YOU ARE DOWNLOADING DOCUMENT

Please tick the box to continue:

Transcript
Page 1: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

Introduction, History and Computer Basics

Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology

Page 2: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

Computer Science: A foundation

• Programming

• Game Development

• Software Engineering

2

A computer science foundation

Software Development

Networking and IT

Digital Media

General Education

• Web design and development

• Animation

• Modeling

• Networking

• Security

• System Administration

• Information Technology

• History

• Perspective

• Social issues

• Economic issues

• Ethic issues

• Consumer issues

Page 3: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

3

Role of Algorithms

• Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is performed

• Program: A representation of an algorithm

• Programming: The process of developing a program

• Software: Programs and algorithms

• Hardware: Equipment used to input information (data) and output the results of the programs, algorithms.

Algorithm

Program

Programming

Software

Hardware

Page 4: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

4

Origins of Computing Machines:Early computing devices

– Abacus: positions of beads represent numbers

Abacus 300 BC by Babylonians

around 1200 A.D. in China and Japan

Page 5: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

Early computing devices

5

Pascal’s mechanical calculator - 1645

Gear-based machines (1600s-1800s)Positions of gears represent numbersInventors: Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage

Page 6: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

6

Early Data Storage

• Punched cards– First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns for weaving

cloth– Storage of programs in Babbage’s Analytical Engine– Popular through the 1970’s

Page 7: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

7

Early programming

• Augusta Ada King (Byron), Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852)

• She is known as the "first programmer".

• The computer language Ada, created by the U.S. Defense Department, was named after Ada Lovelace.

Page 8: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

8

Babbage’s Difference Engine (1822)

• Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. (1822)

• The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts, weighed fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and stood 8 ft (2.4 m) high. Although he received ample funding for the project, it was never completed. (Wikipedia)

Part of the Difference Engine (below)

Page 9: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

9

Early Computers

• Here is a brief overview of some of the early computers and trends in computing.

Vacuum tube

Transistor Microchip

Page 10: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

10

First Generation – Vacuum Tubes

• 1930’s – Vacuum tubes were used as electronic circuits or electronic switches.

Page 11: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

11

1946 - ENIAC

• First large-scale electronic digital computer was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)

• 30 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 8 feet high• 3 additions every second, (incredibly slow by today’s standards). • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAnhFNJgNYY

Page 12: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

12

Second Generation – Transistors

• 1947 - Walter Brittain and Willaim Shockley invented the transistor at Bell Laboratories

• Replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic switch

Page 13: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

13

Third Generation – Integrated Circuits

• 1959, Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce (who later became the cofounder of Intel Corp.) developed the first integrated circuit (silicon chip or microchip).

• An integrated circuit (IC) is a system of interrelated circuits packaged together on a single sliver of silicon.

• It is a way of placing multiple (millions) transistor devices into as single, smaller device, the “microchip.”

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWVywhzuHnQ&feature=related

Page 14: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

14

Fourth Generation - Microprocessor

• A microprocessor is a Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a single chip.

• 1971, Intel Corp. introduced the first microprocessor chip.

– Intel 4004

• 108 kHz and contained (equivalent of) 2300 transistors

Page 15: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

IBM Personal Computer

• On August 12, 1981, IBM released their new computer, named the IBM PC

• 2004 – IBM sells PC business to Lenovo

15

Page 16: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

Apple Computers

• 1975 – Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak starts Apple Computer

• 1984 – Apple Macintosh with Graphical User Interface (GUI)

16

Page 17: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

Laptops

• 1981 - Adam Osborne, produced the Osborne 1

• 1988 - Compaq laptop with color screen

• 2008 – Macbook Air – thinnest laptop

• 2011 – Dell XPS 15Z – thinnest Windows laptop

17

Page 18: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

18

Trends from 1990 to today…• Microsoft continues to update

Windows with latest version Windows called “Windows 8”

• LINUX operating system, an open source version of UNIX, is taking on MS Windows and gaining in popularity

• IBM has stopped making small computers; sold their business to Lenovo

• HP, the largest maker of PC is planning to sell their PC division

• Apple continues to be a major player in personal computers, especially for the “creative market”, iPods, iPads, iPhones, etc.

