ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/34

Human Resources Development

for Eco-Partnership Building in Local Governance

Final Report

2001

Executed by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

Financed by the Special Unit for TCDC, UNDP

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ASIA-AFRICA COOPERATION ON ECO-PARTNERSHIP...............................................................1

I. BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................1

II. CONTEXT ......................................................................................................................................1

A. BANGKOK (THAILAND), 19-20 JULY 1999 ..................................................................................3

I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ...................................................................................................3

1.1 Statement by the Permanent Secretary..........................................................................................3

1.2 Statement by UNDESA ................................................................................................................3

1.3 Statement by UNDP......................................................................................................................4

II. STUDY TOURS..............................................................................................................................5

2.1 Transport Management .................................................................................................................5

2.2 Wastewater Treatment Plant .........................................................................................................5

2.3 Visits to Educational Facilities .....................................................................................................6

B. TOKYO (JAPAN), 22-23 JULY 1999.................................................................................................6

I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ...................................................................................................6

1.1 The Tokyo Metropolitan Government ..........................................................................................6

1.2 NTT Power and Building Facilities Inc. .......................................................................................7

1.3 Presentation of the agenda by UNDESA ......................................................................................9

1.4 Presentation by the Governor of Tokyo........................................................................................9

II. STUDY TOURS............................................................................................................................10

III. DISCUSSION ON THE JOINT STATEMENT........................................................................10

C. KUALA LUMPUR (MALAYSIA), 23-26 NOVEMBER 1999 .......................................................10

I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................10

II. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS .................................................................................................11

III. ACTION PLANS..........................................................................................................................12

IV. BEST PRACTICES BY KUALA LUMPUR .............................................................................13

4.1 Presentation on Waste Management ...........................................................................................13

4.2 Exhibition of Public Campaign Materials...................................................................................14

4.3 Squatter Redevelopment and Re-housing Project.......................................................................14

V. FRAMEWORK DOCUMENT ...................................................................................................14

VI. CITY TO CITY PARTNERSHIP...............................................................................................14

VII. TOUR OF BUKIT JALIL - PUTRAJAYA................................................................................16

VIII. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................16

D. TOKYO (JAPAN), 3-6 JUNE 2000 ..................................................................................................17

I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................17

II. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS .................................................................................................18

III. PRESENTATIONS BY EACH CITY ........................................................................................18

IV. PRESENTATIONS BY THE RESEARCHERS OF UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY, TOKYO .........................................................................................................................................21

V. STUDY TOUR: ECOPOLIS CENTRE OF ITABASHI CITY ...............................................21

VI. DISCUSSIONS ON THE PROJECT DOCUMENT ................................................................22

6.1 Activities .....................................................................................................................................22

6.2 Local Action Plans and Other Related Programmes/Projects.....................................................24

6.3 Review Meetings, Monitoring and Evaluation ...........................................................................24

6.4 Expected Donor Participation and Contributions by the Collaborating Cities ...........................25

6.5 Implementation Schedule and Management Arrangements .......................................................25

6.6 Key Assumptions ........................................................................................................................27

VII. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................28

APPENDICES ...........................................................................................................................................29

APPENDIX 1: SUMMARY OF INDIVIDUAL CITY ACTION PLANS AND STATUS REPORT .......................................................................................................................................31

APPENDIX 2: CITY TO CITY COOPERATION ARRANGEMENTS.............................................62

APPENDIX 3: PROPOSED ACTIVITIES OF THE AFRICA-ASIA ECO-PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME ............................................................................................................................66

APPENDIX 4: ACTIVITIES TO BE UNDERTAKEN BY PARTICIPATING CITIES...................69

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ASIA-AFRICA COOPERATION ON ECO-PARTNERSHIP

I. BACKGROUND

The United Nations, in collaboration with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG), organized a World Conference in May 1998 on International Cooperation of Cities and Citizens for Cultivating an Eco-Society, later known as “Eco-Partnership Tokyo”. The main purpose of this Conference was to clarify the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders involved in cultivating an eco-society and to propose supporting systems that promote sustainable development of cities.

At the conclusion of the Eco-Partnership Tokyo Conference, a declaration was issued by the participants that delineated the commitment of the participating cities to cultivate an eco-society in partnership with citizens, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private and public enterprises and governmental institutions. In order to improve the urban environment for the present and future generations, the declaration emphasized the need to address the already serious challenges faced by cities related to waste management, air quality, water pollution, transportation and energy use.

The declaration also called for the United Nations, in cooperation with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, to formulate new proposals for human resources development programmes, including workshops and training programmes, aimed at building an eco-society, as well as information exchange programmes on innovative practices which would complement and strengthen existing ones.

Similarly, the second Tokyo International Conference on African Development (“TICAD II”), held in Tokyo in October 1998, affirmed that environment management is essential for sustainable development, as high population growth continues to place a heavy burden on Africa’s natural resources base. The Conference recommended that policies, plans and decision-making processes for African development should reflect these pressing environmental issues.

As a follow-up to these two events, i.e., Eco-Partnership Tokyo and TICAD II, the United Nations organized an international cooperation programme to assist African and Asian metropolitan cities in developing eco-societies in their respective cities. As a first step, selected Asian and African cities were targeted to benefit from these initiatives with a possibility of extending this type of programme to other parts of the world in the near future.

II. CONTEXT

Because the earth’s resources are limited and our environment is becoming deteriorated, human beings must strive for an eco-oriented society: i.e., human management must be adapted as much as possible to natural cycles. As it is increasingly becoming evident that solutions to the serious environmental problems require an international effort, the importance of promoting

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international cooperation in this area cannot be overemphasized. Since the Asia-Africa forum in Bandung in 1994 and Bangkok in 1997, South-South cooperation has demonstrated great potential through the sharing of Asian experiences by African countries and vice versa. In particular, triangular cooperation involving developed countries and international organizations can facilitate the expansion of South-South cooperation.

Recognizing that cities play a key role in building an eco-society, it is necessary to improve urban governance through cooperation among all stakeholders, including municipal policy-makers, government officials, the private sector and NGOs. At the turn of the 21st century, more than half of the earth’s population live in cities, and it is estimated that by the year 2020 the proportion will reach 60 percent. More importantly, most mega cities with populations exceeding ten million are found in developing countries.

In the process of urbanization, forests, water and other natural resources are being used for urban expansion, depleting the natural resource base and increasing urban waste. Accordingly, cities that have become wealthy through urbanization place a burden on the environment by depleting natural resources and emitting various pollutants as a result of their intense industrial development and consumption activities. The adverse consequences of today’s trend toward urbanization have resulted the depletion of the earth’s resources at an alarming rate.

The mass consumption of energy resources and increase in waste disposal not only cause serious urban problems, but also greatly influence the life and production processes in rural areas. Such destruction of the natural environment and traditional rural culture has been widely observed. As a result, serious environmental problems, which have important social and economic dimensions, are emerging worldwide, particularly in agricultural (rural) areas.

In practical terms, worsening environmental problems across the globe are caused, amongst other factors, by urban development projects, transportation practices and production systems that consume vast amounts of resources and energy, and the lifestyles and consumption patterns of urban residents. Thus, the need to resolve urban environmental problems has become a critical issue not only for cities, but also for nations, because cities contribute to—in fact, accelerate—the degradation of the wider environment. At stake is the comfort and safety of citizens and, in some circumstances, peace and security.

This was precisely the reason why the United Nations initiated this study programme. While the United Nations is aware that it cannot resolve all the environmental problems, nor can it create an eco-society overnight, it was found necessary to provide assistance to a few selected metropolitan cities in Asia and Africa in order to combat the degradation of the environment. Consequently, a project was designed to provide such assistance.

The activities that took place in Bangkok and Tokyo between 19 and 23 July were a direct output of this initiative. The first programme was held on 19 and 20 July in Bangkok at the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, followed by the second programme held in Tokyo from 22-23 July at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Mayors and Governors of selected cities from Africa and Asia, as well as representatives of businesses, academia and the media, attended the two programmes.

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Pursuant to the Joint Statement issued by the participating cities in Bangkok and Tokyo, a follow-up programme was held in Kuala Lumpur from 23-26 November to review the status report of each city and concretize their action plans.

A. Bangkok (Thailand), 19-20 July 1999

I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

The programme in Bangkok was attended by Mayors from Addis Ababa, Accra, Dar es Salaam, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Phnom Penh and Marikina, as well as the host city, Bangkok, and officials of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. In addition to the Mayors of the cities mentioned above, a number of officials from the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, academicians from the Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, and representatives of the United Nations Secretariat and the United Nations Development Programme attended this programme. His Excellency the Permanent Secretary, Mr. Prasert Samalapa, opened the programme on behalf of the Governor of Bangkok.

1.1 Statement by the Permanent Secretary

In his opening statement, the Permanent Secretary mentioned the environmental challenges facing metropolitan cities all over the world, irrespective of their level of economic and social development. Nevertheless, he said, due to the absence of trained human resources and the lack of financial resources to address the problems in a coherent manner, the metropolitan cities in the developing countries find it extremely difficult to carry out the most basic environmental initiatives such as waste management.

1.2 Statement by UN/DESA

The Chief of the Governance and Public Administration Branch of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Ms. Itoko Suzuki, gave a brief outline of the activities planned for the week in Bangkok and in Tokyo. During her intervention, Ms. Suzuki noted that the United Nations has been in the forefront in addressing the environmental challenges facing nations all over the world. The Rio Conference in 1992, which was attended by several Heads of State and hundreds of high-level specialists and government officials dealing with environmental issues, is evidence of this effort. Since then, through its specialized agencies and other bodies, the United Nations had been implementing a number of initiatives geared towards alleviating some of the basic problems associated with environmental issues.

This initiative, Ms. Suzuki said, is a direct response to the declaration of the May 1998 World Conference on International Cities and Citizens for Cultivating an Eco-Society (Eco-Partnership Tokyo), as well as the TICAD II Conference that was held in October 1998. Among other issues, the declaration calls for the promotion of an eco-society and particularly the development of human resources for eco-partnership-building in local governance. It is hoped that this initiative will go a long way towards alleviating the burden of emerging metropolitan

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cities by drawing from the experiences of those who went through similar hardship in combating the degradation of our environment. This initiative particularly addresses the issues of waste management, water resources management and urban transportation management.

It is evident that Governors and Mayors of big metropolitan cities in Africa and Asia face enormous challenges. On the one hand, there is a continuous demand for accelerated economic development, while on the other hand, there is a great concern over the impact of such development on our environment. There is definitely a desire to make development environment-friendly even though sometimes this might seem impossible. In addition, the cost of such ecologically safe economic development could be somewhat high to many countries, especially to developing countries in Africa and Asia. It was hoped that this exchange of experiences would enable each city to pursue the desired economic development without sacrificing the well-being of the future generation.

While Asian and African metropolitan cities face similar urban environmental problems, some are more equipped than others are. Environmental problems cannot be solved single-handedly by government agencies alone. It requires the building of partnership among community groups and the private sector, as well as relevant governmental organizations. Building partnerships among all the stakeholders within each city, as well as with other cities, will enhance the global environmental initiative. It was therefore hoped that this pilot project would be the beginning of many collaborative efforts in building an eco-society in cities all over the world.

1.3 Statement by UNDP

The representative of the United Nations Development Programme, Mr. Ken Fujimura, noted that while globalization has brought some cities closer together, cities in the South—in Asia and Africa—have remained far apart. The Special Unit for Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC) was established by the General Assembly of the United Nations to promote and strengthen the cooperation and sharing of experiences between developing countries, which is commonly referred to as South-South cooperation.

In his statement, Mr. Fujimura emphasized the special link between the Tokyo Agenda for Action adopted by TICAD II in October 1998 and this initiative. The centrepiece of TICAD II was achieving development in Africa through the sharing of experiences with Asian partner countries. As an example, he referred to a few successful projects in Africa that have resulted in tangible improvement. For instance, the New African Rice varieties, developed by the joint research of West Africa Rice Association (WARDA) and participating institutions, including the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), enabled some countries to increase their yield by 50% without fertilizer. Another example is the Africa/Asia Business Forum, which brought together a number of African and Asian businesses to negotiate joint ventures, licensing, franchising, subcontracting and local representation agreements. The training programme on Local and Regional Development Planning and Management organised by the United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRED) in Nairobi is another successful initiative jointly undertaken by Asian and African countries.

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Environmental degradation, he said, actually took place first in developed countries, particularly in big cities. For instance, Tokyo had its share of problems in the 1960s and 1970s, which resulted in the pollution of the air and rivers and affected the health and well-being of many of its citizens. If there is a lesson to be learned from this, it is the fact that such environmental degradation is reversible if a concerted effort is made by all concerned, i.e., the people, government agencies and the private sector, as well as non-governmental and voluntary community organizations. However, since prevention is much cheaper than treatment, this project advocates the former rather than the latter.

Following the opening remarks, the invited Mayors and their representatives expressed their appreciation to the United Nations, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government and the Mayor of Bangkok for enabling them to address this very important problem, which is common to all of them. During their intervention, the Mayors mentioned briefly the priority environmental concern of their respective cities.

II. STUDY TOURS

2.1 Transport Management

Following the introductory statements, the main programme commenced with a visit to the Bangkok Metropolitan City Traffic Management Centre. In this Centre, participants were briefed on how the city of Bangkok manages its traffic from the Centre. The city uses a computerized map that covers major streets and traffic lights in the central Bangkok. Using this computerized map, the officers can spot intersections with congestion and can instruct their traffic officers on the street to divert the traffic. This nerve centre for traffic management has been using the current map for quite some time now and plans to improve it very soon using a more sophisticated computer imaging programme.

2.2 Wastewater Treatment Plant

The next stop was Siphraya Wastewater Treatment Plant, which is one of the six plants serving the city of Bangkok. The plant, which was designed by Chulalongorn University and fully financed by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, has been in operation since 1996 and serves about 120,000 people with a capacity of 30,000 cum per day.

At the moment, the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration treats about 40% of the total wastewater in Bangkok in its six water treatment plants. In total, about 992,000 cum/day is being treated in these treatment plants. There is a plan to expand the wastewater treatment projects to the maximum of 100% in the near future. The long-term objective is to restore the water resources to its previous state, so that living things will be able to survive in the water and people of Bangkok can utilize the water resources in various ways as they used to do in the past. The participants felt that the technology used in these wastewater treatment plants is simple enough to be replicated in the participating cities if they wish to do so.

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2.3 Visit to Educational Facilities

2.3.1 Prachaniwet School

Being one of the exemplary schools in the city, Prachaniwet School was chosen for the study programme. What makes this school special is the number of environmental programmes carried out by the students in such a small elementary school. Besides its various extra-curricular activities, the school has a mini-farm where children are thought water resources management, plantation and livestock. In addition, under the Green Environment Programme, children learn how to recycle paper and other recyclable products. Besides the recycling programmes they are exposed to other environmentally friendly projects.

2.3.2 Chulalongkorn University

During a visit to the Science Faculty of Chulalongkorn University, Prof. Sakda Siripant, Dean, Faculty of Science, briefed participants on the various eco-friendly environmental projects undertaken by the university. A detailed demonstration was given on the “Management of Hazardous Materials and Wastes in the University”, which is one of the major environmental related projects carried out by the university.

