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Page 1: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Life at the turn of the 20th Century

ImmigrationUrban LifePoliticsDiscrimination

Page 2: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Immigration Statistics Between 1800-1880: about 10 million

immigrants came to U.S. – these are the “old immigrants” Mainly western Europe

Between 1880-1910:about 18 million immigrants arrive in U.S-these are the “new immigrants” Mainly from southern and eastern

Europe and some from Asia

Page 3: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Immigrants 1880-1910: Where did they come from? Ellis Island

(NY): opened 1892

Came from southern and eastern Europe… Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia

Angel Island (California):

opened 1910 for Asian immigrants

Page 4: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Why did immigrants come to America?

Better life Jews fled Russia and eastern Europe to

escape Religious persecution Southern and eastern Europe had poverty

and little economic opportunity Found better life but also met hardships

(tenements, low-paying, unskilled jobs)

Page 5: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Reactions to Immigration Nativists: immigrants are a threat

Blamed immigrants for increased crime, poverty, and high unemployment

West Coast- prejudice directed towards Asians

Americanization – some wanted immigrants to blend and helped them

Page 6: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

State and Federal Laws State

California restricted Chinese against holding jobs and where they could live

San Francisco made Japanese students attend different schools

Federal Chinese Exclusion

Act 1882: banned immigration for 10 years and stopped Chinese immigrants from becoming citizens

Congress passed a literacy test in opposition to Wilson

Page 7: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Where did they live? Most immigrants moved to the cities

for job opportunities Created neighborhoods that were

similar in religion, language and cultural beliefs

Helped each other through the difficult times

Page 8: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Urban Life Space became crowded so they built

upwards (skyscrapers) Invention of Elevators made it

possible to get to upper floors Concern for green space in cities

Solution: Designed city parks (Central Park, etc.)

Page 9: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Lifestyles of the classesThe wealthy The middle

classThe working class

-made money in industry and business-showed off wealth in homes (5th Ave)

-corporate employees and professionals

-most city residents-Lived in tenements-most women worked

Page 10: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Attempt to overcome poverty Settlement house – volunteers

helped teach English and job skills to immigrants

Hull House (Chicago) founded by Jane Adams and Ellen Gates Starr

Henry Street Settlement (New York) 1910 – over 400 settlement houses

in U.S.

Page 11: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Political Scandals City Scandals

Machine bosses won support by giving jobs – expected votes

Tammany Hall (NYC) – Boss Tweed – convicted of fraud and sent to prison

Federal Scandals U.S.Grant – Credit

Mobilier scandal – funneled money from Union Pacific to Credit Mobilier stockholders

Pendelton Civil Service Act – required promotion be made on merit not political connections

Page 12: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Farmers’ Reform Movements

Crop prices falling Order of Patrons of Husbandry

(National Grange) Persuade state legislatures to regulate

railroad rates Supreme Court ruled that federal

government should regulate this Interstate Commerce Act 1887 –

reasonable railroad rates (1st time Fed. Gov. regulated industry)

Page 13: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Silver vs. Gold Pro Silver

Farmers wanted more paper money to circulate - thought more money would help their debt

Pro Gold 1873 Congress

put the U.S. dollar on the gold standard – reduced the amount of money in circulation

Page 14: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Why is gold vs. silver a problem? Gold and silver do not have the

same $ value. Paper money purchased with silver

is technically worth less than paper money purchased with gold

Page 15: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Politics for Silver Populist Party – called for bank

regulation, government ownership of RR, and free (unlimited coinage of silver)

Election of 1896 – William Jennings Bryan (D) wanted free coinage of silver – lost election

Page 16: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Politics for Gold Sherman Silver Purchase Act(1892)

required government to purchase silver with paper money redeemable in either gold or silver – possibly caused stock market crash and loss of jobs

Election of 1896 – William McKinley ® supported gold standard – backed by business leaders – won election

Page 17: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Discrimination Wanted to keep African Americans

from voting – poll tax, literacy test Jim Crow Laws – legislature passed

to create and enforce segregation in public places

1st law passed in Tennessee – separate rail cars

Page 18: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Homer Plessy (African American)

tested law in Louisiana and sat in a whites-only train

Arrested and case went to U.S. Supreme Court

Ruled “separate but equal” facilities did not violate the 14th amendment

Page 19: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Approaches to fight racism Booker T

Washington: born into slavery said to accept segregation for the moment

Acquire farming and vocational skills

Tuskegee Institute

W.E.B. Du Bois: should strive for full rights immediately

Founded the Niagara Movement

Niagara Movement founded NAACP

Page 20: Life at the turn of the 20th Century Immigration Urban Life Politics Discrimination.

Others face discrimination

Hispanic Americans

Asian Americans

Native Americans

-Mexican Immigrants – debt peonage:is a method of debt repayment in which an individual makes his payments to a creditor by physical labor.

-Limited where they can live-outlawed marriages with whites

Americanization Policy-lived on reservations-Indian Citizenship Act of 1924


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