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Page 1: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

MATH 3210:Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes

April 6, 2020

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 2: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Euclidean Planes

Definition. A Euclidean plane is a Hilbert plane satisfying axioms (P)and (E).

Recall:• Two lines are called parallel if either they are equal or they do not meet.• Playfair’s axiom:

(P) For each point A and each line ` there is at most one line m containing A that isparallel to `.

• (I.31)⇒ for each A and `, such a line m exists (in any Hilbert plane).• Circle–circle intersection property:

(E) Given two circles Γ and ∆, if ∆ has a point inside Γ and also a point outside Γ,then Γ and ∆ meet.

• (E)⇒ (LCI) [= line–circle intersection property] (in any Hilbert plane).

Theorem. For an ordered field (F ;<),ΠF is a Euclidean plane ⇔ the field F is Euclidean.

Euclid’s propositions in Books I and III, which rely on Postulate 5, butdo not use the notion ‘equal content’ hold in any Euclidean plane;in fact, those in Book I hold in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P).

(Some require modifications.)

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 3: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Euclidean Planes

Definition. A Euclidean plane is a Hilbert plane satisfying axioms (P)and (E).

Recall:• Two lines are called parallel if either they are equal or they do not meet.• Playfair’s axiom:

(P) For each point A and each line ` there is at most one line m containing A that isparallel to `.

• (I.31)⇒ for each A and `, such a line m exists (in any Hilbert plane).• Circle–circle intersection property:

(E) Given two circles Γ and ∆, if ∆ has a point inside Γ and also a point outside Γ,then Γ and ∆ meet.

• (E)⇒ (LCI) [= line–circle intersection property] (in any Hilbert plane).

Theorem. For an ordered field (F ;<),ΠF is a Euclidean plane ⇔ the field F is Euclidean.

Euclid’s propositions in Books I and III, which rely on Postulate 5, butdo not use the notion ‘equal content’ hold in any Euclidean plane;in fact, those in Book I hold in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P).

(Some require modifications.)

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 4: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Euclidean Planes

Definition. A Euclidean plane is a Hilbert plane satisfying axioms (P)and (E).

Recall:• Two lines are called parallel if either they are equal or they do not meet.• Playfair’s axiom:

(P) For each point A and each line ` there is at most one line m containing A that isparallel to `.

• (I.31)⇒ for each A and `, such a line m exists (in any Hilbert plane).

• Circle–circle intersection property:(E) Given two circles Γ and ∆, if ∆ has a point inside Γ and also a point outside Γ,

then Γ and ∆ meet.• (E)⇒ (LCI) [= line–circle intersection property] (in any Hilbert plane).

Theorem. For an ordered field (F ;<),ΠF is a Euclidean plane ⇔ the field F is Euclidean.

Euclid’s propositions in Books I and III, which rely on Postulate 5, butdo not use the notion ‘equal content’ hold in any Euclidean plane;in fact, those in Book I hold in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P).

(Some require modifications.)

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 5: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Euclidean Planes

Definition. A Euclidean plane is a Hilbert plane satisfying axioms (P)and (E).

Recall:• Two lines are called parallel if either they are equal or they do not meet.• Playfair’s axiom:

(P) For each point A and each line ` there is at most one line m containing A that isparallel to `.

• (I.31)⇒ for each A and `, such a line m exists (in any Hilbert plane).• Circle–circle intersection property:

(E) Given two circles Γ and ∆, if ∆ has a point inside Γ and also a point outside Γ,then Γ and ∆ meet.

• (E)⇒ (LCI) [= line–circle intersection property] (in any Hilbert plane).

Theorem. For an ordered field (F ;<),ΠF is a Euclidean plane ⇔ the field F is Euclidean.

Euclid’s propositions in Books I and III, which rely on Postulate 5, butdo not use the notion ‘equal content’ hold in any Euclidean plane;in fact, those in Book I hold in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P).

(Some require modifications.)

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 6: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Euclidean Planes

Definition. A Euclidean plane is a Hilbert plane satisfying axioms (P)and (E).

Recall:• Two lines are called parallel if either they are equal or they do not meet.• Playfair’s axiom:

(P) For each point A and each line ` there is at most one line m containing A that isparallel to `.

• (I.31)⇒ for each A and `, such a line m exists (in any Hilbert plane).• Circle–circle intersection property:

(E) Given two circles Γ and ∆, if ∆ has a point inside Γ and also a point outside Γ,then Γ and ∆ meet.

• (E)⇒ (LCI) [= line–circle intersection property] (in any Hilbert plane).

Theorem. For an ordered field (F ;<),ΠF is a Euclidean plane ⇔ the field F is Euclidean.

Euclid’s propositions in Books I and III, which rely on Postulate 5, butdo not use the notion ‘equal content’ hold in any Euclidean plane;in fact, those in Book I hold in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P).

(Some require modifications.)

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 7: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Euclidean Planes

Definition. A Euclidean plane is a Hilbert plane satisfying axioms (P)and (E).

