela BaishakhPahela Baishakh Independence DayIndependence Day Eid-e-MiladunnabiEid-e-Miladunnabi Eid-ul-FitrEid-ul-Fitr Eid-ul-AzhaEid-ul-Azha MuharramMuharram Durga PujaDurga Puja ChristmasChristmas Rabindra & Nazrul Rabindra & Nazrul

JayantiJayanti

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Bangladesh- DressBangladesh- Dress Bangladeshi women habitually wear Sarees. Jamdani was once world famous for it's Bangladeshi women habitually wear Sarees. Jamdani was once world famous for it's

most artistic and expensive ornamental fabric. Moslin, a fine and artistic type of cloth most artistic and expensive ornamental fabric. Moslin, a fine and artistic type of cloth was well-known worldwide. Naksi Kantha, embroidered quilted patchwork cloth was well-known worldwide. Naksi Kantha, embroidered quilted patchwork cloth produced by the village women, is still familiar in villages and towns simultaneously. produced by the village women, is still familiar in villages and towns simultaneously. A common hairstyle is Beni (twisted bun) that Bangalee women are fond of. A common hairstyle is Beni (twisted bun) that Bangalee women are fond of. Traditionally males wear Panjabis, Fatuas and Pajamas. Hindus wear Dhuty for Traditionally males wear Panjabis, Fatuas and Pajamas. Hindus wear Dhuty for religious purposes. Now-a-days common dresses of males are shirts and pants.religious purposes. Now-a-days common dresses of males are shirts and pants.

Bangladeshi people have unique dress preferences. Bangladeshi men wear Bangladeshi people have unique dress preferences. Bangladeshi men wear panjabipanjabi on religious and cultural occasions, on religious and cultural occasions, lungilungi as casual wear and as casual wear and shirtshirt--pantpant on formal on formal occasions. occasions. ShariShari is the main dress of Bangladeshi women. Sari weaving is a is the main dress of Bangladeshi women. Sari weaving is a traditional art in Bangladesh. traditional art in Bangladesh. Shalwar KamijShalwar Kamij is quite popular, especially among is quite popular, especially among younger women. Some women in urban areas also wear pants, skirts and tops.younger women. Some women in urban areas also wear pants, skirts and tops.

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Bangladesh- CuisineBangladesh- Cuisine Panta Ilish - a traditional platter of Panta Ilish - a traditional platter of

Panta bhatPanta bhat with fried with fried HilsaHilsa slice, slice, supplemented with dried fish (supplemented with dried fish (ShutkiShutki), ), pickles (pickles (AcharAchar), dal, green chillies and ), dal, green chillies and onion - is a popular serving for the onion - is a popular serving for the Pohela BoishakhPohela Boishakh festival. festival.

Bangladesh is famous for its distinctive Bangladesh is famous for its distinctive culinary tradition, and delicious food, culinary tradition, and delicious food, snacks and savories. Boiled rice snacks and savories. Boiled rice constitutes the staple food, and is constitutes the staple food, and is served with a variety of vegetables, served with a variety of vegetables, fried as well as curries, thick lentil fried as well as curries, thick lentil soups, and fish and meat preparations soups, and fish and meat preparations of mutton and chicken, and more rarely of mutton and chicken, and more rarely pork and beef by certain groups. pork and beef by certain groups. Sweetmeats of Bangladesh are mostly Sweetmeats of Bangladesh are mostly milk based, and consist of several milk based, and consist of several delights including Roshgulla, Sandesh, delights including Roshgulla, Sandesh, Rasamalai, Gulap Jamun, Kalo Jamun, Rasamalai, Gulap Jamun, Kalo Jamun, Chom Chom. Several other sweet Chom Chom. Several other sweet preparations are also available. Bengali preparations are also available. Bengali cuisine is rich and varied with the use cuisine is rich and varied with the use of many specialized spices and of many specialized spices and flavours. Fish is the dominant source of flavours. Fish is the dominant source of protein, cultivated in ponds and fished protein, cultivated in ponds and fished with nets in the fresh-water rivers of with nets in the fresh-water rivers of the the Ganges deltaGanges delta. More than forty types . More than forty types of mostly of mostly freshwaterfreshwater fishfish are common, are common, including including carpcarp varieties like varieties like ruirui ( (rohurohu), ), katlakatla, , magurmagur ( (catfishcatfish), ), chingŗichingŗi ( (prawnprawn or or shrimpshrimp), as well as ), as well as shuţkishuţki (dried (dried sea sea fish). Salt water fish (not sea fish fish). Salt water fish (not sea fish though) Ilish (though) Ilish (hilsa ilishahilsa ilisha) is very ) is very popular among Bengalis, can be called popular among Bengalis, can be called an icon of Bengali cuisine.an icon of Bengali cuisine.

