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    A PRESENTATION ONMIGRATION OF INDIAN

    LABOUR

    PRESENTED BY:DAARINI.S

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    SYNOPSIS An Introduction to the Topic

    Types of Migration

    Causes of Migration

    Nature of Migration

    Role of Government

    The Number Game(statistics)

    Pros & Cons of Migration

    The Future.

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    What is Migration:

    Migration in context with

    labour refers to the

    character of people toshift from one place to

    another for better

    jobs/living conditions,etc..

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    types of migration:

    Seasonal Human Migration

    Urbanization

    Sub-Urbanization

    International Migration

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    Causes of migration

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    Causes of migration

    Push factorsPull factors

    1.Not Enough Jobs2.Few Opportunities3.Primitive conditions4.Desertification/Famine5.Slavery/Forced Labour6.Poor medical facilites7.Natural disaster/War8.Discrimination9.Poor Housing10.Poor chances of marrying

    1.Job Opportunities2. Better Living Conditions3.Enjoyment & Education4.Better medical care5.Security6.Family Links7. Better chances of marrying

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    Nature of Migration

    As far as India is concerned ,labourersmigrating from rural to urban areas visit theirvillages for attending the harvest season, fortaking rest and recuperating themselves..But off late the people who migrate havestarted showing more commitment and likingto urban life.

    However the fact remains that mostIndian workers are Villagers At Heart

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    Role of government:

    There is an increase in the number of people whomigrate even to foreign countries. Scrupulousagents started deceiving people with falsepromises, fake passports ,high service charges,etc.

    To protect people from such exploitation theIndian Government has passed the EmigrationAct,1983 and appointed a Protector-General ofEmigration to protect the interest of peoplemigrating.

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    THEORIES OF MIGRATION:

    Neo Classical Economic Theory

    Dual Labour Market Theory

    The New Economics Of Labour Migration

    Relative Deprivation Theory

    World Systems Theory

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    The number game(statistical data)

    T

    Percentage of employment orientedigrants by streams of migration

    Total Male Female

    Rural to rural 4.9 25.3 1.3

    Rural to urban 10.9 25.9 2.8

    Urban to rural 28.3 55.2 4.1

    Urban to urban 19.5 38.8 3.6

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    Total Male Female

    Rural to rural 17.4 51.3 4.1

    Rural to urban 20.1 41.4 4.3

    Urban to rural 40.8 66.6 5

    Urban to urban 27.1 51.8 4.4

    Source : Census 2001

    Table:2 Inter-state migration

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    Migration rate of Indians:

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    Pros of migration:

    The shortage of supply of

    labour at certain places can

    be solved

    Villages act as a shelter at

    times of strikes, workers

    illness,unemployment,old

    age,etc

    Helps agriculture too byreducing pressure of

    population on land

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    The workers bring to villageswider knowledge and

    new ideas of freedom and

    independenceHelps in reducing

    inequalities in the society

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    Disadvantages of migration :

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    There is high possibility that

    these ignorant people get

    exploited.

    It affects the psychology and

    efficiency of the worker.

    Health problems arise due todifference of climate, difference

    in diet, congestion ,etc

    At times they fall prey to

    drugs,gambling,prostitution,etc. Training given by employer goes

    waste as many go back to villages.

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    These migrant workers

    do not join trade unions. The employers stating

    this nature of short

    tenure of employeesdoes not provide

    welfare facilities.

    .

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    the future. . .

    Asia

    Myanmar 2,902,000

    Malaysia 1,665,000

    Sri Lanka 855,025

    Nepal 583,599

    Singapore 307,000

    Africa

    South Africa 1,000,000

    Mauritius 715,756

    Reunion 220,055

    Kenya 102,500

    Oceania

    Fiji 336,829

    Places with more than 1,00,000 indians

    C ibb

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    Caribbean

    Trinidad & Tobago 500,600

    Guyana 395,350

    Suriname 150,456Northern Amercia

    USA 1,678,765

    Canada 851,000

    Europe

    UK 1,200,000

    Netherlands 217,000

    GulfSaudia Arabia 1,500,000

    UAE 950,000

    Oman 312,000

    Kuwait 295,000

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    At present ,the workers are in a transitional stage oflosing the support of villages and have not been able tohave a strong footing in industrial areas.Over the last few years ,transport and joint familyhas helped workers migrate in search of work with higherwages.The link with villages is a distinct asset andshould not be undermined ,but encouraged.It has been noted that a large number ofworkers are getting accustomed to urbanconditions.Further more the employers have begun offeringincentives for regularity and productivity,thusreducing the frequency and duration ofhometown visits.

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    The rural-urban migration has received attentionrecently, with emphasis being made on Urban-Pull factors.In fact to protect the interests of the migrants (incase ofinter-state) the Government has also passed the Inter-StateMigrant Workmen Act,1979 and a few more acts too.

    It may be concluded that in order to havepermanent industrial population, as in theWest, efforts must be continued to providehealthy living and better employmentconditions to workers in industrial towns andstrict measures to check unscrupulous peoplefrom exploiting innocent workers when theymigrate to urban areas

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    References:Bell, Martin. 2003. Comparing Internal Migration between Countries: Measures,Data

    Sources and Results.Paper Presented in Population Association of America 2003,Minneapolis, May 1-3.Census of India 2001. Soft copy, India D-series, Migration Tables. Registrar GeneralandCensus commissioner, India.Lusome, R., Bhagat, R.B. 2006. Trends and Patterns of Internal Migration in India,

    1971-2001.Paper presented at the Annual Conference of Indian Association forthe Study of Population (IASP), Thiruvananthapuram 7-9 June, 2006.Singh, D.P., 1986. Internal Migration in India: 1961-1991 Demography India27(1):245-261.Premi, M. K., 1990. India. In Charles B. Nam, William J. Serow, and David F. Sly

    (eds.), International Handbook on Internal Migration. New York: GreenwoodPress.U.N. 1993. Readings in Population Research and Methodology, The United NationsPopulation Fund, New York.

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    Q


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