Recall:• Two lines are called parallel if either they are equal or they do not meet.• Playfair’s axiom:

(P) For each point A and each line ` there is at most one line m containing A that isparallel to `.

• (I.31)⇒ for each A and `, such a line m exists (in any Hilbert plane).• Circle–circle intersection property:

(E) Given two circles Γ and ∆, if ∆ has a point inside Γ and also a point outside Γ,then Γ and ∆ meet.

• (E)⇒ (LCI) [= line–circle intersection property] (in any Hilbert plane).

Theorem. For an ordered field (F ;<),ΠF is a Euclidean plane ⇔ the field F is Euclidean.

Euclid’s propositions in Books I and III, which rely on Postulate 5, butdo not use the notion ‘equal content’ hold in any Euclidean plane;in fact, those in Book I hold in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P).

(Some require modifications.)

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 8: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Euclidean Planes

Definition. A Euclidean plane is a Hilbert plane satisfying axioms (P)and (E).

Recall:• Two lines are called parallel if either they are equal or they do not meet.• Playfair’s axiom:

(P) For each point A and each line ` there is at most one line m containing A that isparallel to `.

• (I.31)⇒ for each A and `, such a line m exists (in any Hilbert plane).• Circle–circle intersection property:

(E) Given two circles Γ and ∆, if ∆ has a point inside Γ and also a point outside Γ,then Γ and ∆ meet.

• (E)⇒ (LCI) [= line–circle intersection property] (in any Hilbert plane).

Theorem. For an ordered field (F ;<),ΠF is a Euclidean plane ⇔ the field F is Euclidean.

Euclid’s propositions in Books I and III, which rely on Postulate 5, butdo not use the notion ‘equal content’ hold in any Euclidean plane;in fact, those in Book I hold in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P).

(Some require modifications.)

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 9: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Propositions from Book I

Euclid’s proposition In Hilbert planes with (P):

(I.29) A line crossing two parallel lines makesalternate interior angles congruent.

True. In the proof use of Post. 5has to be replaced by use of (P).

(I.30) Lines parallel to the same line are par-allel.

This is a restatement of (P).

(I.32) Sum of angles of a triangle is 2RA, andan exterior angle is congruent to thesum of the two opposite interior angles.

2RA is not an angle!Delete first part of statement.Second part of statement is true.

(I.33) Line segments joining the endpoints ofcongruent segments on parallel linesare congruent and lie on parallel lines.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(I.34) The opposite sides and angles of aparallelolgram are congruent.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 10: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Propositions from Book I

Euclid’s proposition In Hilbert planes with (P):

(I.29) A line crossing two parallel lines makesalternate interior angles congruent.

True. In the proof use of Post. 5has to be replaced by use of (P).

(I.30) Lines parallel to the same line are par-allel.

This is a restatement of (P).

(I.32) Sum of angles of a triangle is 2RA, andan exterior angle is congruent to thesum of the two opposite interior angles.

2RA is not an angle!Delete first part of statement.Second part of statement is true.

(I.33) Line segments joining the endpoints ofcongruent segments on parallel linesare congruent and lie on parallel lines.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(I.34) The opposite sides and angles of aparallelolgram are congruent.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 11: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Propositions from Book I

Euclid’s proposition In Hilbert planes with (P):

(I.29) A line crossing two parallel lines makesalternate interior angles congruent.

True. In the proof use of Post. 5has to be replaced by use of (P).

(I.30) Lines parallel to the same line are par-allel.

This is a restatement of (P).

(I.32) Sum of angles of a triangle is 2RA, andan exterior angle is congruent to thesum of the two opposite interior angles.

2RA is not an angle!Delete first part of statement.Second part of statement is true.

(I.33) Line segments joining the endpoints ofcongruent segments on parallel linesare congruent and lie on parallel lines.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(I.34) The opposite sides and angles of aparallelolgram are congruent.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 12: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Propositions from Book I

Euclid’s proposition In Hilbert planes with (P):

(I.29) A line crossing two parallel lines makesalternate interior angles congruent.

True. In the proof use of Post. 5has to be replaced by use of (P).

(I.30) Lines parallel to the same line are par-allel.

This is a restatement of (P).

(I.32) Sum of angles of a triangle is 2RA, andan exterior angle is congruent to thesum of the two opposite interior angles.

2RA is not an angle!Delete first part of statement.Second part of statement is true.

(I.33) Line segments joining the endpoints ofcongruent segments on parallel linesare congruent and lie on parallel lines.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(I.34) The opposite sides and angles of aparallelolgram are congruent.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 13: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Propositions from Book I

Euclid’s proposition In Hilbert planes with (P):

(I.29) A line crossing two parallel lines makesalternate interior angles congruent.

True. In the proof use of Post. 5has to be replaced by use of (P).

(I.30) Lines parallel to the same line are par-allel.

This is a restatement of (P).