At the Department of Botany, participants were briefed on a project entitled “Efficiency of Mangrove for Treatment of Shrimp-Farm Effluent”, which is being implemented jointly by the Department of Environmental Science and the Department of Botany. The project is expected to help shrimp farmers, while at the same time restoring the waterfront. The project was launched to find a solution to one of the major concerns of Bangkok, which is the destruction of the mangrove trees by shrimp farmers, which has eroded the beauty and life of the waterfront.

While the use of the mangrove tree to treat shrimp-farm effluent was appreciated, some participants wondered whether the same mangrove tree could be used to treat other household effluent. Even though such an experiment has not yet been tried, the possibility of carrying out research to address this issue in the future is not far fetched.

B. Tokyo – 22-23 July 1999

I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

1.1 The Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Mr. Ryuichi Tanabe, Director General of External Affairs at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, opened the Study Programme. After welcoming the participants, Mr. Tanabe presented the Tokyo Metropolitan Action Plan for Global Environment Conservation, which is a local agenda prepared by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government to create an eco-society. TMG plans to achieve the targets set in this programme by the year 2010.

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The essence of this action plan is to create a society that puts less burden on the environment and is capable of sustainable development. According to the action plan, an eco-society is defined as a society that is efficient and that curtails waste; that reuses and recycles; that is willing to accept alternatives which have less impact on the environment; and that is conscious of coexistence with nature.

In order to achieve such a society, citizens are expected to modify their lifestyle and change their business activities so that the burden on the environment is lessened. The task of the administration, i.e. TMG, is to set examples for the citizens and businesses with regard to such environmentally conscious behavior, support the activities of the citizens and businesses and establish cooperation and communication among them.

A number of actions that have been suggested to the citizens in order to promote and eco-society were enumerated. These include labeling products with an “Eco-Mark” or “Green Mark” in order to provide consumers with information on the environmental features of goods that they are going to buy. “Green Mark” is an environmental labeling system used by the Paper Recycling Promotion Centre. Citizens have also been encouraged to reduce waste by buying only what is really needed, turning down excessive packaging and buying items with a “Green Mark”.

To conserve energy, citizens have been advised to equip their houses with solar heating systems or photovoltaic power generation systems, set air-conditioning at higher temperatures and heating at lower temperatures, switch off lights in rooms that are not used, utilize natural lighting, unplug TV sets, VCRs, etc. when they are not being used. In order to conserve water resources, citizens have been encouraged to install a water-saving tap seal which is distributed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government free of charge, to store rainwater and use it to water plants or wash cars and to use other various water saving methods. Citizens have also been encouraged to contribute to the reduction of pollution by using cars efficiently and by using public transportation as much as possible instead of private cars.

Separating refuse according to type and recycling as much as possible and disposing of refuse appropriately will facilitate waste management immensely. It is also essential to create a network of cooperation in eco-activity in order to enhance awareness of the environment and to familiarize oneself with nature.

Actions suggested to the businesses also addressed similar concerns of the environment. In particular, businesses have been encouraged to buy recycled articles that have environmental labeling like the “Eco-Mark” and “Green Mark” in order to promote their use, install electrical appliances which are energy-saving, introduce low-emission vehicles systematically, choose the energy which puts less burden on the environment, etc.

1.2 NTT Power and Building Facilities Inc.

Mr. Tsutomu Takei, Senior Vice President and Executive Manager of the Business Promotion Headquarters of NTT Power and Building Facilities Inc. in Tokyo presented the environmentally friendly activities followed by the NTT Group.

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Mr. Takei stated that according to the NTT Group, “sustainable development” as defined by the “Rio Declaration on Environment and Development” has two aspects: solving the global environmental problems and improving the quality of life. Among the various global environmental problems, the NTT Group has focused on global warming and the destruction of the ozone layer. In order to address these problems, it had established “NTT’s Global Environment Chapter” and carries out a number of activities.

During this meeting, NTT introduced the activities taken in multimedia services, global warming protection measures and waste management procedures. Its multimedia technologies are applicable to businesses, environment, welfare, medical treatment, education, disaster prevention and other fields. As part of its global warming protection measures, NTT plans to reduce carbon dioxide emission through the introduction of environmentally friendly energy uses.

As part of this plan, NTT has already introduced photovoltaic power generation systems in various prefectures throughout Japan, which generates upto 1.8 MWh, thereby reducing carbon dioxide emission by 1,200 ton. It has also installed a water purification system energized by photovoltaic power generation, which is a joint experiment with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.

NTT and NTT Power and Building Facilities Inc. established the Green Building Design Guidelines in November 1997 with the aim of promoting the concept of environmental preservation. The guidelines include (1) durability, (2) reduction of CFCs, Halon; (3) abolition of hazardous materials; (4) resource conservation and energy saving; (5) waste reduction; (6) recycling; and (7) consideration of the surroundings.

By the year 2010, NTT plans to reduce the total amount of waste to 35% of the level of 1990. The NTT target in waste management is to maintain the 1990 level for the year 2001 and beyond. As part of its global waste management initiative, NTT plans to extend the services of its East Training Institute, which is located in Chofu City, in Tokyo, not only to the NTT Group, but also to the rest of the world.

Following the presentation by NTT, participants raised a number of questions and discussed issues of common interest. One of the issues raised concerned the amount of resources needed to replace existing systems in developing countries with more environmentally efficient systems. Another important issue raised was the impact of less production and less consumption on the economy. Even though these proposals sound good for the environment, representatives of the developing countries did not feel that they would be acceptable in the developing world at a time when they are being urged to accelerate their economic development. Although recycling has been acknowledged by many as one of the mechanisms used to reduce waste, there was a concern over its long-term effect on the environment. In this regard, a question was raised whether there has been any research regarding the impact of recycling on the environment. Some argued that it has been known for some time now that recycling also pollutes the environment and has its own problems. For instance, plastic contains harmful chemicals which may create pollution during recycling. Some even went as far as to suggest storing the waste material instead of recycling it until an appropriate technology has been developed.

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In responding to the question on the financial cost of the Tokyo Action Plan, the TMG representative stated that since only two officials are working on Eco-up at the moment, the financial burden on TMG is rather minimal compared to the benefits. The main purpose of this plan is to raise the awareness of the people.

1.3 Presentation of the agenda by UNDESA

On behalf of UNDESA, Ms. Itoko Suzuki, Chief of the Governance and Public Administration Branch, presented the agenda of the two-day programme, emphasizing the importance of coming up with a strategy and plan of action to improve the environment in the participating cities. She hoped that at the end of the two-day study programme, the participants would be in a position to identify a priority area(s) that they consider crucial to their city and make a commitment to prepare a plan of action to address this priority.

1.4 Presentation by the Governor of Tokyo

Mr. Shintaro Ishihara, the Governor of Tokyo reaffirmed his belief that the environment has deteriorated at an alarmingly accelerated speed on a global scale. Although the situation may differ from city to city and from country to country, relatively speaking, the overall picture of the environment is not a bright one.

Even though Japan has adopted the Muskie Law (the “Clean Air Act”) which was proposed by Senator Muskie, although the U.S. did not adopt it after all, the degree of air pollution in Tokyo has reached the point that the Muskie Law alone is not sufficient to ensure clean air. One of the major problems in Tokyo today is dioxin. It has become evident that when dioxin is incinerated at temperature below 1000 degrees, it produces a deadly toxin similar to defoliant dioxin. Since small municipalities cannot keep the incinerator burning 24 hours a day, which is necessary to reach 1000 degrees, this deadly poison is produced to the detriment of the citizenry.

Tokyo’s experience demonstrated clearly that industrial development should be carried out with adequate consideration for the environment. Because some regulations that are appropriate to Japan might not be effective for a mega-metropolis like Tokyo, much stricter regulations are needed in Tokyo when it comes to the environment. For instance, currently in Japan vehicles with diesel engines get tax benefits and other favorable treatment. However, since the nitro oxide emitted from those vehicles is heavily polluting the air, there is a need to restrict vehicles with diesel engines in Tokyo even if that contradicts the national regulations. Moreover, as both victims and assailants, the citizens of Tokyo need to adopt a new awareness towards the environment. Without such high-level awareness, it will be impossible to enforce restrictions or remedial measures.

In addition to pollution produced within the city itself, heavily populated mega-cities in each nation are more often the very cause of pollution that adversely affects the neighboring regions. Recent diseases associated with air pollution, such as allergic reactions, are serious problems for which no treatment has yet been found.

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In concluding his remarks, the Governor stated that he is determined to make every effort to make the 21st century a safe millennium. He firmly believes that major cities, such as Tokyo, should take initiatives that will eventually be useful to the entire nation.

II. STUDY TOURS

During a visit to the Haneda water pump factory, participants had an opportunity to visit the production site and ask questions on the quality and price of the various pumps. Officials of the factory briefed participants on the various types of pumps produced, their capacity, the time it takes to produce each type of pump and the price range of these pumps. This was followed by a tour of a wastewater treatment plant and an incineration plant. A number of by-products of the waste material were shown to the participants, including bricks, flower vases, bags, floor mats, etc.

While participants were impressed with what they saw at both sites, they felt that these state of the art plants would be too expensive for developing countries like theirs. Again, participants wanted to know how Japan addressed its environmental problems prior to these state of the art technologies were developed. They sought answers to such questions in order to find alternative methods of waste management, which would not put a burden on the meagre resources they have at their disposal.

III. DISCUSSION ON THE JOINT STATEMENT

At the conclusion of the two-day meeting, the participating Mayors/Governors issued a joint statement which spelled out their commitment to follow through the agreements reached at this meeting. The participating cities agreed to identify one or more priority areas in their cities, prepare a plan of action and report on the status of activities carried out by each city between July and November when they meet again in Kuala Lumpur in November 1999. They also agreed to establish a task force on environment in their cities where all the stakeholders are represented and carry out a public campaign on clean streets, clean air and/or clean water in order to raise the awareness of the citizens on environmental issues.

C. Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 23-26 November 1999

I. INTRODUCTION

Following the study programmes in Bangkok and Tokyo, a Workshop on Human Resource Development in Eco-partnership was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 23 to 26 November 1999. Mayors and Governors of selected large metropolitan cities from Africa and Asia, as well as their environmental directors, academicians and representatives of major private sector firms and non-governmental organizations attended the workshop. The participating cities included Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Dar es Salaam, Jakarta, Johannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, Lagos,

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Marikina, Nairobi, Phnom Penh and Tokyo. With the exception of Johannesburg and Lagos, these cities also participated in the study programmes held in July in Bangkok and Tokyo.

The main objective of the workshop was to explore ways and means of building an eco-society that will minimize the burden on the environment and enable sustainable human development in the participating cities. The participants reviewed the activities carried out by each city since last July to strengthen the participation of the private sector and community organizations in combating environmental degradation and to sensitize the public on the importance of a “clean city” through campaigns for “clean water”, “clean streets” and “clean air”. Participants also discussed major constraints encountered by each city in the sensitization campaign, in building partnership among the stakeholders, as well as in establishing environmental policies.

During the workshop, the participants discussed in detail the individual action plans prepared by each city and explored ways and means of implementing them. This included identifying the necessary resources to implement the plan of action of each city, mobilizing support for partnership-building among the participating cities and facilitating the creation of twinning arrangements by bringing together interested cities and assisting them in establishing such a partnership. The main objective of such a partnership is to institute a mechanism for future collaboration among cities which would facilitate the transfer of knowledge and experience through feasibility studies, study tours, individual and group training programmes, sensitization campaigns and information networking.

II. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

In his opening remarks, the Mayor of Kuala Lumpur, Tan Sri Kamaruzzaman Bin Shariff, stressed that cities and towns all over the world share common problems and challenges with regard to the urban environment, despite the differences in culture, political systems and economic experiences. He also mentioned that the environment throughout the world is undergoing tremendous degradation due to rapid urbanization and that to solve this problem, a holistic approach is needed.

The Deputy Resident Representative of UNDP, Ms. Joyce Yu, said that the widening disparities in economic performance are creating an even more polarized world, as the assets of the world’s 358 billionaires exceed the combined annual incomes of countries with 45% of the world’s population—i.e., nearly 3 billion people living in appalling conditions. The poorest 20% of the world’s population has seen their share of the global income decline from 2.3% to 1.4% in the past 30 years, while the share of the richest 20% has risen from 70% to 85%, thus doubling the gap between the richest and the poorest. Globally, one person in ten suffers from hunger, and one person in five lacks access to safe drinking water. While the world’s wealth has multiplied seven times in 50 years, the number of people doomed to live in poverty continues to increase in an unjust proportion. As a result, every three seconds a child—whom we fail to protect—dies. However, she said, if we make it our priority, given the resources currently available, absolute poverty can be overcome in our lifetime.

The growth of cities is inevitable and irreversible. Standing at 2.4 billion in 1990, the world’s urban population will rise to 3.2 billion in the year 2000 and 5.5 billion in 2025. The

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developing countries’ share in these totals, which was 63% in 1990, will rise to 71% in 2000 and 80% in 2025. More than simple a demographic phenomenon, rapid urbanization is one of the most significant issues affecting developing countries and shaping their future. Nowadays, about half of the poor live in urban areas and this figure is increasing drastically—90% in Latin America, 45% in Asia and 40% in Africa.

Mr. Motoyoshi Noro, Special Adviser on Japan Affairs at the UNDP Bureau of Resources and External Affairs, emphasized the importance of promoting the concept of an eco-society and partnership. Although the recent trend of rapid urbanization enriches human life by allowing a diverse population to interact and by promoting discovery and creativity, it simultaneously endangers the livelihood of the urban population. Environmental pollution, lagging infrastructure development and inadequate public services cast a daunting prospect for the future of half of the world population, estimated to be urban inhabitants at the turn of the century.

In his opening remarks, Mr. Ryuichi Tanabe, Director-General for External Affairs at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, praised the progress of the programme carried out under this initiative and especially the triangular cooperation. He said that metropolitan cities around the world are facing similar environmental challenges although the stages may vary from city to city. In the final analysis, the mission remains the same. Therefore, it is important to share the good experiences already accumulated in each city to tackle actively the environmental problems facing each city.

In her introductory remarks, Ms. Itoko Suzuki, Chief of the Governance and Public Administration Branch of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, expressed her appreciation to the Mayor of Kuala Lumpur for hosting this workshop. She then gave a brief description of the programme of the meeting and expressed her eagerness to learn from the participants what they have accomplished so far and what they intend to do in the future in order to achieve their objectives in their chosen priority areas. Since this workshop is intended to concretize what had been discussed during the first two study programmes in Bangkok and Tokyo, the main objective of this meeting was to work closely with each city in finalizing their individual action plans and to create city to city partnerships.

III. ACTION PLANS

The Mayors and Governors presented the activities carried out by their respective cities, the constraints they faced and lessons learned from their experience. From the presentations it was clear that each city had carried out one or more activities as agreed upon in the joint statement issued on 23 July at the conclusion of the study programme in Tokyo.

Following the Mayors/Governors’ statements, the officials responsible for environmental affairs in each city presented the action plans of their respective cities. For ease of reference, a concise summary of each city’s action plan is annexed to this report.

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IV. BEST PRACTICES BY KUALA LUMPUR

4.1 Presentation on Waste Management

Officials of the Kuala Lumpur City Hall and representatives of private enterprise involved in waste management made a presentation on the disposal of household waste, industrial and other toxic waste materials.