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2. Bhutan- Location2. Bhutan- Location BhutanBhutan, is a , is a

landlockedlandlocked statestate in in South AsiaSouth Asia, located at , located at the eastern end of the the eastern end of the HimalayasHimalayas and and bordered to the south, bordered to the south, east and west by the east and west by the Republic of IndiaRepublic of India and and to the north by the to the north by the People's Republic of CPeople's Republic of Chinahina. Bhutan is separated . Bhutan is separated from the nearby from the nearby country of country of NepalNepal to the to the west by the Indian west by the Indian state of state of SikkimSikkim, and , and from from BangladeshBangladesh to to the south by the south by West BengalWest Bengal

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Bhutan-Places of InterestBhutan-Places of Interest ParoParo Takshang Takshang ThimpuThimpu PunakhaPunakha Wangdi Wangdi

PhodrangPhodrang TongsaTongsa BumthangBumthang MongarMongar TrashigangTrashigang

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Bhutan- FestivalsBhutan- Festivals

Once a year a Once a year a dzongdzong or important village may hold a religious festival, or or important village may hold a religious festival, or TsechuTsechu. Villagers from the . Villagers from the surrounding district come for several days of religious observances and socializing while surrounding district come for several days of religious observances and socializing while contributing auspicious offerings to the lama or monastery of the festival. The central activity is a contributing auspicious offerings to the lama or monastery of the festival. The central activity is a fixed set of religious mask dances, or fixed set of religious mask dances, or chamcham, held in a large courtyard. Each individual dance takes , held in a large courtyard. Each individual dance takes up to several hours to complete and the entire set may last two to four days. Observation of the up to several hours to complete and the entire set may last two to four days. Observation of the dances directly blesses the audience and also serves to transmit principles of Tantric Buddhism to dances directly blesses the audience and also serves to transmit principles of Tantric Buddhism to the villagers. A number of the dances can be traced directly back to the villagers. A number of the dances can be traced directly back to Shabdrung Ngawang NamgyalShabdrung Ngawang Namgyal himself, the founder of Bhutan, and have been passed down essentially unchanged since the mid-himself, the founder of Bhutan, and have been passed down essentially unchanged since the mid-17th century.17th century.

Prior to dawn on the final day of the tsechu a huge tapestry, or Prior to dawn on the final day of the tsechu a huge tapestry, or thongdrelthongdrel, is unfurled in the , is unfurled in the courtyard of the dzong for several hours. The mere sight of it is believed to bring spiritual liberation. courtyard of the dzong for several hours. The mere sight of it is believed to bring spiritual liberation. The thongdrel is rolled up before the rays of the morning sun can strike it.The thongdrel is rolled up before the rays of the morning sun can strike it.