(I.32) Sum of angles of a triangle is 2RA, andan exterior angle is congruent to thesum of the two opposite interior angles.

2RA is not an angle!Delete first part of statement.Second part of statement is true.

(I.33) Line segments joining the endpoints ofcongruent segments on parallel linesare congruent and lie on parallel lines.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(I.34) The opposite sides and angles of aparallelolgram are congruent.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 14: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Propositions from Book I

Euclid’s proposition In Hilbert planes with (P):

(I.29) A line crossing two parallel lines makesalternate interior angles congruent.

True. In the proof use of Post. 5has to be replaced by use of (P).

(I.30) Lines parallel to the same line are par-allel.

This is a restatement of (P).

(I.32) Sum of angles of a triangle is 2RA, andan exterior angle is congruent to thesum of the two opposite interior angles.

2RA is not an angle!Delete first part of statement.Second part of statement is true.

(I.33) Line segments joining the endpoints ofcongruent segments on parallel linesare congruent and lie on parallel lines.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(I.34) The opposite sides and angles of aparallelolgram are congruent.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 15: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Propositions from Book I

Euclid’s proposition In Hilbert planes with (P):

(I.29) A line crossing two parallel lines makesalternate interior angles congruent.

True. In the proof use of Post. 5has to be replaced by use of (P).

(I.30) Lines parallel to the same line are par-allel.

This is a restatement of (P).

(I.32) Sum of angles of a triangle is 2RA, andan exterior angle is congruent to thesum of the two opposite interior angles.

2RA is not an angle!Delete first part of statement.Second part of statement is true.

(I.33) Line segments joining the endpoints ofcongruent segments on parallel linesare congruent and lie on parallel lines.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(I.34) The opposite sides and angles of aparallelolgram are congruent.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 16: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Propositions from Book I

Euclid’s proposition In Hilbert planes with (P):

(I.29) A line crossing two parallel lines makesalternate interior angles congruent.

True. In the proof use of Post. 5has to be replaced by use of (P).

(I.30) Lines parallel to the same line are par-allel.

This is a restatement of (P).

(I.32) Sum of angles of a triangle is 2RA, andan exterior angle is congruent to thesum of the two opposite interior angles.

2RA is not an angle!Delete first part of statement.Second part of statement is true.

(I.33) Line segments joining the endpoints ofcongruent segments on parallel linesare congruent and lie on parallel lines.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(I.34) The opposite sides and angles of aparallelolgram are congruent.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 17: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Propositions from Book I

Euclid’s proposition In Hilbert planes with (P):

(I.29) A line crossing two parallel lines makesalternate interior angles congruent.

True. In the proof use of Post. 5has to be replaced by use of (P).

(I.30) Lines parallel to the same line are par-allel.

This is a restatement of (P).

(I.32) Sum of angles of a triangle is 2RA, andan exterior angle is congruent to thesum of the two opposite interior angles.

2RA is not an angle!Delete first part of statement.Second part of statement is true.

(I.33) Line segments joining the endpoints ofcongruent segments on parallel linesare congruent and lie on parallel lines.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(I.34) The opposite sides and angles of aparallelolgram are congruent.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 18: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Propositions from Book I

Euclid’s proposition In Hilbert planes with (P):

(I.29) A line crossing two parallel lines makesalternate interior angles congruent.

True. In the proof use of Post. 5has to be replaced by use of (P).

(I.30) Lines parallel to the same line are par-allel.

This is a restatement of (P).

(I.32) Sum of angles of a triangle is 2RA, andan exterior angle is congruent to thesum of the two opposite interior angles.

2RA is not an angle!Delete first part of statement.Second part of statement is true.

(I.33) Line segments joining the endpoints ofcongruent segments on parallel linesare congruent and lie on parallel lines.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(I.34) The opposite sides and angles of aparallelolgram are congruent.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 19: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Propositions from Book I

Euclid’s proposition In Hilbert planes with (P):

(I.29) A line crossing two parallel lines makesalternate interior angles congruent.

True. In the proof use of Post. 5has to be replaced by use of (P).

(I.30) Lines parallel to the same line are par-allel.

This is a restatement of (P).

(I.32) Sum of angles of a triangle is 2RA, andan exterior angle is congruent to thesum of the two opposite interior angles.

2RA is not an angle!Delete first part of statement.Second part of statement is true.

(I.33) Line segments joining the endpoints ofcongruent segments on parallel linesare congruent and lie on parallel lines.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(I.34) The opposite sides and angles of aparallelolgram are congruent.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 20: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Highlights from Book III

Euclid’s proposition In Euclidean planes:

(III.20) The angle at the center is twice the an-gle at a point of the circumference sub-tending a given arc of a circle.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(III.21)

(III.31)

Two angles from points of a circle sub-tending the same arc are congruent.The angles in a semicircle are right an-gles.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.Converses of (III.21), (III.31) dis-cussed earlier are also true.