4.1.1 Sewerage Services

Following the enactment of the Sewerage Services Act of 1993, the Government of Malaysia granted Indah Water Konsortium a 28-year concession to provide sewerage services in Local Authority operational areas. In order to regulate and ensure that Indah Water carries out its obligations properly, a new regulatory body, the Department of Sewerage Services (DSS), was set up under the Ministry of Housing and Local Government. The Department also monitors the standard of effluent discharged from sewage treatment plants operated and maintained by Indah Water to ensure that they meet the prescribed environmental standards.

4.1.2 Solid Waste and Cleansing Management

A private company, Alam Flora Sdn Bhd, was formed to undertake the privatization of solid waste management in the Central and Eastern Region of Peninsular Malaysia covering the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and the States of Selangor, Pahang, Trengganu and Kelantan. The company provides integrated solid waste management and cleansing services which cover provision of storage, collection, transportation, disposal, area cleansing (road sweeping, grass cutting and drain cleaning) and recovery of recycled materials.

4.1.3 Hazardous and Toxic Waste Management

A privately owned company, Kualiti Alam Sdn Bhd, carries out disposal of scheduled waste, which is generally known as hazardous and toxic waste. The integrated schedule waste management centre is located in the middle of a palm oil plantation and covers an area of 56 hectares. It has three treatment plants—an incineration plant, a physical/chemical treatment plant and a solidification plant—and a disposal facility in a form of a secured landfill, all in one place. The Waste Management Centre treats all 107 categories of scheduled wastes as listed in the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation of 1989, except radioactive, pathological and explosive waste.

4.1.4 Clinical Waste Management

Radicare, a privately owned company, is responsible for the disposal of clinical waste, providing a wide range of services from storage, collection, transportation and incineration to the final disposal of clinical waste conforming to the Environmental Quality Act of 1987 and the Environmental Quality Regulation of 1989. Radicare collects syringes, needles, scalpel blades, swabs and dressings, surgical drapes and clothing, pathological and experimental wastes, blood and other bodily fluids, and cytotoxic, expired and surplus drugs.

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4.2 Exhibition of Public Campaign Materials

The City Hall of Kuala Lumpur exhibited the public campaign materials produced during its recently held campaign. The materials included posters used by the campaign, innovative recycling and waste management projects by students, educational materials for the public at large, etc.

4.3 Squatter Redevelopment and Re-housing Project

A detailed presentation followed by a site visit to a recently completed squatter redevelopment and re-housing project was given by the developers. TTDI Development Sdn Bhd, a private developer that carried out the project, shared its experiences, which was highly appreciated by the participants. This represents a very successful example of partnership between the private sector and a municipality. The developers’ presentation included pre- and post-development situation, the cost, negotiation with the squatters to get their permission to build on the squatter site, relocation of the inhabitants and provision of temporary housing until the project was completed and, finally, the criteria used in selecting the occupants of the newly built apartments.

V. FRAMEWORK DOCUMENT

In order to familiarize the participating cities with the format of UN technical assistance project documents, a draft framework document prepared by DESA was presented to them. In addition to a hard copy, participants were provided with a diskette so that they will be able to use the format in the future as necessary. Since external assistance provided to developing countries has always been directed to the central government, local governments have had very limited experience, if any, with the formulation of technical assistance projects. It is therefore hoped that this format will be valuable to the municipalities when they start approaching bilateral as well as multilateral donors for assistance in financing their development projects.

VI. CITY TO CITY PARTNERSHIP

As one of the major objectives of this workshop was to establish partnerships among the participating cities, a one to one consultation among interested cities was organized where the cities discussed future collaboration and cooperation in furthering eco-partnership and creating an eco-society in their respective cities. Following this consultation, a total of 22 city to city partnerships were established. It was hoped that some of the city to city partnerships would result in sister city arrangements. A summary of the city to city partnership plan is found in Appendix 2. The following table shows the cities involved in the agreements.

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Bangkok (Thailand)

Jakarta (Indonesia)

Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)

Marikina (Philippines)

Phnom Penh (Cambodia)

Tokyo (Japan)

Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)

Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)

Johannesburg (South Africa)

Lagos (Nigeria)

Nairobi (Kenya)

Bangkok (Thailand)

Jakarta (Indonesia)

Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)

Marikina (Philippines)

Phnom Penh (Cambodia)

Tokyo (Japan)

Africa-Asia Co-operation Asia-Asia Co-operation

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VII. TOUR OF BUKIT JALIL - PUTRAJAYA

Participants were given a tour of the newly built administrative city, which is still under construction. This state of the art city will serve as the administrative capital city of Malaysia. When the construction of the city is finished it will be the first city where all government offices, schools and private residences will be connected to the Internet. In addition, most of the roads in the city will be limited to pedestrian use. Government employees as well as other visitors coming to the city will use public transport. The number of vehicles admitted to the city will be limited in order to avoid traffic congestion and pollution. Although the construction work started only in 1996, the city is already bustling with life. The Office of the Prime Minister and his residence have been completed, and he has moved with his staff. At the current rate, it appeared that the city will be completed ahead of time.

VIII. CONCLUSION

In her concluding remarks, Ms. Itoko Suzuki, Chief of the Governance and Public Administration Branch of UN/DESA, expressed her gratitude to the Mayor of Kuala Lumpur and the staff of the City Hall of Kuala Lumpur for organizing this workshop. All the activities that were planned under the technical assistance project on eco-partnership had been accomplished satisfactorily. Specifically, she was pleased that 22 city to city partnerships had been established, which she hoped would facilitate future collaboration and cooperation in promoting an eco-society in the participating cities.

Ms. Suzuki urged the participants to organize a public campaign before the forthcoming “Poster Session” in Tokyo. In order to share each other’s experience and fully participate in this session, participants may need to bring the posters used during the public campaign(s) in their respective cities. She said that cities in need of financial assistance for the preparation and printing of posters would be provided with up to $2,000 from the project budget.

Following the conclusion of this project in March 2000, the second phase of the project will be submitted to UNDP and bilateral donors for approval. If approved, the project will provide the needed funds for feasibility studies in eco-partnership and training of municipality officials. Finally, Ms. Suzuki expressed the hope that Kuala Lumpur would take the leadership in the second phase of the project.

Responding to that invitation, the Mayor of Kuala Lumpur pledged his continuous support and agreement to take the lead in carrying out the agreements reached at this meeting.

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D. Tokyo (Japan), 3-6 June 2000

I. INTRODUCTION

The Green Poster Campaign Session and the Africa-Asia Eco-Partnership Programme Workshop were held in Tokyo from 3 to 6 June 2000. The purpose of this meeting was twofold. First, the Mayors/Governors and their representatives from the selected African and Asian cities met to review the status of the implementation of the individual actions plans agreed upon under the “Human Resources Development for Eco-Partnership Building in Local Governance” project and to inaugurate the Green Poster Campaign Session.

Secondly, they met to discuss the proposed activities and content of the second phase of the “Africa-Asia Eco-Partnership Programme” as presented in the proposed draft project document. The second phase is expected to concretize the partnerships formed during the first phase under the “Human Resources Development for Eco-Partnership Building in Local Governance” project through the provision of various training programmes and technical assistance to further facilitate the realization of an environmentally sustainable “clean city”. Implementation of the second phase of the project will commence towards the end of the year 2000 for a duration of three consecutive years.

The Green Poster Campaign Session and the “Africa-Asia Eco-Partnership Programme Workshop” were attended by Mayors/Governors and other representatives of Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Jakarta, Johannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, Marikina, Nairobi, Phnom Penh and Tokyo.

The Green Poster Campaign Session, held during the first two days, included an exhibition of environmental sensitization posters drawn by children from various cities, as well as the evaluation of the activities carried out by each city under the “Human Resources Development for Eco-Partnership Building in Local Governance” project. The activities were geared towards promoting and strengthening the participation of the private sector and community organizations in combating environmental degradation and sensitizing the public to the importance of a “clean city” through campaigns for “clean water”, “clean streets” and “clean air”.

During the “Africa-Asia Eco-Partnership Programme Workshop”, the participants discussed the contents of the proposed draft project document in detail, with special attention to the proposed activities in order to facilitate previously formulated inter-city partnerships. The main objective of the activities is to promote sharing experiences of best practices through collaboration among cities, which would facilitate the transfer of knowledge and experience through training programmes, provision of technical assistance, sensitization campaigns and information networking through the creation of an eco-partnership Internet homepage.

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II. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

In their opening remarks, Mr. Hari Surinivas of UNU, Mr. Ryuichi Tanabe of TMG and Mr. Tatsuo Fujimura of UNDP highlighted the relevant issues and objectives of the “Human Resources Development for Eco-Partnership Building in Local Governance” project and the proposed “Africa-Asia Eco-Partnership Programme”.

III. PRESENTATIONS BY EACH CITY

Each participating city gave a presentation on the achievements they have made thus far, as well as the remaining issues that need to be addressed in the area of urban environment.

3.1 Addis Ababa

In general, the urban problems that Addis Ababa confronts are rapid population growth, housing shortages, rampant poverty and unemployment, inadequate provision of basic urban services and persistence of poor drainage facilities and sanitation. The priority area of intervention that Addis Ababa has chosen is solid waste management. In this area, the following steps have been taken:

a) Restructuring and reorganizing municipal functions, giving waste management a semi-autonomous status;

b) Implementation of a pilot intervention programme in one of the largest open market places in the city;

c) Organization of four consecutive public campaigns with the participation of top government officials, famous musicians and athletes;

d) Organization of a poster competition among high school students to be incorporated into the World Environment Day;

e) Support and strengthening of already existing school environmental clubs; and f) Support of a study group on the development of laws and regulations to involve the

private sector in solid waste management (the group has already submitted a draft document).

3.2 Bangkok

The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMG) was assigned by the Central Government of Thailand to be the core management organization for the Santichiprakran Park Project. This project included renovating and improving the geographic environments around the waterfront areas of Phasumen Fort and Pra-Athit Road, and creating a multi-purpose park. The short-term objective was to celebrate the 72-year anniversary of His Majesty the King’s birthday, while the long-term objective was to provide more green and recreational areas for all people. The outcome was as follows:

a) There was broad participation in this project from the public and the private sector as well as the NGO community;

b) There was a common interest among the people to conserve the valuable Thai tradition, culture and heritage for the next generation;

c) The Phasumen Fort was renovated and a Royal Pavilion was constructed; and

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d) Santichaiprakran Park was constructed with much greenery and with access for all, including the elderly and the disabled.

3.3 Jakarta

During the last meeting in Kuala Lumpur, 23-26 November 1999, Jakarta chose clean air and wastewater as their priority areas. Since then there has been significant progress in the clean air programme, specifically in the implementation of the Inspection and Maintenance (I&M) of Private Car System. The system works as follows. First, the public sector and stakeholders, through the I&M Centre, DKI Jakarta, provide the supervision and regulations. Secondly, the private sector provides supervision and services, such as registration and supervision of I&M workshops; training and registration of I&M operators; development and operation of software and data transfer; equipment maintenance; and calibration and implementation of the workshops. The output of this system will be lower car emission and fuel savings, as well as better services for car owners. It is projected that when fully implemented, the system will result in approximately 5% reduction in fuel consumption for gasoline vehicles, or 65,000,000 litres per year.

3.4 Johannesburg

In order to address the pressing environmental urban problems, which were exacerbated by the unequal development under the prior regime, the Eastern Metropolitan Local Council of Johannesburg has undertaken projects using two approaches. First, the Council has involved the community in the development of plans to address environmental concerns in the city, through legislated methods as well as informal contracts in areas such as waste management by favouring local entrepreneurs. Second, it has increased inter-governmental co-operation to facilitate communication among the various levels of government in order to achieve the intended results. Recently, the following important projects have been undertaken:

a) Community education; b) Cleaning of informal settlements; c) Increased recycling initiatives; d) Community gardens; e) Intergovernmental monitoring; f) Prosecution of offenders; and g) Elimination of squatter settlements.

3.5 Kuala Lumpur

Since the last Eco-Partnership meeting held in Kuala Lumpur on 23-26 November 1999, the following activities have been undertaken:

a) Pilot Project for Awareness of Drainage System Cleansing: This project is expected to be completed within one year and will be expanded to other areas subsequently.

b) Solid Waste Recycling Buy-Back Centres: Two centres, as well as five smaller sub-centres have already been launched.

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c) Tree Planting Programme: Participants of this programme include schools in the city, the Kuala Lumpur Lion Club and the City Hall of Kuala Lumpur. The City Hall supplies the trees, the schools provide the sites and maintenance, and the Lion Club provides labour to plant the trees. Two schools have completed the programme, planting 20 Asoka trees and 30 Blue Pine trees in total.

d) Seminar on Environmental Strengthening of City Administration: A seminar was held on 2 June 2000 to generate discussion among all city stakeholders on a new approach to environmental management, as well as to establish the framework for the eco-partnership programme.

e) Eco-Partnership Poster Competition: Primary and secondary school children were called upon to participate in this competition. The objectives were to create awareness on environmental issues, to be part of the World Environment Day 2000, and to select the 10 best posters to be exhibited in Tokyo.

3.6 Marikina

The Mayor of Marikina City presented the following ongoing programmes in Marikina City to achieve its goal of an environmentally sustainable city:

a) Reduction in solid waste burning; b) Regulation of motor vehicles; c) Dust-free city programmes; d) Bicycle-friendly community planning; e) Planting 200,000 trees; and f) Aiming for clean water.

3.7 Nairobi

The priority area of concern in Nairobi is air pollution. The problem is serious especially because many citizens of Nairobi are not aware of the existence or consequences of air pollution. Thus, the Nairobi City Council, through its school system, spanning over 200 primary schools with a pupil population of over a quarter million, started to propagate the Clean City Ideal. The City Council is also in the process of designing posters and other visual aids as part of this exercise, calling upon local designers and artists to participate in the poster design competition.

3.8 Phnom Penh

The vision for the capital city of Phnom Penh is “prosperity and sustainable development”. In this regard, environmental conservation is the most important issue in the capital city. The following realized and ongoing projects assist the city to pursue its urban environmental improvements. The realized projects include:

a) Rehabilitation of the Infrastructure Network; and b) Urban Development of the Urban Poor Zone inside the City.

The ongoing projects are:

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a) Transport Master Plan of the City for 2015 of JICA; and b) Land-Use Plan of Phnom Penh;

3.9 Tokyo

The head of the new Environment Division of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government introduced the various policies and projects the division is undertaking, summarized as the “environmental revolution”. This environmental revolution includes:

a) Strengthening environmental regulations; b) Changing economic and societal systems in the areas of production, distribution,

consumption and disposal; and c) Revolutionizing the way urban development is pursued.

IV. PRESENTATIONS BY THE RESEARCHERS OF UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY, TOKYO

Current research undertaken by fellows at the United Nations University was presented to the representatives of African and Asian municipalities. Ms. Makiko Yashiro gave a presentation on “ISO 14001 and Local Governance in Japan”, providing an overview of the environmental legislation and actions taken at the local level throughout Japan. Mr. Brendan Barret presented a comparative analysis of the “Local Agenda 21 in Japan and the United Kingdom”, showing the different approaches used by Japan and the United Kingdom in the implementation process of Agenda 21. Finally, Mr. Hari Srinibus gave a presentation on “A City-Level Environmental Management System (EMS)”.

