PROBLEMS AFTER THE WAR
1.Germ unhappy w/ treaty.
*due to reparations, loss of land & reduction in military
2. League of Nations too weak- US did not join
because we did not ratify harsh treaty.
•LON used economic sanctions to stop problems, not
force
3. Inflation- a rise in prices due to Germ printing more money
4. DAWES PLAN- US plan set up to help Germ pay back reparations & loaned 200 million to rebuild.
•Created US investment.
5. DEPRESSION-period of low eco activity & rising unemployment
Depression caused by: 1. Farm prices fall due to overproduction(some
destroy crops to help prices)
2. US stock market booms in 20s, so investors pull money out of Germ to invest. 3.Market crashes & stock prices drop
4. US investors w/draw money from Germ & Euro & banks weakened.5. Production falls & unemployment rises.
•Economist John Maynard Keynes- said: Unemployment caused by less demand (which can be increased by putting people to work building
public works)
FDR•US-Franklin D Roosevelt wins 1932 election.
• 15 mill out of work, 50% cut in production
•Created NEW DEAL- put people to work by funding public works. (building roads, post offices, airports).
• Creates Social Security Act, TVA, etc.
RISE OF THE DICTATORS
STALIN & THE USSR
• DON’T WRITE!!!
• By 1939, Fr & GB only big nations of Europe still democratic
•New form of dictatorship develops
•TOTALITARIAN STATE- aims to control all aspects of citizen’s lives. (poli, eco, social, culture & intellectual
•Individual will is subordinated
to collective will of masses
• DON’T WRITE!!!!!!!!!!• Famine hits in 1920-1922 &
industry falls 20%. • VI LENIN create NEW
ECONOMIC POLICY (called NEP), a version of capitalism.
• Peasants can sell produce & small businesses could be privately owned, but
heavy industry & banking owned by govt
•Communists create UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST
REPUBLICS 1922 (USSR)
• Sickle-Unity of peasants• Hammer- workers• Red field: blood spilled by
workers in fight for freedom• Star-energy of sun and life
•Lenin died in 1924 & a fight for power begins in Politburo
•LEON TROTSKY, war commissar, wants to spread communist rev & industrialize rapidly
JOSEF STALIN•Josef Stalin- party general secretary wants power.
• In charge of appointing 1000s of officials, who support him.
•Stalin gets control of party.
•Gets rid of old Bolsheviks, & kicks out Trotsky (who is murdered in Mexico).
•Creates 5 YEAR PLANS- sets of eco goals for 5 year periods to go from agricultural nation to industry.
• 1st plan- produce more CAPITAL GOODS (goods used to produce
other goods).
• Bigger labor force in cities
• no housing. •Low wages. •Strict laws• Propaganda stresses sacrifice to build nation
•COLLECTIVIZATION-govt took over private farms & made peasants work for them.
• By 1934, 26 mil farms taken. • famine occurs, 10 mil die, resistors sent to
labor camps & party
control increases.
•Paranoid Stalin begins PURGES-eliminating problem people to keep power.
•Military officers, party members, citizens, union
officials & diplomats were killed, arrested or sent to labor camps
HITLER & GERMANY
Don’t write
• Born Aus 1889, Austria. Dad abusive
• high school failure • Traveled to Vienna &
rejected by art school. • Dev racist & nationalist ideas here.• Saw poli parties use
terror & propaganda
• HITLER’S REPORT CARD• French Unsatisfactory• Geography Satisfactory• German Adequate• Gymnastics Excellent• History Satisfactory• Physics Adequate• Mathematics Unsatisfactory• Art Excellent• Chemistry Adequate• Geometry Adequate
•After WWI, joined extreme nationalist group in Munich called German Workers Party in 1919.
•By 1921, controls & renames party National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) or NAZI.
*55,000 people join *Create party militia of 12,000 called Brown Shirts.
•Organized an uprising against the govt in 1923 known as he BEER HALL PUTSCH, was crushed
& Hitler jailed
•Wrote Mein Kampf in jail about:
•Said “superior nations” have right to LEBENSRAUM- living space thru expansion.
*“Superior individuals” should rule over the masses
• *
•Realizes Nazi party needs to get votes to get power, not violent rev. Party expands & appeals to pride.
•Biggest party in REICHSTAG (parliament) by 1929.
•Don’t WRITE!
•Nazi rise helped by unemployment & eco problems
• Industry leaders, aristocrats, officers look to Hitler for leadership.
•Pres. Hindenburg needs to get support in 1933.
•He makes Hitler Chancellor in 1933, thinking he could control him
•Hitler sets up total Nazi control by Mar. 23, 1933
•Reichstag passes ENABLING ACT- give govt power to ignore constitution for
4 years to pass laws to deal w/ nations problems & gave Hitler legal basis for actions
•Nazis purge Jews from govt & set up CONCENTRATION CAMPS,
abolished trade unions & poli parties
•Hindenburg dies in 1934 & Hitler rules. All officials take oath of loyalty to “Fuhrer”.
•Wants to develop an “Aryan nation” to rule Europe.
•Says Germ had 2 empires & Hitler will create THIRD REICH or 3rd empire
DON’T WRITE!!!!!!!
• Believed they were descendents of Romans & Greeks & Germs meant to create Roman-like empire.
• The SCHUTZSTAFFEN
( SS) were secret police, bodyguards & used arrests execution & concentration camps for terror to create Arayan race
* Heinrich Himmler was head
•Hitler used public works & grants to private construction firms to put people to work & rearmed military
•JOESPEH GOEBBELS, Hitler’s propaganda minister set up:
mass demonstrations, parades, speeches, controlled churches & schools, formed professional groups for occupations & NAZI youth group’s for kids
•Nuremberg Laws were racial laws that: excluded Jews from citizenship; wear yellow star & id card; Jews banned from public buildings, transportation & marriage to Germans; cannot own, manage or work in stores.
•
•KRISTALLNACHT- (night of shattered glass) Nov 9, 1939- Nazi’s, kill 100, destroy 7000 businesses & synagogues
• 30,000 men sent to camps
MUSSOLINI & ITALY
ITALY•1920s: BENITO MUSSOLINI created a new poli party.
• Creates FASCISM which glorifies state above the individual, nationalism, glory of Italy & needs a strong central govt led by dictator
1920- Italy has problems. Middle class fears communist takeover. Muss forms BLACK SHIRTS (armed fascists) who attack strikes & communists
making many happy
• 1922: Fascist threaten to march on Rome if not given power.
• King VICTOR EMMANUAL III makes Muss Prime minister & Muss creates fascist dictatorship by making PM head of govt.
•Steps to control:1.created secret police (OVRA), who arrest anyone.
2. Banned & kills opposition.
3. Muss called Il Duce (the leader)
4. Stresses Italian pride
5. Took over media to spread propaganda, slogans. 6. Created youth groups. Focused on military activities & values to create war lovers
•Muss gave money to Catholic Church & created Vatican City as independent state & made it religion of Italy
• In return, Pope urged Italy to support Muss.