(III.22) The sum of the opposite angles of acyclic quadrilateral is 2RA.

2RA is not an angle!Should be restated:Every interior angle of a cyclicquadrilateral is congruent to theopposite exterior angle.Converse is also true.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 21: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Highlights from Book III

Euclid’s proposition In Euclidean planes:

(III.20) The angle at the center is twice the an-gle at a point of the circumference sub-tending a given arc of a circle.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(III.21)

(III.31)

Two angles from points of a circle sub-tending the same arc are congruent.The angles in a semicircle are right an-gles.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.Converses of (III.21), (III.31) dis-cussed earlier are also true.

(III.22) The sum of the opposite angles of acyclic quadrilateral is 2RA.

2RA is not an angle!Should be restated:Every interior angle of a cyclicquadrilateral is congruent to theopposite exterior angle.Converse is also true.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 22: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Highlights from Book III

Euclid’s proposition In Euclidean planes:

(III.20) The angle at the center is twice the an-gle at a point of the circumference sub-tending a given arc of a circle.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(III.21)

(III.31)

Two angles from points of a circle sub-tending the same arc are congruent.The angles in a semicircle are right an-gles.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.Converses of (III.21), (III.31) dis-cussed earlier are also true.

(III.22) The sum of the opposite angles of acyclic quadrilateral is 2RA.

2RA is not an angle!Should be restated:Every interior angle of a cyclicquadrilateral is congruent to theopposite exterior angle.Converse is also true.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 23: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Highlights from Book III

Euclid’s proposition In Euclidean planes:

(III.20) The angle at the center is twice the an-gle at a point of the circumference sub-tending a given arc of a circle.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(III.21)

(III.31)

Two angles from points of a circle sub-tending the same arc are congruent.The angles in a semicircle are right an-gles.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.Converses of (III.21), (III.31) dis-cussed earlier are also true.

(III.22) The sum of the opposite angles of acyclic quadrilateral is 2RA.

2RA is not an angle!Should be restated:Every interior angle of a cyclicquadrilateral is congruent to theopposite exterior angle.Converse is also true.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 24: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Highlights from Book III

Euclid’s proposition In Euclidean planes:

(III.20) The angle at the center is twice the an-gle at a point of the circumference sub-tending a given arc of a circle.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(III.21)

(III.31)

Two angles from points of a circle sub-tending the same arc are congruent.The angles in a semicircle are right an-gles.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.Converses of (III.21), (III.31) dis-cussed earlier are also true.

(III.22) The sum of the opposite angles of acyclic quadrilateral is 2RA.

2RA is not an angle!Should be restated:Every interior angle of a cyclicquadrilateral is congruent to theopposite exterior angle.Converse is also true.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 25: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Highlights from Book III

Euclid’s proposition In Euclidean planes:

(III.20) The angle at the center is twice the an-gle at a point of the circumference sub-tending a given arc of a circle.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(III.21)

(III.31)

Two angles from points of a circle sub-tending the same arc are congruent.The angles in a semicircle are right an-gles.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.Converses of (III.21), (III.31) dis-cussed earlier are also true.

(III.22) The sum of the opposite angles of acyclic quadrilateral is 2RA.

2RA is not an angle!Should be restated:Every interior angle of a cyclicquadrilateral is congruent to theopposite exterior angle.Converse is also true.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 26: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Highlights from Book III

Euclid’s proposition In Euclidean planes:

(III.20) The angle at the center is twice the an-gle at a point of the circumference sub-tending a given arc of a circle.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.

(III.21)

(III.31)

Two angles from points of a circle sub-tending the same arc are congruent.The angles in a semicircle are right an-gles.

True. Every step of Euclid’s proofcan be justified.Converses of (III.21), (III.31) dis-cussed earlier are also true.

(III.22) The sum of the opposite angles of acyclic quadrilateral is 2RA.

2RA is not an angle!Should be restated:Every interior angle of a cyclicquadrilateral is congruent to theopposite exterior angle.Converse is also true.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 27: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

What About Equal Content and Similarity?

Equal content:• Euclid does not define this notion of equality, but assumes Common Notions apply.

•We could follow the same line of thought as before: Introduce a new undefinednotion, and take (some of) the common notions applied to ‘equal content’, and theother assumptions Euclid uses, as axioms.

To define similarity for triangles, we need a notion of ratio orproportion for line segments.• Euclid’s approach (Books V and VI):

� Def. Two magnitudes (of the same kind) have a ratio if either one, beingmultiplied, can exceed the other.In modern terminology: Two magnitudes a, b have a ratio if there exist positiveintegers m, n such that ma > b and nb > a.

(Here na denotes a + a + · · ·+ a, with n summands.)

� Def. Four magnitudes a, b; a′, b′ (of the same kind) are in the same ratio (orproportional) if for any positive integers m, n we havema > nb⇔ ma′ > nb′, ma = nb⇔ ma′ = nb′, ma < nb⇔ ma′ < nb′.