V. STUDY TOUR: ECOPOLIS CENTRE OF ITABASHI CITY

The representatives of African and Asian cities, as well as other participants, undertook a study tour to the Ecopolis Centre of Itabashi City in metropolitan Tokyo. Following the greeting of Mr. Ishizuka, Mayor of Itabashi City, an official explained about the functions of the Ecopolis Centre. The Centre provides information on environmental issues and sensitizes the citizens of the city. The goal of the Centre is to provide knowledge about the environment, encourage understanding of environmental issues and give people an opportunity to act on what they have learned. The Centre includes audio and visual exhibitions, a second-hand recycling shop, recycling workshops, information library room, study rooms, meeting rooms, and recreational rooms.

The Ecopolis Centre offers a wide variety of information on environmental issues, including recycling. It has the latest regional environmental data as well as computerized displays of environmental conditions complete with audio and visual components. In addition, publications, videos and other materials from its extensive collection are available for borrowing or just browsing. Of particular interest is the Eco Information System that the Centre manages. It distributes and collects information on the environment and recycling and compiles ecological data to support its activities. The system includes Environmental Display Information System,

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Recycling Information System, Information Reference System, Environmental Information System, Environmental Education System and information dispatching via the Internet.

VI. DISCUSSIONS ON THE PROJECT DOCUMENT

The latter two days (5-6 June) were allotted to discuss future activities, specifically the activities included in the proposed second phase, “Africa-Asia Eco-Partnership Programme.” The draft project document was distributed prior to the meeting to give the participants an opportunity to review the proposal. The content of the proposed activities can be found in Appendix 3. The discussions centred on the following: proposed activities; local action plans and ongoing projects; review meetings; monitoring and evaluation; other donor participation and contributions by collaborating cities; implementation management arrangements; and key assumptions.

6.1 Activities

The following activities under the “Africa-Asia Eco-Partnership Programme” were discussed.

6.1.1 Preparatory Meeting

It was decided that a Preparatory Meeting would take place in Kuala Lumpur, sometime at the end of the year 2000. The purpose of the Preparatory Meeting will be to finalize the action plans of each city; to agree on the management system, the participation modality of donors and the monitoring procedures; to co-ordinate the detailed work plan of the first year; and to formally launch the project.

6.1.2 Information Technology (IT) Elements

The need to include an IT element to the Eco-Partnership Programme was discussed in detail, and it was decided that an independent Eco-Partnership Programme web site homepage will be established. The web site would share database and methodology of specific projects and themes as well as provide both project-based and thematic-based information. Some cities (Tokyo, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Marikina, and Johannesburg) already have their own environment-related web sites, and thus these sites would be linked to the Eco-Partnership site. The possibility of using Tokyo’s already existing web site as the Eco-Partnership Programme web site was discussed. Furthermore, the possibility of creating a database on the specific themes dealt with in the Programmes was explored, as well as the possibility of using TICAD volunteers to conduct training of IT skills. Finally, the possibility of providing PC units to the participating cities through the second-hand computer grants programme of Japan, in collaboration with the Society for Promotion of Japanese Diplomacy, was suggested. Many cities expressed interest in the proposal.

6.1.3 Additional Components of Partnerships

Several cities expressed interest in participating in additional training programmes. New partnerships in environmental sensitization, GIS and local management, and eco-tourism were

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also formed. These additional partnerships, along with previously formulated partnerships, are summarized below. In total, there are 18 Africa-Asia, and 11 Asia-Asia partnerships.

Requesting

City Collaborating City

Issue

AFRICA-ASIA 1

Addis Ababa Bangkok Environmental Sensitization

Waste Management 2 Addis Ababa Kuala Lumpur Housing Development

Waste Management 3 Addis Ababa Tokyo Waste Management 4 Dar es Salaam Kuala Lumpur Accounting

Air Pollution Waste Management

5 Dar es Salaam Tokyo Air Pollution Coastal Transport Waste Management

6 Lagos Bangkok Air Pollution 7 Lagos Kuala Lumpur Waste Management 8 Lagos Marikina Waste Management 9 Nairobi Bangkok Waste Management 10 Nairobi Jakarta Air Pollution 11 Nairobi Kuala Lumpur Housing Development

Waste Management 12 Nairobi Marikina Transportation Control (Bicycle Tracks) 13 Nairobi Tokyo Air Pollution

Waste Management 14 Johannesburg Bangkok Eco-Tourism 15 Johannesburg Jakarta Housing Development 16 Johannesburg Kuala Lumpur Housing Development

Waste Management 17 Johannesburg Tokyo Waste Management 18 Four African Cities Bangkok GIS and Local Management ASIA-ASIA 1 Bangkok Kuala Lumpur Waste Management 2 Bangkok Tokyo Waste Management 3 Jakarta Bangkok Waste Management 4 Jakarta Kuala Lumpur Waste Management 5 Jakarta Tokyo Waste Management 6 Kuala Lumpur Bangkok Eco-Tourism 7 Marikina Kuala Lumpur Landscaping 8 Marikina Tokyo Drainage Management 9 Phnom Penh Bangkok Waste Management 10 Phnom Penh Kuala Lumpur Environmental Sensitization

Housing Development Waste Management

11 Phnom Penh Marikina Transport Control

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6.1.4 Implementation of Partnership Programmes

The capacity of host cities to provide technical assistance following multiple training programmes, as well as the timing of each recipient city was discussed. It was recognized that both the capacities of the cities as well as the timing must be carefully taken into consideration when considering the implementation schedules of specific training programmes. It was then agreed that prior to the training programmes, information on the needs and expectations of requesting cities should be clarified and conveyed. Furthermore, it was agreed that selection of individual participants to the training programmes would be left to each city providing the training. Lastly, it was agreed that a focal point in each participating city should be established to streamline all communications and implementation.

6.2 Local Action Plans and Other Related Programmes/Projects

6.2.1 Local Action Plans

It was decided that each city would design and implement local action plans in parallel with the partnership programmes. The objective of the local action plans would be to strengthen local capacity-building and increase public awareness and participation. The local action plans may be community participation programmes, hardware provision projects or others. UNDP conveyed its willingness to include in the budget US$20,000 per city for three years for this purpose and requested each city to submit the local action plan form by the end of July 2000.

6.2.2 Other Related Programmes/Projects

It was recognized that other related ongoing or planned local programmes and/or projects, should be identified, and SU/TCDC, UNDP should be informed about them. The extent of the relationship/linkage with the expected project should also be clarified. Furthermore, the importance of linkages with other ongoing programmes, such as those conducted by the World Bank, JICA, UNEP, GEF and Capacity 21, was stressed.

6.2.3 Provision of Hardware

The Society for Promotion of Japanese Diplomacy conducts a programme whereby second-hand garbage collection vehicles, vacuum cars for septic tanks and personal computers from Japan may be provided to requesting cities on a grant basis. It was announced that participating cities might request such hardware through this programme.

6.3 Review Meetings, Monitoring and Evaluation

6.3.1 Annual Review Meetings

It was suggested and agreed that annual review meetings will take place during the first year in Addis Ababa, during the second year in Dar es Salaam and during the third year in Kuala Lumpur. The venues may switch. The objective of the meetings will be to review the progress and plan the next year’s implementation activities.

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6.3.2 Monitoring and Evaluation

Although the Project Management Unit would conduct the overall monitoring and evaluation throughout the duration of the project (three years), it was agreed that close collaboration with each city, specifically the focal points in each city, would be extremely important. The evaluation at the end of the three years will be conducted by an independent consultant and selected members of participating cities.

6.4 Expected Donor Participation and Contributions by the Collaborating Cities

6.4.1 Other Donor Participation

The following other donors are expected to participate in the Eco-Partnership programme: SIDA, DANIDA, DANCED and JICA. It was also suggested that private sector collaboration should be sought, such as in the area of air pollution or car industry refurbishing.

6.4.2 Contributions by Collaborating Cities

Possible local contributions by the collaborating cities were discussed. Specifically, the following costs may be contributed by each city: trainers personnel cost; transportation cost; training material production cost; administrative cost; and contributions by the private sector.

6.5 Implementation Schedule and Management Arrangements

The tentative implementation schedule is as follows: Year Month Activities AFRICA-ASIA 2000 July Submission of proposed local action plans, focal point information, requests for

the provision of used equipment and related ongoing local projects by each participating city to SU/TCDC, UNDP.

August Finalization of the project document September Mobilization of resources Submission of prior information on needs and expectations by the requesting

cities to the collaborating cities and SU/TCDC, of the first year activities. October Approval of the project November Preparation of the detailed work plan for the partnership activities December Preparatory Meeting 2001 Jan. - Nov. Implementation of activities December Annual Review Meeting 2002 Jan. - Nov. Implementation of activities December Annual Review Meeting 2003 Jan. - Nov. Implementation of activities November Evaluation December Final Review Meeting

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The following implementation and management arrangements were discussed and agreed upon by the participants.

6.5.1 The Role of SU/TCDC and UNDP Country Offices

The UNDP Special Unit for TCDC will undertake overall planning and supervision, including monitoring and evaluation, according to UNDP procedures, including reporting to donors. The UNDP Country Office in Malaysia will undertake direct responsibility for execution of the project. UNDP Country Offices, including Tokyo, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Cambodia, Ethiopia and other relevant country offices, will collaborate in supervising the implementation of the Eco-Partnership Programme in the respective cities and provide administrative support to country participants for official travel and related project duties. UNDP Malaysia will assign staff to handle operations requirements for execution. All UNDP requirements for financial and other periodic reporting will be the responsibility of UNDP Malaysia unless designated otherwise by SU/TCDC.

Since national execution modalities are not in place yet at the City Hall of Kuala Lumpur, and since it would not be cost-effective to build capacity for the execution of this project alone, direct execution by UNDP Malaysia is sought. The Government of Malaysia indicated in the mid-term review of its CCF that the cost of national execution to the Government is not commensurate with the UN resources being spent in Malaysia. Thus, the Government would appreciate that UNDP takes the responsibility of direct execution or direct payments, where appropriate.

6.5.2 Auditing

In light of this, UNDP Malaysia will complete, on a quarterly basis, the Combined Delivery Reports (CDR), which records all disbursements made under the project. Since the budget of the project is over US$ 1 million, it is subject to a mandatory evaluation and audit once in its lifetime. The objective of the audit is to provide the UNDP Administrator with assurance that UNDP resources are being managed in accordance with the Guidance on Audit. For the year audited, the year-end CDRs must be given to the designated auditors as soon as possible to facilitate their completion of the audit by the 30 April deadline.

6.5.3 Establishment of an Eco-Partnership Committee/Unit in Participating Cities

Participating cities will establish Eco-Partnership Committees/Units to ensure the implementation of local action plans and coordinate related activities. The Eco-Partnership Committees/Units of the cities of Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, Jakarta, Tokyo, Marikina, Phnom Penh and Addis Ababa will serve as implementing agencies for the respective eco-partnership programmes/projects.

6.5.4 The Eco-Partnership Project Management Unit (PMU)

The Eco-Partnership Project Management Unit will be set up in Kuala Lumpur. The project work plan will serve as their programming framework and deviation from this work plan will only be allowed if it is done in consultation with UNDP Malaysia and SU/TCDC. Staff recruitment and issuance of other contracts and procurement will be undertaken by UNDP

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Malaysia. Regular monitoring meetings will be established. UNDP Malaysia will provide financial payments and other administrative support, including travel arrangements. Other short-term international and national experts will be contracted through UNDP to provide technical advice and conduct training and other activities as outlined in the project document. Specific terms of reference for the PMU will be drawn shortly.

6.5.5 Steering Committee

The Steering Committee, consisting of representatives of the 12 participating cities, will meet annually to review the project activities based upon an annual report and determine the annual work plan and related budgets. Members of the Steering Committee will be the Governor/Mayor or other designated personnel representing each city. The first review meeting is scheduled to take place in Addis Ababa. This would constitute the annual TPR as well. With support from UNDP Malaysia in consultation with SU/TCDC, the Project Management Unit will coordinate the convening of the Steering Committee, including preparation of the annual report and annual work plans and budgets. UNDP Malaysia will provide necessary backstopping and financial reporting.

6.5.6 Role of the Participating Cities

Participating cities will undertake the following activities:

a) Establish an Eco-Partnership Committee/Unit, which will act as the focal point for project implementation;

b) As the host city, plan and implement bilateral/multiple partnership programmes in close collaboration with partner cities;

c) As the requesting city: • = Participate in the multiple/bilateral partnership programmes; • = Utilize and apply locally the skills and knowledge acquired from the multiple/

bilateral partnership programmes to improve the local environmental situation in order to build an eco-society;

• = Plan and implement local actions in relation to the Eco-Partnership Programme; • = Participate in the Preparatory Meeting as well as the Annual Review Meetings; • = Contribute, as much as possible, to the Eco-Partnership Programme through in-

kind and services provisions; • = Make efforts to link and coordinate the Eco-Partnership Programme with other

ongoing environmental projects; and • = Monitor progress of the achievements in collaboration with the Eco-Partnership

Project Management Unit.

6.6 Key Assumptions

The key assumptions of the whole Eco-Partnership Programme were identified as the following:

a) The establishment of an Eco-Partnership Committee/Unit in each city; b) Approval and promotion of the application of acquired best practices by the

trained personnel;

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c) Strengthened sensitization programmes for citizens; d) Successful community participation; e) Linking with other ongoing programmes/projects; and f) Commitment of the city authority.

VII. CONCLUSION

In the concluding remarks, both by Ms. Suzuki (Dean, College of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University) and Mr. Fujimura (Senior Adviser, SU/TCDC UNDP) expressed their gratitude to the organizers of the Poster Session and the Workshop. They also commended the Workshop for concretizing the proposed future activities of the “Africa-Asia Eco-Partnership Programme”. The Special Unit for TCDC distributed forms designed to compile detailed information from each city regarding the focal points, local action plans, ongoing projects and so on. These forms can be found in Appendix 4.

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Summary of Individual City Action Plans and Status Report

Appendix 2 City to City Cooperation Arrangement

Appendix 3 Proposed Activities of the Africa-Asia Eco-Partnership Programme

Appendix 4 Activities to Be Undertaken by Participating Cities

(as agreed upon in the June 2000 Tokyo Workshop)

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APPENDIX 1: Summary of Individual City Action Plans and Status Report

1. ADDIS ABABA

1.1. Status Report

As the priority area chosen by the city of Addis Ababa is waste management, the city’s future plan of action also concentrates in this area. Household waste comprises 76% of total waste, followed by commercial waste (9%), industrial waste (5%), hotels (3%) and hospitals (1%). Recyclable waste in Addis Ababa is about 15%, compared to 85% in developed countries. Combustible household waste is about 38%, compared to 80-85% in developed countries. Solid waste is collected communally, with each household bringing its waste to collection trucks for disposal.

The Municipality carried out a street cleaning campaign in collaboration with all the stakeholders, including NGOs, private businesses, community organizations, the media as well as the inhabitants. The major objective of the campaign is to raise public awareness as well as promote partnership among all the stakeholders in resolving the various environmental challenges the city is facing.

1.2. Action Plan

As a first step, the municipality of Addis Ababa formulated a pilot project to address the problem of waste management in one of the densely populated areas of the city, which also contains the largest open market in Africa. The area has a population of 314,565, comprising 53,341 housing units, of which only 43,674 have at least one type of sanitary facility. The area has 120 km. of main asphalt roads, 40% of which are cleaned daily.

The problems identified include low solid waste disposal coverage (around 40%), low community participation, poor liquid waste drainage system, inadequate toilet facilities, poorly managed public toilets, unsanitary and poorly handled public parks and squares and poor inter-sectoral collaboration.