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Bhutan- DressBhutan- Dress All Bhutanese citizens are required to observe the national All Bhutanese citizens are required to observe the national dress codedress code, known as , known as

Driglam NamzhaDriglam Namzha, while in public during daylight hours. The rule is enforced more , while in public during daylight hours. The rule is enforced more rigorously in some districts (rigorously in some districts (dzongkhagdzongkhag) than others. Men wear a heavy knee-length robe ) than others. Men wear a heavy knee-length robe tied with a belt, called a tied with a belt, called a ghogho, folded in such a way to form a pocket in front of the , folded in such a way to form a pocket in front of the stomach. Women wear colourful blouses over which they fold and clasp a large stomach. Women wear colourful blouses over which they fold and clasp a large rectangular cloth called a rectangular cloth called a kirakira, thereby creating an ankle-length dress. A short silk jacket, , thereby creating an ankle-length dress. A short silk jacket, or or toegotoego may be worn over the may be worn over the kirakira. Everyday . Everyday ghogho and and kirakira are cotton or wool, according are cotton or wool, according to the season, patterned in simple checks and stripes in earth tones. For special occasions to the season, patterned in simple checks and stripes in earth tones. For special occasions and festivals, colourfully patterned silk and festivals, colourfully patterned silk kirakira and, more rarely, and, more rarely, ghogho may be worn. may be worn.

Additional rules of protocol apply when visiting a dzong or a temple, or when appearing Additional rules of protocol apply when visiting a dzong or a temple, or when appearing before a high-level official. Male commoners wear a white sash (before a high-level official. Male commoners wear a white sash (kabneykabney) from left shoulder ) from left shoulder to opposite hip. Local and regional elected officials, government ministers, cabinet to opposite hip. Local and regional elected officials, government ministers, cabinet members, and the King himself each wear their own colored members, and the King himself each wear their own colored kabneykabney. Women wear a . Women wear a narrow embroidered cloth draped over the left shoulder, a narrow embroidered cloth draped over the left shoulder, a rachurachu..

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Bhutan- CuisineBhutan- Cuisine The staple foods of Bhutan are The staple foods of Bhutan are red ricered rice

(like (like brown ricebrown rice in texture, but with a in texture, but with a nutty taste, the only variety of nutty taste, the only variety of ricerice that that grows in grows in high altitudeshigh altitudes), ), buckwheatbuckwheat, , and increasingly and increasingly maizemaize. The diet in the . The diet in the hills also includes hills also includes chickenchicken, , yak meatyak meat, , beefbeef, , porkpork, , pork fatpork fat and and muttonmutton. Soups . Soups and stews of and stews of meatmeat, , ricerice, , fernsferns, , lentilslentils, , and dried and dried vegetablesvegetables spiced with spiced with chillieschillies and and cheesecheese are a favourite meal are a favourite meal during the cold seasons. during the cold seasons. Zow shungoZow shungo is is a rice dish mixed with a rice dish mixed with leftover vegetablesleftover vegetables. . Ema datshiEma datshi, made , made very spicy with very spicy with cheesecheese and and chillieschillies, , akin to akin to chili con quesochili con queso, might be called , might be called the national dish for its ubiquity and the national dish for its ubiquity and the pride that the pride that BhutaneseBhutanese have for it. have for it. Other foods include Other foods include jasha marujasha maru, a , a chicken dish; chicken dish; phaksha paaphaksha paa and and fried ricefried rice. . DairyDairy foods, particularly foods, particularly butterbutter and cheese from and cheese from yaksyaks and and cowscows, , are also popular, and indeed almost all are also popular, and indeed almost all milkmilk is turned into butter and cheese. is turned into butter and cheese. Popular beverages include: Popular beverages include: butter teabutter tea, , black teablack tea, locally brewed , locally brewed araara ( (rice winerice wine), and ), and beerbeer. Spices include: . Spices include: currycurry, , cardamomcardamom, , gingerginger, chillies, , chillies, garlicgarlic, , turmericturmeric, and , and carawaycaraway..

When offered food, one says When offered food, one says meshu meshu meshumeshu, covering one's mouth with the , covering one's mouth with the hands in refusal according to hands in refusal according to Bhutanese manners, and then gives in Bhutanese manners, and then gives in on the second or third offer.on the second or third offer.

