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A PRESENTATION ONMIGRATION OF INDIAN
LABOUR
PRESENTED BY:DAARINI.S
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SYNOPSIS An Introduction to the Topic
Types of Migration
Causes of Migration
Nature of Migration
Role of Government
The Number Game(statistics)
Pros & Cons of Migration
The Future.
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What is Migration:
Migration in context with
labour refers to the
character of people toshift from one place to
another for better
jobs/living conditions,etc..
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types of migration:
Seasonal Human Migration
Urbanization
Sub-Urbanization
International Migration
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Causes of migration
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Causes of migration
Push factorsPull factors
1.Not Enough Jobs2.Few Opportunities3.Primitive conditions4.Desertification/Famine5.Slavery/Forced Labour6.Poor medical facilites7.Natural disaster/War8.Discrimination9.Poor Housing10.Poor chances of marrying
1.Job Opportunities2. Better Living Conditions3.Enjoyment & Education4.Better medical care5.Security6.Family Links7. Better chances of marrying
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Nature of Migration
As far as India is concerned ,labourersmigrating from rural to urban areas visit theirvillages for attending the harvest season, fortaking rest and recuperating themselves..But off late the people who migrate havestarted showing more commitment and likingto urban life.
However the fact remains that mostIndian workers are Villagers At Heart
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Role of government:
There is an increase in the number of people whomigrate even to foreign countries. Scrupulousagents started deceiving people with falsepromises, fake passports ,high service charges,etc.
To protect people from such exploitation theIndian Government has passed the EmigrationAct,1983 and appointed a Protector-General ofEmigration to protect the interest of peoplemigrating.
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THEORIES OF MIGRATION:
Neo Classical Economic Theory
Dual Labour Market Theory
The New Economics Of Labour Migration
Relative Deprivation Theory
World Systems Theory
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The number game(statistical data)
T
Percentage of employment orientedigrants by streams of migration
Total Male Female
Rural to rural 4.9 25.3 1.3
Rural to urban 10.9 25.9 2.8
Urban to rural 28.3 55.2 4.1
Urban to urban 19.5 38.8 3.6
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Total Male Female
Rural to rural 17.4 51.3 4.1
Rural to urban 20.1 41.4 4.3
Urban to rural 40.8 66.6 5
Urban to urban 27.1 51.8 4.4
Source : Census 2001
Table:2 Inter-state migration
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Migration rate of Indians:
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Pros of migration:
The shortage of supply of
labour at certain places can
be solved
Villages act as a shelter at
times of strikes, workers
illness,unemployment,old
age,etc
Helps agriculture too byreducing pressure of
population on land
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The workers bring to villageswider knowledge and
new ideas of freedom and
independenceHelps in reducing
inequalities in the society
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Disadvantages of migration :
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There is high possibility that
these ignorant people get
exploited.
It affects the psychology and
efficiency of the worker.
Health problems arise due todifference of climate, difference
in diet, congestion ,etc
At times they fall prey to
drugs,gambling,prostitution,etc. Training given by employer goes
waste as many go back to villages.
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These migrant workers
do not join trade unions. The employers stating
this nature of short
tenure of employeesdoes not provide
welfare facilities.
.
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the future. . .
Asia
Myanmar 2,902,000
Malaysia 1,665,000
Sri Lanka 855,025
Nepal 583,599
Singapore 307,000
Africa
South Africa 1,000,000
Mauritius 715,756
Reunion 220,055
Kenya 102,500
Oceania
Fiji 336,829
Places with more than 1,00,000 indians
C ibb
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Caribbean
Trinidad & Tobago 500,600
Guyana 395,350
Suriname 150,456Northern Amercia
USA 1,678,765
Canada 851,000
Europe
UK 1,200,000
Netherlands 217,000
GulfSaudia Arabia 1,500,000
UAE 950,000
Oman 312,000
Kuwait 295,000
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At present ,the workers are in a transitional stage oflosing the support of villages and have not been able tohave a strong footing in industrial areas.Over the last few years ,transport and joint familyhas helped workers migrate in search of work with higherwages.The link with villages is a distinct asset andshould not be undermined ,but encouraged.It has been noted that a large number ofworkers are getting accustomed to urbanconditions.Further more the employers have begun offeringincentives for regularity and productivity,thusreducing the frequency and duration ofhometown visits.
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The rural-urban migration has received attentionrecently, with emphasis being made on Urban-Pull factors.In fact to protect the interests of the migrants (incase ofinter-state) the Government has also passed the Inter-StateMigrant Workmen Act,1979 and a few more acts too.
It may be concluded that in order to havepermanent industrial population, as in theWest, efforts must be continued to providehealthy living and better employmentconditions to workers in industrial towns andstrict measures to check unscrupulous peoplefrom exploiting innocent workers when theymigrate to urban areas
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References:Bell, Martin. 2003. Comparing Internal Migration between Countries: Measures,Data
Sources and Results.Paper Presented in Population Association of America 2003,Minneapolis, May 1-3.Census of India 2001. Soft copy, India D-series, Migration Tables. Registrar GeneralandCensus commissioner, India.Lusome, R., Bhagat, R.B. 2006. Trends and Patterns of Internal Migration in India,
1971-2001.Paper presented at the Annual Conference of Indian Association forthe Study of Population (IASP), Thiruvananthapuram 7-9 June, 2006.Singh, D.P., 1986. Internal Migration in India: 1961-1991 Demography India27(1):245-261.Premi, M. K., 1990. India. In Charles B. Nam, William J. Serow, and David F. Sly
(eds.), International Handbook on Internal Migration. New York: GreenwoodPress.U.N. 1993. Readings in Population Research and Methodology, The United NationsPopulation Fund, New York.
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