The main objectives of this project are to create a clean and healthy environment; to improve solid waste collection; to decrease the proportion of the population without sanitary facilities by at least 50%; to guard the environment from polluters; and to improve the condition of the roads, parks and sewer lines. In addition, the project is expected to generate employment for 520 community members, thereby raising their standard of living. The project intends to utilize the lessons learned from this project in improving the outcome of similar projects in the future.

The strategy that will be followed by the municipality in implementing this project will include sensitization campaigns to raise the awareness of the community and to promote community participation and inter-sectoral collaboration, improving law enforcement and

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prosecution of polluters. Phase I of the project will involve promotion of hygienic education, street cleaning, guarding polluters and constructing communal and private latrines. During Phase II of the project, the municipality will carry out road maintenance, rehabilitate parks and squares, construct and maintain open ditches, pavements and sewer lines.

The Municipality will seek the participation of all the relevant stakeholders in order to promote partnership and at the same time implement the project in a timely manner. Hence, the project will involve the Health Bureau and the Parks Department of the Municipality, the Environmental Protection Bureau, Road and Drainage Authority, Zone, Woreda and Kebele Administrations, the Police Force, local NGOs, business communities, schools, as well as youth and women’s associations.

2. BANGKOK

2.1 Action Plan

The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration’s future plan of action addresses the problem of one of its 50 districts, the Chatuchack District. The district has an area of 32.91 square kilometres with a total population of 170,433. There are 25 communities in the district, most of which are situated along the district’s main canals. The major problems in the district include:

• = Flood drainage and sewerage; • = Wastewater management; • = Garbage and solid waste collection; and • = Air pollution.

2.1.1 Flood and Drainage

Because Chatuchack is a plain flood is a major problem in some areas especially in crowded communities and small roads. In order to cope with floods, drains are thoroughly cleaned each year and unblocked before the rainy season. In addition, many water pumps have been installed in flood plains so that the water will flow away faster into the main drains; and sandbags have been provided to prevent flooding.

2.1.2 Wastewater

A water quality test taken from the samples in three main canals and five smaller ones revealed that the water is so polluted that there is no oxygen in it at all. Some of the initiatives taken to resolve this problem include:

• = Requiring all restaurants and street food vendors to provide grease traps before draining their wastewater into the public drains;

•••• ==== Improving water quality through a water flowing system and canal dig; •••• ==== Using a windmill as an oxygen cleaning; •••• ==== Carrying out public campaigns on the importance of environmental conservation; and •••• ==== Controlling and monitoring wastewater from hotels and factories.

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2.1.3 Garbage and Solid Waste

In 1997, the average amount of garbage collected in the district was 280 tons per day. That figure increased to 327 tons per day in 1999. The amount of garbage is increasing by 23 tons per year as a result of the rapid change in population density in the district and the expansion of the economy and industry. The municipality carried out the following initiatives in order to resolve the problem:

Garbage reduction and separation campaign in order to:

•••• ==== Reduce the amount of garbage and waste products; •••• ==== Cut the expenses paid in the degradation and disposal of garbage; •••• ==== Conserve the environment by means of recycling; and •••• ==== Promote a sense of responsibility and environmental concern in the people.

The target groups of this campaign include communities, educational institutions, fresh produce markets, department stores, hotels and housing estates. In addition, the following measures are being taken:

(i) Checking of garbage trucks

The motor, engine, equipment and exhaust fumes of the vehicles are required to be checked once a month. The main objective behind this initiative is to:

•••• ==== Maximize the efficiency of the vehicles so that they are ready to pick garbage at any time of the day;

•••• ==== Evaluate the capability of each vehicle; •••• ==== Alert and urge the driver of each truck to maintain and be responsible for his vehicle

regularly.

(ii) Management of open space

The main objective of this initiative is to:

•••• ==== Raise the awareness of the people regarding environmental restoration and promote cooperation between the people and officers in creating pleasant sights along the roads;

•••• ==== Instill a sense of responsibility and avoid dumping garbage in open space.

Activities carried out include development of open space; hedging plants in order to prevent dumping of garbage; and enclosing of open space with barbed wire.

(iii) Use of Compactor

A container with a compactor has been used in fresh produce markets and communities where lots of garbage and waste are found. As a result, garbage collection in the district has become more efficient and less time-consuming.

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2.1.4 Air Pollution

A number of projects have been launched to tackle the problem of air pollution caused by exhaust fumes, including:

•••• ==== Cleaning and sprinkling water on pavements and road surfaces; •••• ==== Using advanced vacuuming and cleaning machines to increase the efficiency in street

cleaning and to eradicate weeds; •••• ==== The transformation of open spaces into small public parks; and •••• ==== Planting of trees along main roads (the Green Roads Project is expected to plant

1,500 trees in the year 2000).

In addition, a number of pilot projects in communities and schools have been carried out successfully with the main objective of involving the community as well as schools in resolving environmental problems.

Future plans include following up the District Development Plan, which is still ongoing, and increasing the capacity of the officers through continuous training, and establishing a network between the government sector and the media.

3. DAR ES SALAAM

3.1. Status Report

The two top priority areas identified by the city of Dar en Salaam are waste management and air pollution.

3.1.1 Waste Management

3.1.1.1 Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management has been a major problem in the city since 1987. The city has been confronted by a growing volume of solid waste due to inadequate facilities for its removal and disposal. During that time the city was generating approximately 1500 to 1800 tons of solid waste per day, while only 8 to 10% of the amount generated was collected and disposed of at the dumpsite. The main constraints have been identified as insufficient financial resources, poor infrastructure (roads and transport capacity), lack of proper mechanism of integrating other stakeholders at different levels in solid waste management and inappropriate methods of collection.

3.1.1.2 Refuse Collection

Refuse collection has deteriorated drastically during the period between 1991 and 1992 as only 30 to 60 tons of refuse was collected per day. This represented a refuse collection rate of 2 to 4% out of the 1400 tons of refuse generated per day in the city. The situation was characterized by large amounts of garbage dumped on open spaces, along streets and roads, at markets places and in drains. The haphazard dumping of solid waste resulted in dirty streets and roads, surface and ground water pollution, outbreaks of cholera and other related diseases.

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3.1.1.3 Disposal Sites

The Dar es Salaam City Master Plan of 1979 identified five areas suitable for development of landfill. However, none of these areas have been developed.

3.1.1.4 Public-Private Partnership in Waste Management

Taking into consideration the inability of the Dar es Salaam City Commission (DCC) to collect refuse collection charges and its low ability to pay contractors for solid waste management service provision, a franchise type of privatization was adopted according to the experience gained in the past in the city. Under this arrangement, a company is given a finite-term zone monopoly for delivery of solid waste management service after a competitive pre-qualification process. The private contractor recovers its cost through direct user-charges. DCC started to implement this strategy in January 1999. So far the measures taken by DCC have shown a positive impact on improving the whole process of solid waste management.

The ultimate goal is to see that all waste delivery services are undertaken by private contractors and DCC remains with the duties of supervising the service provided by the contractors. Before 1996, the Dar es Salaam City Council was collecting 8-10% of the waste generated per day. This collection rate reached 30% by January 1999 and 46.7% by August 1999. These figures include the service delivered by both the City Commission and the contractors.

3.1.2 Air Pollution

At the moment, air pollution is not a very serious problem in Dar es Salaam City, but if it is left neglected it will become a serious threat in the future. Already pollution levels for certain pollutants in some parts of the city have exceeded the pollution limits as given in WHO guidelines. The deterioration of air quality in these areas has mainly been linked with increased traffic volume and industrial activities. However, only limited research has been carried out in the city to ascertain the exact level of pollution in different parts of the city. The National Environment Management Council (in collaboration with the University of Dar es Salaam), Centre for Energy, Environmental Science and Technology and the Japan International Co-operation Agency are in the process of carrying out these studies. These studies were rushed and the equipment used was mostly old and not very precise.

Since deteriorating air quality is one of the environmentally related problems besetting the city of Dar es Salaam and a major source of health concern, the City Council in collaboration with other local and international institutions, has already taken some measures to address it through its Sustainable Project. The Council has also proposed some strategies geared towards tackling this problem. Below are a list of measures taken:

• = Joining the WHO/UNEP Global Environmental Monitoring System on Air Pollution Programme (GEMS/Air Programme)

• = In order to benefit from international support in terms of data and information, the City Council sought membership and was admitted to the global GEMS/Air Programme in 1994. GEMS/Air represents a collective effort of the world community

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to acquire, through monitoring and assessment, the scientific data and information that are essential for the rational and sustainable management of the environment.

• = Creating awareness to the polluting industries;

• = Creating awareness to the general public.

3.2. Action Plan

3.2.1 Privatization Strategy to Improve Waste Management

In 1996 the DCC was established. One of the priority areas addressed was the issue of solid waste management. Based on the experience of the first privatization strategy, the DCC did the following to improve solid waste collection and disposal services:

•••• ==== New contracts were prepared in order to increase the number of private contractors; •••• ==== Solid waste management working sessions were convened to deliberate on further

action plans and implementation strategies for improving solid waste collection and disposal in the city;

•••• ==== Rehabilitation of the DCC fleet of refuse collection truck; •••• ==== Procurement of six new refuse collection trucks; •••• ==== Contracting of community-based groups to clean streets; and •••• ==== DCC entered into a contract with Tanzania Red Cross to undertake refuse collection

and disposal in nineteen city markets.

As of September 1996, five firms have been contracted by DCC to provide refuse collection service to 23 wards. These contractors started their work with a high moral and commitment and daily refuse collection rate increased in these wards. During the last four months of 1996 a total of 1100 tons of solid waste was collected daily.

3.2.2 Proposed Measures to Improve Waste Management

The following measures need to be taken into consideration in order to enhance the private sector participation in solid waste management:

•••• ==== DCC needs to increase the public responsibility and cooperation in providing the service through awareness building, public education and regulation enforcement;

•••• ==== DCC needs to seek alternative cost-recovery mechanisms, such as the attachment of refuse collection charges to direct user-charges and taxes, such as water supply, power supply and road or property taxes;

•••• ==== DDC needs to seek donations and other assistance focused on capacity-building and entrepreneurial skills;

•••• ==== Soliciting political support from local, regional and national leaders to promote the strategy;

•••• ==== Introduction of credit facilities and eligibility criteria that will include consideration of solid waste management service providers.

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4. JAKARTA

4.1. Status Report

The top priority areas chosen by Jakarta are air pollution and wastewater management. Several studies have shown that air pollution is increasing due to emission fumes and gases from the large number of vehicles, industries and domestic activities.

4.1.1 Air Pollution

The city of Jakarta has carried out several initiatives to improve air quality. PRODASIH (Clean Air Programme) is a recent programme aimed at improving air quality of Jakarta. The programme includes controlling and checking road-worthiness of motor vehicles, including emissions; promoting the use of clean fuel, including gas fuel; managing traffic to reduce traffic jams; industrial emissions; managing land use development; and expanding the green space and greenery of the city.

The local government of Jakarta has issued the following decrees in order to meet its objectives:

•••• ==== The standard of ambient air quality and noise; •••• ==== The standard of mobile source emissions; •••• ==== The standard of point source emissions (ongoing process)

Activities carried out by the City of Jakarta in order to solve the current air pollution problem include the following:

4.1.1.1 Fuel Alternative Promotion

Although the increased use of motor vehicles increases mobility and therefore benefits the economic growth in the city, it also pollutes the air, damages the ecosystem and affects health. The governor of Jakarta is beginning to examine options to deal with vehicular pollution reduction by adopting a cleaner fuels programme by requiring taxis, buses and government vehicles to be equipped with LNG/CNG fuel converters.

4.1.1.2 Industrial Emissions Control

Under the Blue Sky Programme, issued by the Ministry of Environment, fourteen industries are being controlled intensively. The industries are steel melting (7), power plants (3) and glass melting (4).

4.1.1.3 Public Campaigns

Public campaigns are being organized to raise awareness and increase participation in the implementation of the Clean Air Programme. The activities carried out under the public campaigns include emissions tests for private cars, an Inspection & Maintenance Programme (I&MP) and dissemination of information through the media.

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From 1992 to 1997, 21,000 cars participated in the emissions test campaign, which is conducted by local government agencies in collaboration with a state enterprise (PT Sucofindo), the Police Department, universities and NGOs.

The Inspection and Maintenance Programme has been under preparation since 1998 by the local government and Swiss Contact and will be implemented in the year 2001. The goal of this programme is to reduce exhaust gas emissions and fuel consumption by improving the internal maintenance system.

As a pilot project, Swiss Contact implemented the I&M programme on buses (1850 units) and taxis (700 units) and the result shows that emissions were reduced by almost 90% and fuel consumption dropped by 10%.

Currently, members of the NGO known as “Segar Jakarta-ku” are promoting public awareness on air pollution.

4.1.1.5 Urban Greenery

The City of Jakarta has a policy on promoting urban greenery. The main objective is to promote urban greenery through land use planning. The target is to develop 35% of the city into green areas. At the moment 14% of the city is covered by greenery.

4.1.1.6 Improving Traffic Management

Excessive use of automobiles has caused problems for cities. Increased demand for roads and parking has resulted in the paving of valuable and productive urban spaces. Development of an urban and regional transportation systems will provide an integrated system that can ease and increase the safety of people and goods. The strategy is to reduce traffic and promote the use of public transportation, expand and improve public transport, parking and other facilities.

4.1.1.7 Monitoring Facilities

Currently fifteen ambient stations are monitoring housing, industrial, recreation and sport areas. In the year 2000, the central government, through the Ministry of Environment (Bapedal), will install another five ambient monitoring stations.

4.1.2 Wastewater Management

Wastewater management in Jakarta includes both industrial wastes and domestic waste. It is obvious that waste management in Jakarta should be carried out in conjunction with that of Botabek and its upland region, since some of the industries in the Botabek area discard their wastes in the nearby river, which flows through Jakarta and ends up in Jakarta Bay.

The efforts to improve the river water quality: PROKASIH (Clean River Programme) has focused on the cleaning up of the watersheds by controlling effluent from about 700 industries and enforcing laws to ensure compliance of effluent water and improve the quality standard.

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Domestic waste is one of the most serious problems in Jakarta, since sewage is being discharged directly to the watercourses. Toilet waste has been disposed into the ground through septic tanks with holding tanks and leaching pits. The demand to treat sewage is becoming high in the urban area.

To improve the situation, Jakarta City has initiated the following activities:

4.1.2.1 Policy Formulation

The local government of Jakarta has issued decrees and local regulations on:

•••• ==== The standard of river water quality and effluent quality; •••• ==== Wastewater disposal permits.

4.1.2.2 Wastewater Management Pilot Project of DKI Jakarta

•••• ==== In 1972-1977, with funding assistance from UNDP, the Government of Indonesia decided to prepare a Master Plan for Wastewater Disposal in DKI Jakarta;

•••• ==== In 1979, the World Bank and the Indonesian Government agreed on a pilot project of a small scale, a combined piped sewerage and low cost sanitation;

•••• ==== In 1983-1989, the Directorate General of “Cipta Karya”, with funds from the World Bank and from the Indonesian Government, developed the Jakarta Sewerage and Sanitation Project (QSSP).

4.1.2.3 Sewerage and Drainage Infrastructure Planning

In 1989, through the implementation of Pacific Consultant International/PCI and Nippon Koei joint venture, JICA conducted a Master Plan for Urban Drainage and Wastewater Cooperation Funds to get financial assistance from OECF. However, this was found to be very expensive. Consequently in 1995, the Ministry of Public Works proposed the implementation of a project to provide wastewater disposal sanitation systems for 38 zones, which is smaller than the one proposed by JICA in 1989.