• Google has become a major player in the Internet solutions

Page 19: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

19

Trends from 1990 to today…

• Faster

• Smaller

• More reliable

• Less expensive

• Easier to use

Page 20: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

Fifth Generation

• Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are continuing to be in development.

• Parallel Processing is coming and showing the possibility that the power of many CPU's can be used side by side, and computers will be more powerful than those under central processing.

• The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

20

Page 21: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

21

Computer Basics

Page 22: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

2222

What is a computer?

• A computer is a digital device which can be programmed to change (process) information from one form to another. – Do exactly as they are told.– Digital devices: Understand only two different states

(OFF and ON - 0 and 1)

Page 23: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

2323

Traditional Types of Computers

• General purpose computers

–Super computer

–Mainframe

–Personal Computer

Page 24: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

Traditional types of computers:

• Super computers– fast processing power– used by NASA and similar organizations– Example: CRAY supercomputers

24

Page 25: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

2525

Traditional Types of Computers:

• First computers, introduced in 1950s • Used by large businesses • Typically supported thousands of users• Very expensive• Used for very large processing tasks• IBM’s new Mainframe

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LN4J4mClckA

• Mainframe Computers

Page 26: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

2626

Traditional Types of Computers:Personal Computers

• Small, self-contained computers with their own CPUs

• Uses a microprocessor, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) on a single chip.

Page 27: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

2727

Personal Computers

• Desktop computers• Laptop computers• Tablets• Wearables

Page 28: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

2828

Hardware versus Software

• Hardware = The physical components that make up a computer system.

Page 29: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

2929

Hardware versus Software

• Software = The programs (instructions) that tell the computer what to do.– System Software– Application Software– Stored on a storage

media such as hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy disk, tape, etc.

Page 30: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

3030

Hardware Components

SYSTEM UNITINPUT OUTPUT

PERMANENTSTORAGE

Know these!

PROCESS

Page 31: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

3131

Input and Output Devices

SYSTEM UNITINPUT OUTPUT

PERMANENTSTORAGE

Page 32: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

3232

The Processor

Let’s open the box!

Page 33: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

3333

The Processor

circuit board = a board with integrated circuits (microchips)

• system board or motherboard

• interface boards or expansion boards

system board or motherboard = a single circuit board with the components which make up the computer’s processor for a microcomputer, including the:

• CPU (Central Processing Unit)• Memory

– RAM– ROM or ROM BIOS

• expansion slots

Page 34: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

3434

Page 35: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

35Rick Graziani [email protected] 35

The Processor: The CPU

CPU (Central Processing Unit) = A complex collection of electronic circuits on one or more integrated circuits (chips) which:

1. executes the instructions in a software program

2. communicates with other parts of the computer system, especially RAM and input devices

The CPU is the computer!

Page 36: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

3636

RAM

RAM is TEMPORARY memory

RAM is volatile

• stores ON and OFF bits (software and data) electrically

• when power goes off, everything in RAM is lost

Page 37: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

3737

ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory) = integrated circuits (microchips) that are used to permanently store start-up (boot) instructions and other critical information

Read Only = information which:• Cannot be changed• Cannot be removed• Fixed by manufacturer

Page 38: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

3838

ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM is sometimes known as ROM BIOS (Basic Input Output System software)

ROM contains:• start-up (boot) instructions• instructions to do “low level” processing of input and output devices,

such as the communications with the keyboard and the monitor

Page 39: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

3939

Computer Performance:

• CPU speed (and type)

• Amount of RAM (and speed)

• Hard disk capacity

Page 40: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

4040

Software

• System Software

• Application Software

Page 41: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

4141

Application Software

• Performs specific tasks:– Word processing– Calculations– Information storage and

retrieval– Accounting– Games

• Cannot function without the OS (Operating System)

• Written for a specific operating system and computer hardware.

Page 42: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

4242

Operating System Software

• Loads automatically when you switch on a computer

• Main roles:– Controls hardware and

software – Permits you to manage

files – Acts as intermediary

between user and applications

Page 43: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

4343

GUI – Graphical User Interface

Windows 3.1

Windows 95/98/XP

Page 44: Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology.

4444

CLI – Command Line Interface

• No GUI

• MS DOS / Command Prompt

• Linux / Unix


Related Documents