• Do we need yet another new notion, and further axioms?

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 28: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

What About Equal Content and Similarity?

Equal content:• Euclid does not define this notion of equality, but assumes Common Notions apply.

•We could follow the same line of thought as before: Introduce a new undefinednotion, and take (some of) the common notions applied to ‘equal content’, and theother assumptions Euclid uses, as axioms.

To define similarity for triangles, we need a notion of ratio orproportion for line segments.• Euclid’s approach (Books V and VI):

� Def. Two magnitudes (of the same kind) have a ratio if either one, beingmultiplied, can exceed the other.In modern terminology: Two magnitudes a, b have a ratio if there exist positiveintegers m, n such that ma > b and nb > a.

(Here na denotes a + a + · · ·+ a, with n summands.)

� Def. Four magnitudes a, b; a′, b′ (of the same kind) are in the same ratio (orproportional) if for any positive integers m, n we havema > nb⇔ ma′ > nb′, ma = nb⇔ ma′ = nb′, ma < nb⇔ ma′ < nb′.

• Do we need yet another new notion, and further axioms?

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 29: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

What About Equal Content and Similarity?

Equal content:• Euclid does not define this notion of equality, but assumes Common Notions apply.

•We could follow the same line of thought as before: Introduce a new undefinednotion, and take (some of) the common notions applied to ‘equal content’, and theother assumptions Euclid uses, as axioms.

To define similarity for triangles, we need a notion of ratio orproportion for line segments.• Euclid’s approach (Books V and VI):

� Def. Two magnitudes (of the same kind) have a ratio if either one, beingmultiplied, can exceed the other.In modern terminology: Two magnitudes a, b have a ratio if there exist positiveintegers m, n such that ma > b and nb > a.

(Here na denotes a + a + · · ·+ a, with n summands.)

� Def. Four magnitudes a, b; a′, b′ (of the same kind) are in the same ratio (orproportional) if for any positive integers m, n we havema > nb⇔ ma′ > nb′, ma = nb⇔ ma′ = nb′, ma < nb⇔ ma′ < nb′.

• Do we need yet another new notion, and further axioms?

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 30: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

What About Equal Content and Similarity?

Equal content:• Euclid does not define this notion of equality, but assumes Common Notions apply.

•We could follow the same line of thought as before: Introduce a new undefinednotion, and take (some of) the common notions applied to ‘equal content’, and theother assumptions Euclid uses, as axioms.

To define similarity for triangles, we need a notion of ratio orproportion for line segments.

• Euclid’s approach (Books V and VI):

� Def. Two magnitudes (of the same kind) have a ratio if either one, beingmultiplied, can exceed the other.In modern terminology: Two magnitudes a, b have a ratio if there exist positiveintegers m, n such that ma > b and nb > a.

(Here na denotes a + a + · · ·+ a, with n summands.)

� Def. Four magnitudes a, b; a′, b′ (of the same kind) are in the same ratio (orproportional) if for any positive integers m, n we havema > nb⇔ ma′ > nb′, ma = nb⇔ ma′ = nb′, ma < nb⇔ ma′ < nb′.

• Do we need yet another new notion, and further axioms?

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 31: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

What About Equal Content and Similarity?

Equal content:• Euclid does not define this notion of equality, but assumes Common Notions apply.

•We could follow the same line of thought as before: Introduce a new undefinednotion, and take (some of) the common notions applied to ‘equal content’, and theother assumptions Euclid uses, as axioms.

To define similarity for triangles, we need a notion of ratio orproportion for line segments.• Euclid’s approach (Books V and VI):

� Def. Two magnitudes (of the same kind) have a ratio if either one, beingmultiplied, can exceed the other.In modern terminology: Two magnitudes a, b have a ratio if there exist positiveintegers m, n such that ma > b and nb > a.

(Here na denotes a + a + · · ·+ a, with n summands.)

� Def. Four magnitudes a, b; a′, b′ (of the same kind) are in the same ratio (orproportional) if for any positive integers m, n we havema > nb⇔ ma′ > nb′, ma = nb⇔ ma′ = nb′, ma < nb⇔ ma′ < nb′.

• Do we need yet another new notion, and further axioms?

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 32: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

What About Equal Content and Similarity?

Equal content:• Euclid does not define this notion of equality, but assumes Common Notions apply.

•We could follow the same line of thought as before: Introduce a new undefinednotion, and take (some of) the common notions applied to ‘equal content’, and theother assumptions Euclid uses, as axioms.

To define similarity for triangles, we need a notion of ratio orproportion for line segments.• Euclid’s approach (Books V and VI):

� Def. Two magnitudes (of the same kind) have a ratio if either one, beingmultiplied, can exceed the other.

In modern terminology: Two magnitudes a, b have a ratio if there exist positiveintegers m, n such that ma > b and nb > a.

(Here na denotes a + a + · · ·+ a, with n summands.)