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3. India- Location3. India- Location

India is a India is a countrycountry in in South AsiaSouth Asia. It is . It is the the seventh-largestseventh-largest country by country by geographical area, the geographical area, the second-most populoussecond-most populous country with country with over 1.2 billion peopleover 1.2 billion people, and the most , and the most populous democracy in the world.populous democracy in the world.

Home to the ancient Home to the ancient Indus Valley CivilizationIndus Valley Civilization and a region and a region of historic of historic trade routestrade routes and vast and vast empires, the empires, the Indian subcontinentIndian subcontinent was was identified with its commercial and identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long cultural wealth for much of its long history.history.[13][13] Four of the world's major Four of the world's major religions—religions—HinduismHinduism, , BuddhismBuddhism, , JainismJainism and and SikhismSikhism—originated here, —originated here, whereas whereas ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism, , ChristianityChristianity and and IslamIslam arrived in the 1st arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape millennium CE and also helped shape the region's the region's diverse culturediverse culture..[14][14] Gradually annexed by the Gradually annexed by the British East India CompanyBritish East India Company from the from the early 18th century and early 18th century and colonizedcolonized by by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a nation in 1947 after a struggle for independencestruggle for independence which was which was marked by marked by non-violent resistancenon-violent resistance led led by by Mahatma GandhiMahatma Gandhi..

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India-Places of InterestIndia-Places of Interest A Glimpse into Northern InA Glimpse into Northern In

diadia

Golden Triangle Tours Golden Triangle Tours Grand Tours Of India Grand Tours Of India India Deluxe Trips India Deluxe Trips India Royal Tours India Royal Tours Indian Mixture Indian Mixture Majestic Palaces Majestic Palaces Rajasthan in Colour Rajasthan in Colour Rustic Rajasthan Rustic Rajasthan Majestic Himalayas Majestic Himalayas Tiger Safari Tours Tiger Safari Tours Wildlife in The Wildlife in The

Rajasthan Rajasthan Cultural Tours of india Cultural Tours of india Best Of South India Best Of South India Cultural Tours of South Cultural Tours of South

India India Essential India Essential India Cochin Tours Cochin Tours Gandhi's Gujarat & Gandhi's Gujarat &

Navratri Navratri Pilgrimage Cultural Pilgrimage Cultural

Tours Tours Eastern IndiaEastern India

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India- FestivalsIndia- Festivals

India, being a multi-cultural and multi-religious society, celebrates holidays and India, being a multi-cultural and multi-religious society, celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions. The four festivals of various religions. The four national holidays in Indianational holidays in India, the , the Independence DayIndependence Day, the , the Republic DayRepublic Day, the , the Gandhi JayantiGandhi Jayanti,and ,and 1st may1st may are celebrated are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm across India. In addition, many with zeal and enthusiasm across India. In addition, many statesstates and regions have local and regions have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics. Popular festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics. Popular religious festivals include the Hindu festivals of religious festivals include the Hindu festivals of NavratriNavratri, , DiwaliDiwali, , Ganesh ChaturthiGanesh Chaturthi, , Durga pujaDurga puja, , HoliHoli, , RakshabandhanRakshabandhan and and DussehraDussehra. Several . Several harvest festivalsharvest festivals, such as , such as SankranthiSankranthi, , PongalPongal and and OnamOnam,","NuakhaiNuakhai" are also fairly popular." are also fairly popular.

