Renaissance
1300-1600
Italy – Birthplace of the Renaissance
Rebirth of art and learning Began in Italy around
1300 and later spread North
Cities Crusades lead to trade and
the growth of Italian City-States Rest of Europe still rural (people live in
country)
• The Black Death• Fewer workers mean higher
wages (pay)• Fewer opportunities for business
led wealthy merchants to pursue other interests such as art
Medici Rich merchant (business) family Controlled Florence Cosimo de’Medici Lorenzo de’Medici
(Lorenzo the magnificent)
Big supporters of the arts
Classical Heritage Renaissance artists looked down on the art
and literature of the Middle Ages Classical (ancient Greek and Rome) Humanism –focus on humans and their
potential and feelings Merchant Class
Leonardo Da Vinci Example Renaissance Man
Painter Sculptor Inventor Scientist
Raphael Madonna and child School of Athens
Renaissance Writers Vernacular- the language
regular people (English,
Spanish, German, etc.)
not just rich, educated
people
Machiavelli The Prince A book on the best way
to be a ruler Do whatever it takes to
get what you want Most people are selfish
and corrupt
Machiavelli
Gutenberg Press
Johann Gutenberg Invented the Printing Press in 1455 Gutenberg Bible Other books printed in the vernacular More books for cheaper price Spread learning Gutenberg
Press
The Reformation1500-1600 (ish)
Causes of the Reformation
Political and Social Problems Rulers resent Papal control Humanism challenges church Printing press spreads new ideas Northern merchants resent church taxes
Problems in the Church Corruption – Alexander VI had several children Priestly obligations broken (marriage, gambling)
Pope Alexander VI
Early Calls for Reform
John Wycliffe and Jan Hus Pope has no right to worldly power Bible has more authority than church
leaders Savonarola
1497 – comes to Florence and calls for reform
Florence burns worldly goods and then a year later turn on Savronarola and execute him for heresy
John Wycliffe
Friar Savonarola
Martin Luther
Didn’t want to lead a revolution –
just wanted to be a good Christian Indulgences – pardon that is sold 95 Theses – arguments against “pardon-
merchants” Posted on the door of the castle church at
Wittenburg on October 31, 1517 Starts a Reformation
Martin Luther
Pope takes action
Pope excommunicates Luther Charles V (HRE) takes Popes
side Edict of Worms –
Declares Luther an outlaw and a heretic
No one in the empire is allowed to give Luther food or shelter
All his books are to be burned
Pope Leo X
Peasants Revolt -1524
Peasants apply Luther’s ideas to society Demand an end to serfdom Luther writes a pamphlet urging German
princes to show peasants no mercy Many peasants reject Luther’s philosophy as
a result but Luther remains influential
Germany goes to War
German princes disagree over Luther’s ideas Some princes sign an agreement to join
forces against Luther Other princes protest this agreement = term
Protestant Term Protestant now refers to any non-
catholic Christian Peace of Augsberg
Henry VIII
Originally a devout Catholic Wants/Needs a male heir Wife Catherine of Aragon
has a daughter – Mary 1527, Henry wants to
divorce Catherine and remarry
Pope says no to an annulment
Catherine of Aragon
Parliament
1529 – Reformation Parliament ends Papal power in England
1533 – Henry secretly marries Anne Boleyn 1534 – Parliament legalizes Henry’s divorce
from Catherine King becomes head of Church
Henry’s wives
Catherine Divorced
Anne Boleyn Executed
Jane Seymour Dies in childbirth
Anne of Cleves Divorced
Kathryn Howard Executed
Katherine Parr Survives
Calvinism
Everyone is innately sinful Doctrine of Predestination Provides Protestant theology Geneva Theocracy John Knox
Presbyterians Huguenots
St. Bartholomew's Day
Anabaptists
Baptized only those old enough to decide to be Christians
Church and state should be separate Refused to fight in wars Persecuted by Protestants and Catholics Influenced Amish and Baptists who would
later split from the Anglican Church
Catholic Reformation
Ignatius of Loyola Spiritual Exercises Jesuits
Pope Paul III Council of Trent
The church’s interpretation of Bible is final Christians need faith and good works Bible and tradition are equal authorities Indulgences are a valid expression of faith