� Def. Four magnitudes a, b; a′, b′ (of the same kind) are in the same ratio (orproportional) if for any positive integers m, n we havema > nb⇔ ma′ > nb′, ma = nb⇔ ma′ = nb′, ma < nb⇔ ma′ < nb′.

• Do we need yet another new notion, and further axioms?

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 33: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

What About Equal Content and Similarity?

Equal content:• Euclid does not define this notion of equality, but assumes Common Notions apply.

•We could follow the same line of thought as before: Introduce a new undefinednotion, and take (some of) the common notions applied to ‘equal content’, and theother assumptions Euclid uses, as axioms.

To define similarity for triangles, we need a notion of ratio orproportion for line segments.• Euclid’s approach (Books V and VI):

� Def. Two magnitudes (of the same kind) have a ratio if either one, beingmultiplied, can exceed the other.In modern terminology: Two magnitudes a, b have a ratio if there exist positiveintegers m, n such that ma > b and nb > a.

(Here na denotes a + a + · · ·+ a, with n summands.)

� Def. Four magnitudes a, b; a′, b′ (of the same kind) are in the same ratio (orproportional) if for any positive integers m, n we havema > nb⇔ ma′ > nb′, ma = nb⇔ ma′ = nb′, ma < nb⇔ ma′ < nb′.

• Do we need yet another new notion, and further axioms?

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 34: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

What About Equal Content and Similarity?

Equal content:• Euclid does not define this notion of equality, but assumes Common Notions apply.

•We could follow the same line of thought as before: Introduce a new undefinednotion, and take (some of) the common notions applied to ‘equal content’, and theother assumptions Euclid uses, as axioms.

To define similarity for triangles, we need a notion of ratio orproportion for line segments.• Euclid’s approach (Books V and VI):

� Def. Two magnitudes (of the same kind) have a ratio if either one, beingmultiplied, can exceed the other.In modern terminology: Two magnitudes a, b have a ratio if there exist positiveintegers m, n such that ma > b and nb > a.

(Here na denotes a + a + · · ·+ a, with n summands.)

� Def. Four magnitudes a, b; a′, b′ (of the same kind) are in the same ratio (orproportional) if for any positive integers m, n we havema > nb⇔ ma′ > nb′, ma = nb⇔ ma′ = nb′, ma < nb⇔ ma′ < nb′.

• Do we need yet another new notion, and further axioms?

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 35: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

What About Equal Content and Similarity?

Equal content:• Euclid does not define this notion of equality, but assumes Common Notions apply.

•We could follow the same line of thought as before: Introduce a new undefinednotion, and take (some of) the common notions applied to ‘equal content’, and theother assumptions Euclid uses, as axioms.

To define similarity for triangles, we need a notion of ratio orproportion for line segments.• Euclid’s approach (Books V and VI):

� Def. Two magnitudes (of the same kind) have a ratio if either one, beingmultiplied, can exceed the other.In modern terminology: Two magnitudes a, b have a ratio if there exist positiveintegers m, n such that ma > b and nb > a.

(Here na denotes a + a + · · ·+ a, with n summands.)

� Def. Four magnitudes a, b; a′, b′ (of the same kind) are in the same ratio (orproportional) if for any positive integers m, n we havema > nb⇔ ma′ > nb′, ma = nb⇔ ma′ = nb′, ma < nb⇔ ma′ < nb′.

• Do we need yet another new notion, and further axioms?

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 36: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Archimedes’ Axiom (A)

Do any two line segments have a ratio, i.e.,given AB and CD, does there always exist a positive integer n withnAB > CD? (As before, nAB denotes AB + AB + · · ·+ AB, with n summands.)

• In his proofs Euclid assumes that they do. So, in effect, he uses

Archimedes’ Axiom:(A) For any two line segments AB and CD, there exists a positiveinteger n such that nAB > CD.

A Hilbert plane is called Archimedean if it satisfies (A).

Theorem. The following conditions on a Pythagorean ordered field(F ;<) are equivalent:(1) the Cartesian plane ΠF is Archimedean;(2) F has the following property:

(A)’ For any positive a ∈ F there exists a positive integer n such that n · 1 > a(here n · 1 = 1 + 1 + · · ·+ 1 with n summands).

(3) (F ;<) is isomorphic to a subfield of (R;<).

Will see soon: There exist non-Archimedean Cartesian planes ΠF (F Pythagorean).

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 37: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Archimedes’ Axiom (A)

Do any two line segments have a ratio, i.e.,given AB and CD, does there always exist a positive integer n withnAB > CD? (As before, nAB denotes AB + AB + · · ·+ AB, with n summands.)

• In his proofs Euclid assumes that they do. So, in effect, he uses

Archimedes’ Axiom:(A) For any two line segments AB and CD, there exists a positiveinteger n such that nAB > CD.

A Hilbert plane is called Archimedean if it satisfies (A).