Certain festivals in India are celebrated by multiple religions. Notable examples Certain festivals in India are celebrated by multiple religions. Notable examples include Diwali, which is celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains, and include Diwali, which is celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains, and Buddh PurnimaBuddh Purnima, , celebrated by Buddhists and Hindus. Islamic festivals, such celebrated by Buddhists and Hindus. Islamic festivals, such Eid ul-FitrEid ul-Fitr, , Eid al-AdhaEid al-Adha and and RamadanRamadan, are celebrated by Muslims across India. Sikh Festivals, such as , are celebrated by Muslims across India. Sikh Festivals, such as Guru Nanak JayantiGuru Nanak Jayanti, , BaisakhiBaisakhi are celebrated with full fanfare by Sikhs and Hindu. are celebrated with full fanfare by Sikhs and Hindu. Adding colors to the culture of India, the Adding colors to the culture of India, the Dree FestivalDree Festival is one of the tribal festivals of is one of the tribal festivals of India celebrated by the Apatanis of the Ziro valley of India celebrated by the Apatanis of the Ziro valley of Arunachal PradeshArunachal Pradesh, which is the , which is the easternmost state of India.easternmost state of India.

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India- DressIndia- Dress Traditional Traditional clothing in Indiaclothing in India greatly varies across different parts of the greatly varies across different parts of the

country and is influenced immensely by local culture, geography and country and is influenced immensely by local culture, geography and climate. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as climate. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as sarisari for women and for women and dhotidhoti or or lungilungi for men; in addition, stitched clothes such for men; in addition, stitched clothes such as as churidarchuridar for women and for women and kurtakurta--pyjamapyjama and European-style trousers and European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.and shirts for men, are also popular.

In India, a person's social status is perceived to be symbolized by his or In India, a person's social status is perceived to be symbolized by his or her attire. Indian dress etiquette discourages exposure of skin and her attire. Indian dress etiquette discourages exposure of skin and wearing transparent or tight clothes.wearing transparent or tight clothes.[23][23] Most Indian clothes are made Most Indian clothes are made from from cottoncotton which is ideal for the region's hot weather. which is ideal for the region's hot weather.[24][24] Since India's Since India's weather is mostly hot and rainy, majority of Indians wear weather is mostly hot and rainy, majority of Indians wear sandalssandals..[25][25]

Worn by women on their forehead, the Worn by women on their forehead, the bindibindi is considered to be a highly is considered to be a highly auspicious mark in Hindu religion. Traditionally, the red bindi (or auspicious mark in Hindu religion. Traditionally, the red bindi (or sindoorsindoor) was worn only by the married Hindu women, but now it has ) was worn only by the married Hindu women, but now it has become a part of women's fashion. Some Indian traditions consider the become a part of women's fashion. Some Indian traditions consider the bindibindi to be representative of the to be representative of the third eyethird eye..

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India- CuisineIndia- Cuisine The cuisine in India is classified into three major categories. The cuisine in India is classified into three major categories.

SattvaSattva, , RajasRajas, and , and TamasTamas. Satva which stand for balance, Rajas . Satva which stand for balance, Rajas stands for passion, and Tamas stands for indulgence. Food is stands for passion, and Tamas stands for indulgence. Food is consumed according to the lifestyle of the person. For example: consumed according to the lifestyle of the person. For example: A King has to be aggressive to defend his country, he would be A King has to be aggressive to defend his country, he would be taking food which would give much passion and that taking food which would give much passion and that aggressiveness which is required. When a person tries to lead aggressiveness which is required. When a person tries to lead his life in want of self realisaiton, he would prefer a Satvic food his life in want of self realisaiton, he would prefer a Satvic food or known as or known as Sattvic dietSattvic diet, which would help to keep his mind in , which would help to keep his mind in balance. Tamasic food or known as balance. Tamasic food or known as Static foodsStatic foods is to be taken is to be taken only if its required, like consumption of Alcohol. This is the only if its required, like consumption of Alcohol. This is the reason why in many Indians try to abstain drinking.reason why in many Indians try to abstain drinking.

The multiple varieties of Indian cuisine are characterized by The multiple varieties of Indian cuisine are characterized by their sophisticated and subtle use of many their sophisticated and subtle use of many SpicesSpices and and HerbsHerbs. . Each family of this cuisine is characterized by a wide Each family of this cuisine is characterized by a wide assortment of dishes and cooking techniques. Though a assortment of dishes and cooking techniques. Though a significant portion of Indian food is significant portion of Indian food is vegetarianvegetarian, many traditional , many traditional Indian dishes also include: Indian dishes also include: chickenchicken, , goatgoat, , lamblamb, , fishfish, and other , and other meatsmeats..