In 1988/1989, an Australian group offered a privatization development concept, “Total Integrated Wastewater and Sewerage System Project for DKI Jakarta”, including a feasibility study without any outside loan to the State. However, until now the feasibility study is still under consideration.

So far the implementation of the wastewater management plan in DKI Jakarta still faces some constraints, including cost, technology and synchronization with the existing system. The city is attempting to construct an integrated sewerage system, which requires a very large investment. In the meantime, the Jakarta City Administration conducted a study to improve the septic tank design in order to introduce a temporary solution to the wastewater problem. Because of the limited land available to construct a commercial sewerage system, in 1980 the government started developing a public toilet system and MCK (bath, wash and toilet) for slum areas.

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4.2 Action Plan

In order to improve the conditions in Jakarta City with respect to clean air and better wastewater management, the following action plan has been proposed.

4.2.1 Activities planned since July 1999

4.2.1.1 Clean Air Programme

•••• ==== Public Campaign to mobilize the population to participate in the Clean Air Programme;

•••• ==== Emissions tests conducted by Jakarta Road Traffic and Transportation Department for public transportation and private cars. The team consists of officers from the Environmental Controlling and Evaluation Board and Traffic Police Department.

4.2.1.2 Wastewater Management

• = Focus on the improvement of the river water quality and cleaning up the watersheds through control measures and law enforcement.

•••• ==== Provide slum areas with public toilets and community toilets (Toilet + washing + bathroom);

•••• ==== Finish the design for Stage I of the Jakarta Wastewater Development Project (JWDP) and prepare bidding document for local competitive bidding and international competitive bidding.

4.2.2 Activities Planned for 1999-2000

4.2.2.1 Clean Air Programme

Presently, there are fifteen stations monitoring housing, industrial, recreation and sport areas. In the year 2004 the central government, through the Ministry of Environment, will install another five ambient monitoring stations.

Under to the Blue Sky Programme in Jakarta, fourteen industries are being controlled intensively. In the year 2000, the Environmental Controlling and Evaluation Board will select other industries which are believed to cause air pollution.

4.2.2.2 Wastewater Management

Stage I, Phase I of the Jakarta Wastewater Development Project has generated the following improvements:

•••• ==== Improvement of Setia Budi Aerated Lagoon STP has increased the capacity to approximately 30,000 m3/day;

•••• ==== Construction of a part of the Casablanca Collection System; •••• ==== Rehabilitation of existing public community toilets in the slum areas.

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4.2.3 Activities Planned for the Year 2000

4.2.3.1 Clean Air Programme •••• ==== Promoting fuel alternatives. Presently there are 90 buses using gas fuel, 13,377 taxis

and 700 official cars. Local government vehicles are equipped with LNG/CNG fuel converter. In the year 2000, fuel alternative promotion will focus on equipping private cars with LNG/CNG fuel converters;

•••• ==== The strengthening of the Inspection and Maintenance Vehicle Programme among local government, police department, service station / private business and NGOs.

4.2.3.2 Wastewater Management

•••• ==== Complete the sewerage development work of Setia Budi STP and improve the existing flushing and water treatment system;

•••• ==== Provide public and community toilets in high population density areas, where there is a lack of sewerage system facilities.

4.2.4 Activities Without Assistance

Jakarta could carry out the following activities without the need for outside donor assistance:

4.2.4.1 Clean Air Programme

Public campaign on the Clean Air Programme for motor vehicles, including:

•••• ==== Emissions tests; •••• ==== Inspection and maintenance; •••• ==== Fuel alternative/gas consumption; •••• ==== Improve traffic management; •••• ==== Urban greenery

4.2.4.2 Wastewater Management

•••• ==== Strengthening the institutions that operate and maintain the public toilets and improve communal sewerage system facilities;

•••• ==== Transfer technology and know-how for better management of the sewerage services (O&M Jakarta Sewerage Treatment Plant);

•••• ==== Controlling and law enforcement to curtail the activities of potential polluters.

4.2.5 Activities with Possible Assistance

Activities for which Jakarta would like to receive assistance from other cities or donors in order to accomplish the planned activities include the following:

4.2.5.1 Clean Air Programme •••• ==== Equipment for emissions tests and inspection, including maintenance of motor

vehicles;

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•••• ==== Equipment for controlling effluent from polluting industries.

4.2.5.2 Wastewater Management •••• ==== Expert advice in the privatization of domestic wastewater and solid waste collection. •••• ==== Financial assistance for Jakarta Sewerage and Sanitation Project.

5. JOHANNESBURG

5.1 Status Report

Greater Johannesburg currently comprises five individual and autonomous local government administrations. The Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council has exclusive jurisdiction over certain services, such as electricity, transport and public safety. It shares jurisdiction with the four metropolitan local councils for services such as water and sanitation, community services, planning, finance, corporate services and human resources.

The provision of water and sanitation in Greater Johannesburg is a large-scale operation. However, the delivery of water and sanitation is currently managed through an unnecessarily complex arrangement that results in considerable inefficiency. The functions are split between the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council and the Metropolitan Local Council level, with the metropolitan level focussing on bulk supply and the local councils on reticulation. This creates complex lines of accountability and impacts negatively on operational efficiency. The need to manage this complexity on a daily basis results in an inward-looking bureaucracy, which is unable to maintain a focus on its core business of delivering a service.

Waste management constitutes a large part of the Council’s business. However, in the past little attention has been given to improving this service, enhancing environmental sustainability and increasing financial viability.

5.2 Action Plan

Due to the historical background of South Africa, services were unequally delivered, resources were unequally distributed and this has led to the problem on issues like waste management, clean streets and clean environment.

The five councils could not do justice in delivering services to the community because of financial constraints, duplication of structures and rate boycott. In order to address this problem, Johannesburg took a decision to implement what is known as “iGoli 2002” which will lead to the formation of a Unicity Metro Council to avoid duplication. The iGoli 2002 is based on the understanding that these problems substantially contribute to poor service delivery to the city’s residents and businesses. The iGoli 2002 plan comprises a number of programmes to improve service delivery. The plan proposes the establishment of public utilities for water and sanitation, electricity and waste management.

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6. KUALA LUMPUR

6.1 Status Report

Kuala Lumpur has chosen to focus on three major topics of concern: waste management, water resource management, and transportation management. In this respect, Kuala Lumpur has chosen clean streets, clean air and clean water as the priority areas of concern for the Eco-Partnership Programme.

6.2 Activities Planned This Year

6.2.1 Kuala Lumpur Cleaning Campaign (Gotong Royong Kebersihan)

The Kuala Lumpur Cleaning Campaign is part of the national campaign for cleanliness and mosquito eradication. The Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department launched the campaign on 22 August 1999 in the city centre. The objective of the campaign is to raise awareness of contagious diseases and to promote the importance of keeping the residential, commercial and public areas clean in eradicating such diseases.

More than 1,000 citizens from government agencies, businesses and NGOs participated in the campaign by cleaning the streets and drains, and setting up traps for rats, houseflies and mosquitoes. Similar campaigns were conducted at ten parliamentary constituencies in Kuala Lumpur on the same day.

6.2.2. Pilot Project for Awareness of Drainage System Cleansing

The project was launched on 16 November 1999 as one of the activities of the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur Environment Week 1999. It is a follow-up activity of the Love Our River and Drainage Campaign launched in 1998.

The purpose of this campaign is to improve and cultivate public awareness to keep the drains and river in the city clean. An area in Sentul that covers the Sentul Market, Convent Sentul School and housing areas along Sentul Sehaluan Road was chosen as the pilot project site. Untut River, which flows through the area, will be the focus of the pilot project. Various community and business groups, such as Sentul Pasar Primary School, Sentul Bahagia residents, Ratnampillai squatters’ residents and Sentul Pasar Hawkers Association, are involved in the project.

6.2.3 Preserve Planet Earth - Kuala Lumpur City

The objective of this project is to instil environmental awareness among the citizens of Kuala Lumpur. The Rotary Club of Kuala Lumpur, Interact Clubs and corporate bodies are jointly involved in the project. This will be a continuous project for 2-3 years with the full support of City Hall Kuala Lumpur.

The project was launched on 20 November 1999 with the signing of a memorandum of understanding between the Rotary Club of Kuala Lumpur Diraja and City Hall Kuala Lumpur. The activities during the launch included discussions on recycling and pollution by well-known

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environmentalists, video shows and sales of environmental posters, greeting cards, T-shirts and caps.

6.2.4 Establishment of Eco-Partnership Institutional Framework

Kuala Lumpur is in the process of establishing institutional framework for the Eco-Partnership Programme. At the interim, the Special Committee on Environment was entrusted with the responsibility to co-ordinate eco-partnership activities until the second eco-partnership meeting in Kuala Lumpur takes place. A permanent committee will be established at a later date. This permanent committee will be part of the institutional framework proposed and would consist of the following bodies:

• = Eco-Partnership Steering Committee. The committee is responsible for the planning, programming, co-ordinating and reporting the overall Eco-partnership programme.

• = Eco-Partnership Working Committee. A working committee is established on each eco-partnership project which has been identified. This committee is responsible for coordination, implementation and project reporting to Eco-Partnership Steering Committee.

• = Eco-Partnership Secretariat. A secretariat equipped with permanent staff and an office is established to handle the day to day running of the overall programme.

The membership of these committees consists of the following categories:

• = Departments in City Hall Kuala Lumpur; • = Government agencies; • = Professional organizations; • = Private enterprises; • = Non-governmental organizations; • = Community-based organizations; • = Research organizations

6.2. Future Plan of Action

6.3. 6.3.1 Activities Planned for the Coming Two to Three Years

The Kuala Lumpur City Hall is committed to establishing eco-partnership programmes involving all city stakeholders, as agreed in the joint statement made at the end of the United Nations Eco-partnership Study Programme held in Bangkok and Tokyo in July 1999.

The immediate task will be to formulate the Kuala Lumpur Eco-Society Action Plan. The plan will be the blueprint for environmental programmes for the city until the year 2020. City Hall Kuala Lumpur has initiated the preparation of a draft Eco-society Action Plan. Various technical committees and the steering committee will discuss the draft before it is adopted and implemented by all the stakeholders.

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The Kuala Lumpur action plan is a local agenda for the citizens, business community and authority of Kuala Lumpur to work together towards the creation of an eco-society. The citizens, business community and authority of Kuala Lumpur will take actions as proposed in this action plan and achieve the target of creating clean streets, clean air and clean water by the year 2020. However, this draft is only Part 1 of the action plan, which focuses on waste management. Part 2 and Part 3, which will cover urban transportation planning and water resources management will be formulated at a later stage.

The citizens, business community and the authority are equally responsible for creating an eco-society in Kuala Lumpur. The authority will set examples, facilitate and inculcate citizens and the business community with regard to environment-friendly behaviour. Actions for creating an eco-society in Kuala Lumpur will include:

6.3.2 Actions for Citizens

• = Buy in an environment-conscious manner; • = Separate refuse according to type and recycle it; • = Dispose of refuse appropriately; • = Deepen understanding of the environment by participating in classes, lectures,

seminars or other activities to learn more about environmental issues; • = Be familiar with nature, such as taking action for conserving or restoring nature in the

sea, in the mountains or in rivers; • = Work together as a group to create a network of cooperation in eco-activity and to

improve the environment through voluntary participation.

6.3.3 Actions for the Business Community

• = Purchase recycled articles; • = Purchase supplies with less load on the environment; • = Purchase raw materials required for the business taking into consideration the impact

on the environment.

6.3.4 Actions for Community-Based Organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations

• = Create and organize environmental awareness and educational campaigns, projects, programmes and activities;

• = Sensitize the public and target groups on environmental awareness and education; • = Provide leadership, guidance and fora for public interaction on environmental

awareness and education; • = Forge partnership and interaction between the public, CBOs, NGOs and government

organizations.

6.3.5 Actions for the Authority

• = Promote environmental education; • = Guide and facilitate all stakeholders through lectures, seminars or observation tours

with a view to providing a forum for exchange of views on environmental issues; • = Organize supporting systems for environmental education;

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• = Initiate and utilize research and development on the environment; • = Provide citizens with appropriate information to enhance their understanding of

environmental issues: • = Support actions by the business community by:

• = Establishing a recycling-oriented waste disposal system; • = Establishing a system for minimizing pollutant emissions and waste; • = Promoting the use of recycled resources; • = Utilizing reclaimed resources and other raw materials that help alleviate the load

on the environment; • = Promote the establishment of various levels of eco-partnership; • = Promote the collection and distribution of environmental data.

7. LAGOS

7.1. Status Report

Lagos City chose to report on the problems the city is facing with respect to waste management. Presently the city has 42 trucks available for garbage collection, obtained from 20 local government areas in the State of Lagos. However, this is inadequate to deal with the high volume of waste produced in Lagos City, which accounts for approximately 12 million people producing approximately 0.5 kg of waste per day per person. In order to deal with this constraint, the Authority is compelled to hire complementary equipment, which creates an additional financial burden on the Authority. The idea of introducing private-public partnership in the area of waste collection is being contemplated by all, so as to offer a lasting solution to the perennial problem of solid waste management in the State.

The three functional landfill sites are yet to be operated in an environmentally friendly manner. If the quality of the environment is to be preserved, the present mode of landfill operation must be improved. There is an acute need for additional properly engineered sanitary landfill sites.

To provide clean streets in Lagos State and to prevent the outbreak of an epidemic, the Authority intends to perfect its present collection and disposal system and eventually graduate into an integrated waste management system in order to provide an aesthetic environment for the citizens of Lagos State.

7.2 Action Plan

Presently, there is no refuse facility in Lagos State. The Authority is in need of foreign aid to establish an integrated waste management system in order to build facilities for resource recovery, composting, and incineration.

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8. NAIROBI

8.1 Status Report

The City of Nairobi has chosen to focus on waste and water resources management. With respect to the first focus area, the Mayor of Nairobi reported that waste management is a serious problem in Nairobi, particularly in the more densely populated areas (more than 6000 people per square kilometre), which generate over 70% of all the waste. The other areas generate very little waste, are more organized and therefore are not a big problem. In the more affluent areas, private garbage collectors are assisting the city government in waste management.

8.1.1 Priority Areas in Waste Management

The City Council has so far managed to acquire over 60 new trucks and is also in the process of rehabilitating stalled ones to increase its fleet and capacity to deliver services. The city requires over 180 trucks to effectively collect waste. Without additional trucks, it cannot cope with the collection of waste at the rate of its generation, which is 1000 tons per day. Firms and individuals are contributing trucks and other equipment to assist the city in collecting waste. Individual entrepreneurs have stepped up recycling of waste. However, the way these entrepreneurs get their waste for recycling is not very organized as they rely on gangs of marauding youth who sort out garbage mounds for anything valuable, which is then exchanged for money.

Various dumping sites have been identified and are in use for this purpose. The previous dumping site has to be closed down because of its proximity to residential areas and the process used to reduce waste is hazardous as it emits a lot of smoke during incineration. Accidental fires are the order of the day due to self-combustion and ignition by scavengers who live at the site.

A study has been carried out with the assistance of JICA and there are plans to organize and step up recycling of waste and even to use waste to generate power and produce paving bricks/blocks.