Theorem. The following conditions on a Pythagorean ordered field(F ;<) are equivalent:(1) the Cartesian plane ΠF is Archimedean;(2) F has the following property:

(A)’ For any positive a ∈ F there exists a positive integer n such that n · 1 > a(here n · 1 = 1 + 1 + · · ·+ 1 with n summands).

(3) (F ;<) is isomorphic to a subfield of (R;<).

Will see soon: There exist non-Archimedean Cartesian planes ΠF (F Pythagorean).

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 38: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Archimedes’ Axiom (A)

Do any two line segments have a ratio, i.e.,given AB and CD, does there always exist a positive integer n withnAB > CD? (As before, nAB denotes AB + AB + · · ·+ AB, with n summands.)

• In his proofs Euclid assumes that they do. So, in effect, he uses

Archimedes’ Axiom:(A) For any two line segments AB and CD, there exists a positiveinteger n such that nAB > CD.

A Hilbert plane is called Archimedean if it satisfies (A).

Theorem. The following conditions on a Pythagorean ordered field(F ;<) are equivalent:(1) the Cartesian plane ΠF is Archimedean;(2) F has the following property:

(A)’ For any positive a ∈ F there exists a positive integer n such that n · 1 > a(here n · 1 = 1 + 1 + · · ·+ 1 with n summands).

(3) (F ;<) is isomorphic to a subfield of (R;<).

Will see soon: There exist non-Archimedean Cartesian planes ΠF (F Pythagorean).

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 39: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Archimedes’ Axiom (A)

Do any two line segments have a ratio, i.e.,given AB and CD, does there always exist a positive integer n withnAB > CD? (As before, nAB denotes AB + AB + · · ·+ AB, with n summands.)

• In his proofs Euclid assumes that they do. So, in effect, he uses

Archimedes’ Axiom:(A) For any two line segments AB and CD, there exists a positiveinteger n such that nAB > CD.

A Hilbert plane is called Archimedean if it satisfies (A).

Theorem. The following conditions on a Pythagorean ordered field(F ;<) are equivalent:(1) the Cartesian plane ΠF is Archimedean;(2) F has the following property:

(A)’ For any positive a ∈ F there exists a positive integer n such that n · 1 > a(here n · 1 = 1 + 1 + · · ·+ 1 with n summands).

(3) (F ;<) is isomorphic to a subfield of (R;<).

Will see soon: There exist non-Archimedean Cartesian planes ΠF (F Pythagorean).

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 40: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Archimedes’ Axiom (A)

Do any two line segments have a ratio, i.e.,given AB and CD, does there always exist a positive integer n withnAB > CD? (As before, nAB denotes AB + AB + · · ·+ AB, with n summands.)

• In his proofs Euclid assumes that they do. So, in effect, he uses

Archimedes’ Axiom:(A) For any two line segments AB and CD, there exists a positiveinteger n such that nAB > CD.

A Hilbert plane is called Archimedean if it satisfies (A).

Theorem. The following conditions on a Pythagorean ordered field(F ;<) are equivalent:

(1) the Cartesian plane ΠF is Archimedean;(2) F has the following property:

(A)’ For any positive a ∈ F there exists a positive integer n such that n · 1 > a(here n · 1 = 1 + 1 + · · ·+ 1 with n summands).

(3) (F ;<) is isomorphic to a subfield of (R;<).

Will see soon: There exist non-Archimedean Cartesian planes ΠF (F Pythagorean).

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 41: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Archimedes’ Axiom (A)

Do any two line segments have a ratio, i.e.,given AB and CD, does there always exist a positive integer n withnAB > CD? (As before, nAB denotes AB + AB + · · ·+ AB, with n summands.)

• In his proofs Euclid assumes that they do. So, in effect, he uses

Archimedes’ Axiom:(A) For any two line segments AB and CD, there exists a positiveinteger n such that nAB > CD.

A Hilbert plane is called Archimedean if it satisfies (A).

Theorem. The following conditions on a Pythagorean ordered field(F ;<) are equivalent:(1) the Cartesian plane ΠF is Archimedean;

(2) F has the following property:(A)’ For any positive a ∈ F there exists a positive integer n such that n · 1 > a

(here n · 1 = 1 + 1 + · · ·+ 1 with n summands).

(3) (F ;<) is isomorphic to a subfield of (R;<).

Will see soon: There exist non-Archimedean Cartesian planes ΠF (F Pythagorean).

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 42: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Archimedes’ Axiom (A)

Do any two line segments have a ratio, i.e.,given AB and CD, does there always exist a positive integer n withnAB > CD? (As before, nAB denotes AB + AB + · · ·+ AB, with n summands.)

• In his proofs Euclid assumes that they do. So, in effect, he uses

Archimedes’ Axiom:(A) For any two line segments AB and CD, there exists a positiveinteger n such that nAB > CD.

A Hilbert plane is called Archimedean if it satisfies (A).