India is known for its love for food and India is known for its love for food and spicesspices, and it plays a role , and it plays a role in in everyday lifeeveryday life as well as in festivals. Indian cuisine varies from as well as in festivals. Indian cuisine varies from region to region, reflecting the region to region, reflecting the varied demographicsvaried demographics of the of the country. Generally, Indian cuisine can be split into 5 categories country. Generally, Indian cuisine can be split into 5 categories — — northernnorthern, , southernsouthern, eastern, western and north-eastern., eastern, western and north-eastern.

Despite this diversity, some unifying threads emerge. Varied Despite this diversity, some unifying threads emerge. Varied uses of spices are an integral part of food preparation, and are uses of spices are an integral part of food preparation, and are used to enhance the flavor of a dish and create unique flavors used to enhance the flavor of a dish and create unique flavors and aromas. Cuisine across India has also been influenced by and aromas. Cuisine across India has also been influenced by various cultural groups that entered India throughout history, various cultural groups that entered India throughout history, such as the such as the PersiansPersians, , MughalsMughals, and , and European colonistsEuropean colonists. Though . Though the the tandoortandoor originated in originated in Central AsiaCentral Asia, Indian tandoori dishes, , Indian tandoori dishes, such as such as chicken tikkachicken tikka made with Indian ingredients, enjoy made with Indian ingredients, enjoy widespread popularity. widespread popularity.

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4. Nepal- Location4. Nepal- Location Federal Democratic Republic of Federal Democratic Republic of

NepalNepal, is a landlocked , is a landlocked sovereign statesovereign state located in located in South AsiaSouth Asia. It is located in . It is located in the the HimalayasHimalayas and bordered to the and bordered to the north by the north by the People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of China, , and to the south, east, and west by the and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of IndiaRepublic of India. . KathmanduKathmandu is the is the nation's capital and the country's nation's capital and the country's largest metropolis.largest metropolis.

Nepal has a rich geography. The Nepal has a rich geography. The mountainous north has eight of the mountainous north has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including world's ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, the highest point on Earth, Mount EverestMount Everest, called , called SagarmathaSagarmatha in in Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea level. The fertile and humid south is level. The fertile and humid south is heavily heavily urbanizedurbanized..

By some measures, By some measures, HinduismHinduism is is practised by a larger majority of people practised by a larger majority of people in Nepal than in any other nation.in Nepal than in any other nation.[8][8] BuddhismBuddhism, though a minority faith in , though a minority faith in the country, is linked historically with the country, is linked historically with Nepal. Many Nepali do not distinguish Nepal. Many Nepali do not distinguish between Hinduism and Buddhism and between Hinduism and Buddhism and follow both religious traditions. There follow both religious traditions. There are 3 different buddhist traditions: are 3 different buddhist traditions: Himalayan Buddhism, Buddhism of Himalayan Buddhism, Buddhism of Kathmandu Valley (mostly Kathmandu Valley (mostly MahayanaMahayana and and VajrayanaVajrayana), and also the ), and also the TheravadaTheravada Buddhism. Buddhism.

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Nepal-Places of InterestNepal-Places of Interest KathmanduKathmandu PatanPatan PokhranPokhran BhaktapurBhaktapur KathmanduKathmandu KathmanduKathmandu

Durbar Square Durbar Square TalejuTaleju temple temple JagannathJagannath temple temple KalKal BhairavBhairav Temple: Temple: King King PratapPratap MallaMalla

Statue: Statue: KumariKumari GharGhar KasthamandapKasthamandap Temple Temple SyambhunathSyambhunath Temple Temple LumbiniLumbini JanakpurJanakpur ChitwanChitwan Royal Bardia Royal Bardia