8.1.2 Sensitizing Communities on the Importance of Environmental Issues

In order to sensitize the public on the most effective method of disposing of waste, the city established the Department of Environment in 1994. The department has established environmental committees in every estate and divided the city into divisions for ease of management. Each division has its own personnel and equipment, and works closely with the Estate Environmental Committees. In order to respond to waste management needs of their neighbourhoods, the residents put in place ad-hoc clean-up campaigns.

Although not directly under the ambit of the Council, many voluntary organizations have taken the role of sensitizing the residents of Nairobi on environmental issues. The best examples of such organizations are the Green-Belt Movement, Operation Firimbi, the Neighbourhood Watch, etc. The main interests of these organizations are to ensure that open spaces are available as much as possible in the city. They resist every attempt by anybody to alienate public land that would jeopardize environmental management. They hold seminars, workshops, public rallies, demonstrations and even protests to drive their point home.

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Nairobi City Council has over 190 primary schools under its control. In all these schools, there are environmental clubs, wildlife clubs, agricultural clubs and debating clubs in which environmental issues are given priority. Young people thus grow up with full knowledge of the environment around them and armed with management techniques to handle it.

8.1.3 Priority Areas in Water Resources Management/Clean Water

Several rivers traverse Nairobi City, but these rivers play no important role in the augmentation of water resources in the City as they are terribly polluted. There have been several efforts to have the rivers cleaned and protected from pollutants, but all these have been in vain. No sooner are these rivers cleaned than you find the informal sector and the manufacturing sector dumping waste into them. Campaigns through the media and other visual aides have been conducted, but their effects have also been short-lived and minimal. The rivers remain polluted.

8.1.4 Prevention of Pollution of Rivers

The sources of the pollutants have already been identified and such pollution can easily be prevented if some seriousness was observed. These include farm chemicals from farms to the west of the city, which are washed by rainwater into the river system. Informal settlements that have been developed by the river flood plains discharge waste, through open sewer, into these rivers, causing pollution. This should be addressed.

8.1.5 Cleaning of the Rivers

The second priority area that needs attention involves cleaning of the riverbanks and their courses and ensuring that they remain clean. These watercourses can then be used for entertainment and recreational purposes. The flood plains that are now used by squatters for settlement can also be converted into recreational zones and make cheaper water resources available to the citizen.

8.1.6 Maintenance of the River Courses

This will ensure that the rivers remain clean and aesthetically beautiful. Strategies and plans of implementing prevention of pollution of our rivers will involve ensuring that farming communities upstream of these rivers do not use harmful chemicals and if they use them it will be ensured that run-off to the rivers is reduced or curbed altogether. Manufacturing firms and individuals that dump in the rivers will also be discouraged from the habit. This can be done through campaigns, legislation and law enforcement, policing and so on. This has to be an ongoing affair, lest the rivers revert to their polluted state.

8.2 Action Plan

The City of Nairobi has chosen to concentrate on transportation management and air pollution in their effort to promote an eco-society in Nairobi.

Air pollution levels in Nairobi are difficult to determine as little monitoring is done and there is no data available on the pollution levels caused by various agents of pollution. The major air pollutants in Nairobi are the industries and motor vehicles, which emit visible and invisible

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gases to the atmosphere. There are also suspended particles in the form of smoke emitted from the pollutants, although there is little data on the amounts of suspended particles in the air.

The estimated number of vehicles in Nairobi is 400,000, with an average age of 18 years. Since maintenance levels are below average, this results in high pollution levels in Nairobi from vehicular traffic. The number of diesel propelled engines has critically risen in the recent years. This has been due to the rapid increase in the number of mini-buses for public transport. The diesel engines emit high levels of smoke thus contributing to the environmental degradation especially along the public road corridors in built up areas with low air circulation levels. The number of mini-buses operating as public transport in Nairobi has increased from 1600 in 1990 to 4800 in 1998.

8.2.1 Air Pollution Indicators in Nairobi

While there is very little data collected for Nairobi pollution levels, there are still indicative factors that show the alarming air pollution levels, especially from motor traffic. The factors include:

8.2.1.1 Heavy clouds hanging above the city on clear, dry days

This is an indication of high amounts of suspended particles in the air especially from vehicular smoke, as well as fires that develop during the dry periods. The burning of garbage by communities when not collected regularly also contributes to the problem of suspended particles in the air.

8.2.1.2 Drying out of the roadside flowers and plants

Nairobi has been known as the Green City in the sun. The history of the city indicates the site to have been a swampy area with fresh water and surrounded with green forests. The greenery has almost disappeared in the recent past with the plants next to the city roads drying up. Even the city’s attempt to replant them has had very little success. This is a general indication of the level of pollution along the city roads, especially from visible and invisible emissions.

8.2.1.3 Lower respiratory track infections

This is usually a sign of air pollution, even though it is not very easy for Nairobi to apportion the problem to traffic pollution or industrial pollution.

8.2.2 Activities Undertaken to Reduce Motor Vehicle Traffic Pollution

8.2.2.1 Improvement of Pedestrian Facilities

Pollution by motor traffic is a major concern to the city of Nairobi. This has led the city to encourage non-motorized modes of transport, such as walking and cycling, since these modes of transport are environmentally friendly.

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8.2.2.2 Legislative Requirements

There is very little in the way of formal legislation or policy that manage air quality, either in Kenya in general or in Nairobi in particular. The legal provisions in the Traffic Act only cover the visible emissions from vehicle exhaust in the form of smoke. The invisible emissions are not covered, even though they are the most dangerous ones in terms of the environment.

The deficiencies in the legal provisions led to the setting up of a committee under the auspices of UNEP to sensitize the stakeholders on environmental problems caused by motor vehicles.

The issues that were raised and remain hindrances to the motor traffic pollution controls are:

• = Inadequate legal provision that have not recognized the dangers of the invisible emissions from motor vehicle traffic. This is being handled by sensitising the policy-makers to think of the pollution levels caused by motor vehicles;

• = Lack of equipment for monitoring pollution from motor vehicles and the effect of this pollution on the environment.

6.3.1.1. Traffic Management

The Nairobi City Council, through the Ministry of Local Authorities, is undertaking road improvement work to alleviate traffic congestion on city roads. This is expected to reduce congestion levels on the streets and therefore improve the environment.

The construction of bypass roads will also decongest the city from heavy traffic, especially the long-distance trucks, which emit a lot of exhaust. It is hoped that rerouting some of the heavy vehicles to the bypasses, where the buildings are sparsely located and where the air circulation rate is better, will minimize the pollution levels on the streets.

8.2.3 Eco-Partnership Programmes

8.2.3.1 Non-Motorized Transport

There is a User-Participation Committee comprising the City Council officials and representatives of schools, industrial workers and the informal business community along Jogoo Road.

The group meets regularly to consider proposed work to be carried out along Jogoo Road and to give their opinions on the proposed work. The group also organizes visits to the schools to sensitize the school children on safe use of the road and the need to take care of our environment by encouraging the use of environmentally friendly modes of transport.

The group also produces posters to sensitize the public.

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8.2.3.2 Future Plans on Non-Motorized Transport

• = Programme for school visits to organize lectures on safe use of the roads and environmental degradation. A team from the City Engineer, Traffic Police and the schools will carry this out;

• = Production of posters for distribution to schools and members of the public on safe use of the road and the relation between non-motorized transport modes and a clean environment.

8.2.3.3 Transport Management

Most of the parking areas in Nairobi for the matatus (mini-buses used for public transportation) are next to shops and other businesses. The matatus are usually diesel propelled and are therefore responsible for most of the pollution. The other problem is that the engines are left running most of the day even when they are waiting to pick up passengers.

This programme involves the management of public transport terminal facilities. The process involves organizing the matatus into an orderly queuing system on a first come, first pick up basis. The vehicle owners have joined together with the City Council to help manage the process. All the matatus that are not yet picking up passengers are advised to switch off their engines in order to conserve fuel; reduce pollution (especially from fumes and noise); and improve the serviceability of the vehicle.

8.2.3.4 Future Plans on Transport Management

The group has only worked for two months and is still trying to acquaint itself with organized operations. The future plans include:

• = Organization of public lectures for matatu management teams at the terminuses to sensitize the drivers and management crews on the need to create clean air by reducing pollution from vehicle exhaust fumes;

• = Production of posters for purposes of sensitizing vehicle owners and operators to the importance of maintaining clean air.

9. MARIKINA

Marikina chose to share its experience on waste management. Marikina presented a different opinion on how to deal with sorting garbage.

9.1 No Sorting of Garbage at the Source (Household)

The city of Marikina is averred to the idea of garbage segregation at the households, which is now being advocated by the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA), an umbrella organization mandated to coordinate garbage collection in Metro Manila, among others. The problem with sorting at the households is that garbage will be sorted out again prior

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to storage at the dumpsite to make sure that it is properly sorted. To avoid double handling, sorting of garbage should be done at the dumpsite and not at the source (household).

9.2 Volume Reduction through User’s Fee

Marikina eliminated garbage fees in favour of requiring business establishments to buy plastic bags from the city’s Waste Management Office. The bigger the volume of their garbage, the more bags they will have to buy. The bag is marked with control number to ensure that covered establishments use the bags. The cost of the plastic bag includes service collection fee. The official bags cannot be reused. Sale of second-hand/used bags is prohibited. The establishments face appropriate penalties for violating the city ordinance “mandating the purchase of bags for proper disposal by commercial and industrial establishments” and for using second-hand bags.

9.3 A House Is Not an Abode without a Toilet

While there are reportedly five million households throughout the Philippines who do not have toilets as of latest count, Marikina has only about a hundred or less without toilets. The city hopes to greet the new millennium with all households having toilets. In line with this, the city passed an ordinance which stated that “A house is not an abode without a toilet”. As such, the city government can demolish the house if it fails to install one within the prescribed period of time, especially when the city provides a free toilet bowl, including access to a community septic tank in most high-density areas. Therefore, while everyone else is counting the number of days to the new millennium, the city is counting the number of toilets it has yet to construct before the century ends. In the next five years, the city’s target is to upgrade the hygienic standards of the household.

9.4 City Water for All

By the first year of the new millennium, the target is to have all of the 90,000 households in Marikina reached by city water. To do this, the city is discouraging people from installing deep-wells, which are not only backward, but also pose health hazards because of the uncertainty of the water’s potability. City water pipelines have been laid down in every street to make it accessible to every household. Hence, it is expected that in the next five to ten years, city water will reach every household. The city is providing an incentive by doing away with the imposition of excavation/restoration fees to encourage people to save money for the city water connection. This will ultimately save a lot of money, which will be used to buy medicines for water-borne diseases.

9.5 Dust-Free Marikina

Toxic emission of industries in Marikina is practically under control, so that the focus is now on the solids or dusts, which when ingested are more harmful to health. To reduce dust, there is a need to pave roadways and sidewalks, improve the drainage systems and acquire additional mechanized street sweepers. Marikina is also gearing-up to vacuum roads in order to keep the dust at a safe level. Plans are now being drawn up to make the city bicycle-friendly by year 2002. An extensive network of bicycle access is being put up to increase bicycle use by five times.

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9.6 Animal Quarantine

Corollary to cleaning streets, the city has embarked on impounding or rounding-up all animals, domesticated or otherwise, in selected densely populated areas. So far this pilot programme is being implemented in two areas. It has shown positive results in terms of sanitation and hygiene. Most importantly, illnesses related to animal ownership or its proximity have decreased significantly.

10. PHNOM PENH

10.1 Status Report

The city of Phnom Penh has chosen to focus on waste management.

10.1.1 Sewerage Improvement (Wastewater)

Improving the living conditions in Phnom Penh City includes the improvement of sanitation, sewerage and flood control against local rainfall.

The sewerage system of the Municipality of Phnom Penh is a combined system that was constructed by the French. Due to the civil war, the development of the sewerage system has been stopped since 1970. At present time, the system is seriously damaged due to lack of maintenance. Due to the rapid urbanization of Phnom Penh, the capacity of the existing sewerage system has become too small to handle the waste. As a result, wastewater and storm water flooding are frequent, causing damage to the city infrastructure and becoming a health hazard to the inhabitants. Moreover, due to lack of wastewater treatment plants, sewage has contaminated ponds and swamps surrounding the city and, as a consequence, the water quality of Mekong River is deteriorating.

The sanitary condition in Phnom Penh city is also bad due to the lack of and/or malfunctioning of the drainage and sewerage system, including the absence of sanitary facilities such as wastewater and sludge treatment plants. Full sewer systems cause damages to the city’s infrastructure and the water is polluted due to garbage disposal into waterways without any treatment.

Household refuse also causes problems in the city infrastructure. Due to lack of appropriate solid waste management, solid waste blocks sewer pipes, causing flooding and damage. Underground water is also contaminated by sewerage leakage from unsanitary landfill sites. A study has to be undertaken urgently to develop a proper municipal solid waste management system.

10.1.2 Measures to Be Taken

Since July 1997, ten percent of the Municipality of Phnom Penh’s water bill has been allocated to cover the municipal sewerage operation and maintenance cost, in addition to the national and municipal budget.

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To alleviate storm waste inundation in the city, the Municipality of Phnom Penh has started to improve the downstream canal part of the biggest area in downtown Phnom Penh (Boeng Trabek Catchment) by rehabilitating the main canal and constructing a new pumping station financed by a loan from ADB. The project is now being tendered.

Along with the ADB-funded project, NORAD has granted funds for an Institutional Capacity-Building Project in the Department of Public Works and Transport and a Neighbourhood Improvement Programme (NIP). In addition, heavy equipment has been provided under a NORAD grant to the Department of Public Works and Transport for the operation and maintenance of the sewerage system in Phnom Penh City.

a) Objectives of the Programme

The objectives are:

• = To formulate a master plan for sewerage improvement in Phnom Penh City with the target year of 2015;

• = To conduct a feasibility study on sewerage improvement for priority projects identified in the master plan study. The study will start in 2000-2001.

These improvements of the sewerage systems cannot be realized without the collaboration of the management of the municipality. Hence, there is a need to sensitize the management of the municipality so that they will buy in to the idea.

b) Expected Achievement

• = Improvement of Phnom Penh’s drainage and sewerage system, including equipment rehabilitation and expansion of existing capacities in order to minimize flooding;

• = Implementation of a master plan, which aims at improving sewerage system and water quality in the city;

• = Identification of new approaches for improving sanitation condition in the city of Phnom Penh;

• = Formulation of a practical action plan for solid waste management suitable to the city.

10.1.3 Solid Waste Management

The Municipality of Phnom Penh does not yet have a master plan for solid waste management. As a result the urban area of Phnom Penh is very unsanitary because of uncollected refuse and illegally dumped waste on the streets and on areas not designated for waste disposal.

In order to resolve these critical problems and to provide the residents and tourists with a sanitary environment, the Municipality of Phnom Penh has set up a company to operate in a joint venture with a foreign company. Prior to establishing the operation and maintenance structure of the Company, the municipality started collecting fees for the purchase of new equipment such as dump trucks and compactor trucks.

However, the company did not live up to the city’s expectations. As a result, the Municipality of Phnom Penh officially cancelled its contract with the company in August 1995. A back-up plan was not in place, which left the Solid Waste Management Division with even

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larger piles of refuse dumped in the streets. The roles of both the municipal authority and the private sector in the field of solid waste management need to be defined.