Theorem. The following conditions on a Pythagorean ordered field(F ;<) are equivalent:(1) the Cartesian plane ΠF is Archimedean;(2) F has the following property:

(A)’ For any positive a ∈ F there exists a positive integer n such that n · 1 > a(here n · 1 = 1 + 1 + · · ·+ 1 with n summands).

(3) (F ;<) is isomorphic to a subfield of (R;<).

Will see soon: There exist non-Archimedean Cartesian planes ΠF (F Pythagorean).

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 43: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Archimedes’ Axiom (A)

Do any two line segments have a ratio, i.e.,given AB and CD, does there always exist a positive integer n withnAB > CD? (As before, nAB denotes AB + AB + · · ·+ AB, with n summands.)

• In his proofs Euclid assumes that they do. So, in effect, he uses

Archimedes’ Axiom:(A) For any two line segments AB and CD, there exists a positiveinteger n such that nAB > CD.

A Hilbert plane is called Archimedean if it satisfies (A).

Theorem. The following conditions on a Pythagorean ordered field(F ;<) are equivalent:(1) the Cartesian plane ΠF is Archimedean;(2) F has the following property:

(A)’ For any positive a ∈ F there exists a positive integer n such that n · 1 > a(here n · 1 = 1 + 1 + · · ·+ 1 with n summands).

(3) (F ;<) is isomorphic to a subfield of (R;<).

Will see soon: There exist non-Archimedean Cartesian planes ΠF (F Pythagorean).

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 44: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Archimedes’ Axiom (A)

Do any two line segments have a ratio, i.e.,given AB and CD, does there always exist a positive integer n withnAB > CD? (As before, nAB denotes AB + AB + · · ·+ AB, with n summands.)

• In his proofs Euclid assumes that they do. So, in effect, he uses

Archimedes’ Axiom:(A) For any two line segments AB and CD, there exists a positiveinteger n such that nAB > CD.

A Hilbert plane is called Archimedean if it satisfies (A).

Theorem. The following conditions on a Pythagorean ordered field(F ;<) are equivalent:(1) the Cartesian plane ΠF is Archimedean;(2) F has the following property:

(A)’ For any positive a ∈ F there exists a positive integer n such that n · 1 > a(here n · 1 = 1 + 1 + · · ·+ 1 with n summands).

(3) (F ;<) is isomorphic to a subfield of (R;<).

Will see soon: There exist non-Archimedean Cartesian planes ΠF (F Pythagorean).

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 45: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

Archimedes’ Axiom (A)

Do any two line segments have a ratio, i.e.,given AB and CD, does there always exist a positive integer n withnAB > CD? (As before, nAB denotes AB + AB + · · ·+ AB, with n summands.)

• In his proofs Euclid assumes that they do. So, in effect, he uses

Archimedes’ Axiom:(A) For any two line segments AB and CD, there exists a positiveinteger n such that nAB > CD.

A Hilbert plane is called Archimedean if it satisfies (A).

Theorem. The following conditions on a Pythagorean ordered field(F ;<) are equivalent:(1) the Cartesian plane ΠF is Archimedean;(2) F has the following property:

(A)’ For any positive a ∈ F there exists a positive integer n such that n · 1 > a(here n · 1 = 1 + 1 + · · ·+ 1 with n summands).

(3) (F ;<) is isomorphic to a subfield of (R;<).

Will see soon: There exist non-Archimedean Cartesian planes ΠF (F Pythagorean).

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 46: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.

All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 47: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 48: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 49: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:

• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 50: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.

• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 51: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.

• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 52: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 53: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and

� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 54: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 55: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),

(ii) H is such that−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 56: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 57: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 58: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 59: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry

Page 60: MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometryszendrei/Geom_S20/lec-04-06.pdf · Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Propositions

The Coordinatization Theorem

Hilbert showed that in any Hilbert plane satisfying (P), notions of• ‘equal content’, ‘ratio for line segments’, and ‘similarity for triangles’

can be introduced without assuming any more axioms.All three rely on the following theorem:

Coordinatization Theorem.Every Hilbert plane satisfying (P) is isomorphic to a Cartesian planeΠF over some Pythagorean ordered field F .

F is inherent in the given Hilbert plane, and is obtained as follows:• Let P be the set of congruence equivalence classes [AB] of line segments AB.• Addition of line segments yields an operation + on P.• Define multiplication on P as follows:

[AB] · [CD]

I

[CD] H

[AB]

G

1

O E

� first, fix a line segment OE to represent 1, and� define [AB] · [CD] to be [HI] obtained as follows:

(i) ∠OEG is a RA, and EG ∼= AB ((I.11),(C1)),(ii) H is such that

−→OE =

−→OH, OH ∼= CD (C1), and

(iii) I is the meeting point of−→OG and the line through H perpendicular to OH.

((P) implies that they meet!)

• There is a unique ordered field F (up to isomorphism) with P = {a ∈ F | a > 0}.

Hilbert Planes with (P) and Euclidean Planes MATH 3210: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry


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