National ParkNational Park Tansen Gorkha Annapurna Region Everest Region Langtang

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Nepal- FestivalsNepal- Festivals

Several of the Several of the festivals of Nepalfestivals of Nepal last from one day to several days. last from one day to several days. DashainDashain is the longest and the is the longest and the most important festival of Nepal. Generally Dashain falls in late September to mid October, right most important festival of Nepal. Generally Dashain falls in late September to mid October, right after the end of the after the end of the monsoon seasonmonsoon season in Nepal. It is "a day of Victory over Demons". Tihar is another in Nepal. It is "a day of Victory over Demons". Tihar is another important festival of Nepal.important festival of Nepal.

Other important festivals include Other important festivals include Buddha JayantiBuddha Jayanti (the celebration of the birth of Buddha); (the celebration of the birth of Buddha); Maha ShivaratriMaha Shivaratri, a festival of , a festival of Lord ShivaLord Shiva, and during Maha Shivaratri festivities, some people , and during Maha Shivaratri festivities, some people consume excessive consume excessive drinksdrinks and smoke and smoke charascharas. . SherpasSherpas, mostly located at higher altitudes and in the , mostly located at higher altitudes and in the EverestEverest region, celebrate Mani Rimdu, for region, celebrate Mani Rimdu, for the good of the worldthe good of the world. Most festivals include dancing and . Most festivals include dancing and music and eating all kinds of local delicacies. A variety of foods is consumed during festivals and on music and eating all kinds of local delicacies. A variety of foods is consumed during festivals and on special occasions. If one has to taste Nepali food, special occasions. If one has to taste Nepali food, Newa cuisineNewa cuisine is a must have; a festive meal, like is a must have; a festive meal, like one served during a one served during a marriagemarriage, is a real treat, and include vegetarian as well as non-vegetarian , is a real treat, and include vegetarian as well as non-vegetarian dishes.dishes.

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Nepal- DressNepal- Dress Men's Clothing:Men's Clothing: Daura-Suruwal, typically Daura-Suruwal, typically

termed as 'Labeda-Suruwal' is the termed as 'Labeda-Suruwal' is the traditional Nepali dress. The dress has traditional Nepali dress. The dress has several religious beliefs identifying its several religious beliefs identifying its designs and has therefore remained the designs and has therefore remained the same from the years. The Daura has eight same from the years. The Daura has eight strings that serves to tie itself up around strings that serves to tie itself up around the body. Eight is the lucky number in the body. Eight is the lucky number in Nepali mythology. Also, the Daura has five Nepali mythology. Also, the Daura has five pleats or Kallis, signifying Pancha Buddha pleats or Kallis, signifying Pancha Buddha or Pancha Ratna. And the closed neck of or Pancha Ratna. And the closed neck of the Daura signifies the snake around the the Daura signifies the snake around the Lord Shiva's neck. Lord Shiva's neck.

Women's Clothing: Women's Clothing: The Nepali dress for The Nepali dress for women is a cotton sari (Guniu), a cloth women is a cotton sari (Guniu), a cloth garment worn with a blouse. garment worn with a blouse. Women in Women in Nepal wear a sari-like garment called a Nepal wear a sari-like garment called a guniu. The guniu can be woven from guniu. The guniu can be woven from cottons or silk fabrics. In Nepal, the sari is cottons or silk fabrics. In Nepal, the sari is commonly draped around the waist and commonly draped around the waist and worn with a separate shawl like garment worn with a separate shawl like garment on the upper body. This style of draping is on the upper body. This style of draping is called Haku patasi.called Haku patasi.

Sherpa DressSherpa Dress:Traditional Sherpa dress :Traditional Sherpa dress consists of a knee-length robe woven of consists of a knee-length robe woven of yak wool. This garment is similar for both yak wool. This garment is similar for both men and women and is worn with yak men and women and is worn with yak wool pants. Boots made of yak hide and wool pants. Boots made of yak hide and stuffed with dried grass for warmth were stuffed with dried grass for warmth were traditional. Today, many Sherpas have traditional. Today, many Sherpas have opted for Western dress, including cowboy opted for Western dress, including cowboy hats and boots.hats and boots.

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Nepal- CuisineNepal- Cuisine A typical Nepalese meal is A typical Nepalese meal is dal-bhat-tarkaridal-bhat-tarkari. . DalDal is a spicy is a spicy

lentil soup, served over lentil soup, served over bhatbhat (boiled rice), served with (boiled rice), served with tarkaritarkari (curried vegetables) together with (curried vegetables) together with acharachar (pickles) (pickles) or or chutnichutni (spicy condiment made from fresh ingredients). (spicy condiment made from fresh ingredients). The The NewarNewar community, however, has its own unique community, however, has its own unique cuisine. It consists of non-vegetarian as well as vegetarian cuisine. It consists of non-vegetarian as well as vegetarian items served with alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. items served with alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Mustard oil is the cooking medium and a host of spices, Mustard oil is the cooking medium and a host of spices, such as cumin, coriander, black peppers, sesame seeds, such as cumin, coriander, black peppers, sesame seeds, turmeric, garlic, ginger, methi (fenugreek), bay leaves, turmeric, garlic, ginger, methi (fenugreek), bay leaves, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, chillies, mustard seeds, etc., cloves, cinnamon, pepper, chillies, mustard seeds, etc., are used in the cooking. The cuisine served on festivals is are used in the cooking. The cuisine served on festivals is generally the best.generally the best.

The food of Nepal is as diverse as the country itself. The The food of Nepal is as diverse as the country itself. The Nepalese recipes are quick to cook and good to eat. Nepalese recipes are quick to cook and good to eat. Nepalese food is famous for its nutrition level and Nepalese food is famous for its nutrition level and tempting taste. Whilst Nepalese cuisine is somewhat tempting taste. Whilst Nepalese cuisine is somewhat basic, it certainly does not lack in flavor, making extensive basic, it certainly does not lack in flavor, making extensive use of spices and flavorings such as ginger, garlic, use of spices and flavorings such as ginger, garlic, coriander, pepper, cumin, chilies, cilantro, mustard oil, coriander, pepper, cumin, chilies, cilantro, mustard oil, ghee and occasionally yak butter. Come let us savour ghee and occasionally yak butter. Come let us savour some of the famous dishes of Nepal. some of the famous dishes of Nepal. 

Famous Nepalese CuisineFamous Nepalese CuisineGundrook- DheedoGundrook- Dheedo is a sugar-free dish made of wheat, is a sugar-free dish made of wheat, maize and dried green vegetable. maize and dried green vegetable. Alu TamaAlu Tama means 'Potato Bamboo Shoots'. It is a unique means 'Potato Bamboo Shoots'. It is a unique and classic Nepali curry flavor dish. and classic Nepali curry flavor dish. Vegetable Pulao (Fried Nepali Rice)Vegetable Pulao (Fried Nepali Rice) is popular ways is popular ways rice is served during the parties and events.rice is served during the parties and events.MasuMasu is spiced or curried meat (usually chicken, mutton, is spiced or curried meat (usually chicken, mutton, buffalo or pork) with gravy. Served with rice, it is a main buffalo or pork) with gravy. Served with rice, it is a main course dish, very popular in Nepal.course dish, very popular in Nepal.Vegetable Thukpa (Egg Noodles)Vegetable Thukpa (Egg Noodles)Tibetan Vegetable Thukpa is one of the main food. During Tibetan Vegetable Thukpa is one of the main food. During Tibetan new year celebration 'Losar'the dish is a part of Tibetan new year celebration 'Losar'the dish is a part of celebration and tradition for the Nepalese. celebration and tradition for the Nepalese. ChatamariChatamari regarded as Newari pizza, Chatamari is a flat regarded as Newari pizza, Chatamari is a flat bread. bread.


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