Solid waste management has become a critical problem for the following reasons:

• = Irregular collection of waste; • = Inadequate enforcement of solid waste regulation; • = Inefficient collection routing and coverage area; • = Lack of data on waste amount and composition generated; • = Obsolete collection vehicles, which are subject to breakdowns; • = Poor environment condition of the disposal system endangers public health; • = Lack of waste volume reduction and recycling plans; • = An institutional and administrative structure that is inferior and inappropriate for the

required cleansing services both in actual operation and managing private sector participation;

• = Finance and auditing procedures in need of revision; • = Absence of public education system and participation programme.

10.1.4 Present Solid Waste Condition

Phnom Penh is the centre for the economic and cultural exchange in Cambodia. The population density is estimated at 3,230 persons per km2 and has been increasing rapidly since 1993.

During the first few years the growth was more rapid and in the last ten years the population increased 1.5 times. Such rapid growth is bound to put a strain on services in any city and, in the case of Phnom Penh, the situation is further aggravated by the prevalent insufficient services.

Due to political stability, the economy of the area is developing. Many buildings and facilities are now being constructed, and there is also a dramatic increase of population migration from the rural areas in search of job opportunities in construction and tourism. However, the local government is incapable of coping with the increasing amount of waste generated by this migration.

To prevent further deterioration of the sanitary conditions in public areas, the government formulated a decree related to waste disposal in Phnom Penh in August 1984. The decree stipulated the imposition of fines on people who illegally dumped waste in public areas and in areas not designated by the government for waste disposal.

The Municipality of Phnom Penh is divided into seven districts, four of which are located downtown. In 1998, the total amount of waste collected reached 450,963 m3, or approximately 300 tons per day.

The government has therefore designed an area where residents can burn their waste. However, the residents more than often dump their waste in open areas, creating open dumpsites in the city and unfavourable sanitary conditions.

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The landfill site used by the municipality is located in Steung Mean Chey, an area of 68,000 m2, which is already full. During the rainy season, dump trucks are blocked in front of the site and refuse is dumped outside of roads carelessly. This is the only disposal site Phnom Penh Municipality uses.

There is no heavy equipment available at the disposal site in order to operate it as a sanitary landfill. The site, in its present condition, causes many environmental problems and it is necessary to immediately design and designate an improved site. Furthermore a study needs to be conducted to determine the effects of the site on the surrounding areas. Finally, field surveys are required to determine the remaining capacity of the disposal site and to allocate new disposal sites.

10.2 Action Plan

The Municipality of Phnom Penh has carried out the following initiatives in regard to waste management:

10.2.1 Phnom Penh Water Supply and Drainage Project

The work started in March 1998 and the completion period is four to five years. The work includes reconstruction of the Boeung Trabek Pumping Station, which at completion of the project will provide maximum pumping capacity to the area. The project also includes rehabilitation and upgrading of the Boeung Trabek and Toul Sen canals.

10.2.2 Flood Defence Activity

The Municipality of Phnom Penh established “The Committee and Sub-Committee to Protect against Floods”, in order to have an emergency mechanism in place when the water level of the Tonle Mekong River System exceeds its normal level. The chief of the Committee is the Governor.

10.2.3 Phnom Penh Water Supply System Rehabilitation Study

The study was completed in November 1993 by JICA. The implementation of the project was made possible through a grant from Japan.

10.2.4 Waste Management

The Municipality of Phnom Penh has both short-term and long-term objectives with respect to waste management:

(i) Short-term

• = To eliminate pollution caused by uncollected solid waste in the streets; • = To decrease environmental pollution caused at final disposal site due to unsanitary

disposal of solid waste;

(ii) Long-term

• = To improve solid waste management service in the entire city ;

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• = To educate the citizen in order to raise their awareness on disposal of solid waste and solicit their cooperation in improving the solid waste management system. The Municipality of Phnom Penh implements this strategy through seminars and the media.

• = To build the capacity of Municipality of Phnom Penh.

10.3 Phnom Penh and Eco-Partnership

Following the United Nations Eco-Partnership Study Programme in Bangkok and Tokyo, the Municipality of Phnom Penh established an advisory committee as a follow-up activity to this programme.

The advisory committee has identified a number of priority areas. These are clean water, clean streets (waste management) and clean air. The strategy is to implement the chosen priority areas by involving school children. The committee also plans to organize a citywide campaign in collaboration with the central government and the media. The chief of committee, who is the First Vice-Governor of Phnom Penh, has chosen waste management as the number one priority area.

The principal objective of the Municipality is to improve waste management of Phnom Penh in the following priority areas:

• = Establish a garbage and trash container system; • = Centralize collections operation under a Department of Sanitation; • = Develop sanitary landfills in accordance with international standards; • = Develop a waste recycling programme with the cooperation of the citizens; • = Create an effective vector (rat) control programme; • = Clean sidewalks and roadways of vendors; • = Dredge existing sewage channels; • = Relocate squatters living over sewer lagoon; • = Start a long-range plan for the sewer system and wastewater treatment; • = Create a programme to provide public toilets/baths; • = Develop proposals to request assistance and/or grants; • = Reorganize the street maintenance programme; • = Develop television and radio public information programmes.

In order to reduce air pollution and make the city greener, the Municipality of Phnom Penh has launched a campaign of planting and replacing trees on all streets in the city. This campaign started in August 1999 and was to be finished by the end of the year 1999 with the participation of the citizens and in collaboration with the media.

In order to execute an improved waste management system, the Municipality of Phnom Penh needs to build its capacity on urban management. The needed capacity-building has two components:

a) Human resources development, i.e., improvement of knowledge, skills and attitudes of the staff of the organization through training, in country and abroad;

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b) Organization development, i.e., the improvement of the internal structure of the organization responsible for waste management.

The Municipality of Phnom Penh needs adequate human resources in order to implement and improve its waste management system effectively and efficiently. This goal can be reached by formulating special policies, programmes and projects and providing technical support to the organization. Developed countries could offer courses in environmental management, sewerage improvement and urban environment management. However, local training should also be provided on a regular basis.

11. TOKYO

11.1 Status Report

11.1.1 Tokyo’s Unique Approach to Pollution Control

In 1969, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government devised the Environmental Pollution Control Ordinance that regulates the installation of factories and specific work areas, stipulates measures to prevent pollution and defines procedures for emergencies. The ordinance has played a major role in protecting the health of Tokyo residents and conserving their environment. It also outlines the Tokyo Metropolitan Government’s responsibility and authority, particularly in the area of pollution and environmental issues, based on an understanding that national regulations (Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control) are insufficient and that it is important to tackle the problem on a local government level according to each local characteristics. The ordinance has been highly praised from various fields as the most advanced, comprehensive and systematic ordinance of this kind in Japan.

However, it is also true that the ordinance initially faced strong opposition from those who argued that tighter regulation would hinder industrial and economic development, or that national laws have priority over local ordinances. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has implemented the ordinance emphasising healthy a living environment as the focus when building industries and the economy.

In order to implement the pollution prevention measures, a programme to guard Tokyo residents against pollution was drawn up in 1971, detailing individual measures, procedures and conditions required to make Tokyo a comfortable city to live in.

In 1972, a programme for preventing pollution in the Tokyo area was devised which is aimed at achieving a set of environmental standards. The measures in the programme focused on regulating the sources of pollution, developing facilities such as parks, sewerage, waste processing plants and conserving the natural environment. When the full-fledged measures were launched in the late 1960s, air pollution and river contamination saw a rapid improvement.

The move did not stop at pollution control. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government also introduced an ordinance on preserving and recovering nature in Tokyo, implementing measures to protect nature and restore what had been lost. Efforts have been made to designate conservation areas, promote greenery in urban areas and to create areas filled with nature. As a

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result, the downward trend in the so-called green coverage ratio has now slowed down to a steady level.

11.1.2 Evaluation of Japan’s Pollution Control Measures and the Current Situation

When Tokyo was tackling pollution issues, OECD’s environment committee compiled a report on “The Japanese Experience: Did Their Environment Policies Succeed?” The conclusion of the report was that the Japanese environment policies concentrated on eliminating pollution and succeeded in reducing environmental contamination. It further concluded that Japan failed to remove public discontent on the environment, pointing out that Japanese policies fell short of improving quality of life and the environment.

Regrettably, Japan is way behind U.S. and European countries in the area of pollution control and ensuring environmental policies.

Today, Tokyo suffers from air pollution (caused by exhaust gas from vehicles) and water contamination (caused by household wastewater). The cause is the growth in private car ownership and the shift from railway to automobiles, a trend that has developed as the society has become more affluent. Nitrogen oxides are making asthma more common. Household wastewater is contaminating water systems.

In addition, it has become evident that carbon dioxide released in the course of urban activities and urban lifestyle causes climate changes. Nowadays, there is no clear distinction between the inflicted and the afflicted of environmental problems.

This is why the Tokyo Metropolitan Government is proceeding with a campaign to change the lifestyle of its citizen in order to create more environmentally friendly communities. Tokyo’s experiences during its high economic growth can be useful in many respects to numerous countries that are now pursuing economic development. It is true that there are regional and lifestyle differences between Tokyo and those countries. Yet, they can draw many successful examples and lessons from Tokyo, which also had to deal with problems accompanying modernization.

11.2 Action Plans

11.2.1 Future Actions by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Tokyo aims to obtain certification in the ISO14000 series and introduce an environmental assessment system. The ISO14000 series is a set of international standards for environmental management systems, outlined by ISO (International Standardization Organization).

In a move to actively promote an energy-saving society, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has decided to acquire the ISO14000 certification for the main government complex in Shinjuku by the target date of March 2000.

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This certification was obtained by some sewage treatment facilities and garbage processing plants in Tokyo, some of which were the first certifications of the kind for local government facilities in Japan.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government intends to set an example in ISO14000 series certification and appeals its resolve to the public, before requesting businesses within Tokyo to follow suit.

11.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment System

Tokyo has utilized the environmental assessment system, based on the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance, to evaluate the environmental impact of individual businesses. The system has made a certain achievement, such as preventing the destruction and deterioration of the natural environment. It has been developed on the recognition that it is important to prevent environmental deterioration, rather than merely taking post facto measures on pollution. However, there has been criticism that it does not allow flexibility in reviewing projects and that it does not evaluate compound effects on the environment by multiple businesses.

Currently, there is a general acknowledgement that past administrative activities gave few opportunities for reviewing a project once it was drawn up and that environmental impact assessment should be conducted on public work projects from the drafting stage, because of their major influence on the environment. Many other regional governments are effectively utilising such an assessment from the project planning stage and at a certain period of time after the project has been drafted. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government is in a trial stage and has committed itself to introducing a general assessment system, following the example of local governments that have more experience in this area.

11.2.3 Tokyo Action Plan for Global Environmental Conservation

In an effort to become a sustainable city, Tokyo is working towards transforming itself into a city that is committed to energy conservation. In order to steadily implement Agenda 21, adopted by the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government devised the Tokyo Action Plan for Global Environmental Conservation as the main pillar of Tokyo’s environmental conservation administration. The plan stipulates that the administration, businesses and the general public of Tokyo should fulfil their obligations in building a resource-saving society. Based on the plan, Tokyo is tackling issues of waste processing, urban transportation, water circulation and the development of a city committed to energy saving.

As for the response to the global environmental problems, Tokyo plans to cut carbon dioxide emissions by 6% from the 1990 figure by the year 2020, based on the 6% emission reduction target set at the 1997 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COPS) in Kyoto.

11.3 Action Plan for the 21st Century

Cities around the world are suffering from similar urban problems. Some have already gone through such problems, while others are experiencing them right now or will face them in

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the future. Although the stages in urban problems may vary, our largest mission remains to be to protect the lives and properties of our residents.

We must share the experiences accumulated in human history, actively resolve urban environmental problems and tackle the issue of global environment facing all cities and people.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government is determined to continue to spearhead the move-ment in cities around the world.

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APPENDIX 2: City to City Cooperation Arrangements

Requesting City Cooperating City Assistance Requested Type of Assistance to Be Provided

Addis Ababa Tokyo

Short-term training on waste management for 2-3 staff for approx. 4 weeks

Training and local expenses will be financed by TMG as long as travel and accommodation cost is covered by others, e.g. UNDP.

Kuala Lumpur

1. Expert to assess the situation of waste management and needs assessment.

2. Short-term training by way of attachment (2-3 technical experts)

Requested assistance will be provided as long as transport and accommodation is financed from other sources.

Bangkok

Technical assistance on waste management, short-term training and study visit to Bangkok

Will manage the schedule, provide resource personnel and place for study visit and training as long as travel and accommodation is financed by others, e.g. UNDP.

Dar es Salaam Kuala Lumpur Air pollution: • = Training on air pollution

management; • = Training in city transportation;

Waste management: • = Exchange learning visit; • = Short training courses in waste

reduction, recycling and re-use; • = Training and management of

landfill sites; • = Incinerator – how to build cost-

efficient incinerator plants; • = Training in information

technology (computer courses).

Accounting: Training on accounting systems and HRM, plan to send people before the end of the year;

In the case of training of HRM and financial management Dar es Salaam will cover the cost of transportation and accommodation.

For the other activities, financial assistance for travel and accommodation will be needed from other sources, e.g. UNDP.

Tokyo Air pollution:

Provision of principal land and by-laws copies;

Training in air pollution

Assistance will be provided as long as financial resources are available from other sources.

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management (capacity-building).

Waste management: • = Training in landfill

management (capacity-building);

• = Land reclamation training (capacity-building).

Jakarta Tokyo 1. Land reclamation method; and 2. Environmental management

and audit.

Technical assistance will be provided.

Bangkok Waste management: technical assistance on the “4Rs”, i.e. Reuse, Repair, Recycle and Reproduce.

Air pollution: sharing information through Internet, newsletter, documents, etc.

Information sharing.

Provision of training and study visit in Bangkok on 4Rs system.

1. Information network and sharing on waste management and methods to raise awareness of people.

Kuala Lumpur Agreement scheme for privatization.

Technical assistance and training.

Johannesburg Tokyo Waste management:

1. Sharing experiences based on best practices;

2. Providing technological training;

3. Training in HRM.

1. Sending a team of experts to assist with the framework of waste management utilities;

2. Identifying new technology that can be used in upgrading, maintenance and strengthening of waste management systems.

Kuala Lumpur Housing development:

Sharing experiences based on best practices:

• = Mutual cooperation; • = Involvement of civil society; • = Linking the programme to all

other programmes involving housing development.

Waste management:

• = HRM development, including training and capacity-building for top management of waste management utility;

• = Assist with the formation of results-oriented programme in

Identification of potential donors.

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the implementation of utility, including advice on new programme to be implemented in the implementation of waste management utility;

• = Outsourcing non-core functions, including mutual cooperation and provision of local potential donors;

• = Maintenance of vehicles, including vocational training and HRD.

Lagos Bangkok Waste management: 1. Assistance for procurement of

equipment; 2. Public enlightenment; 3. Logistics for effective and

efficient waste collection.

Request to be considered by the Governor of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.

Kuala Lumpur Air pollution: 1. Public enlightenment in total

waste management; 2. Logistics and maintenance of

plants/trucks and equipment.

1. Technical assistance 2. Will be willing to send technical

expert to Lagos as backup. May request that Lagos

Marikina Waste management: 1. Construction of mini-transfer

stations to facilitate the collection process of waste in each locality of state;

2. Revamping of equipment, procurement of trucks/plants and equipment.

1. Agreed to send detailed engineering drawing that will assist in the construction of the transfer stations;

2. Will send list of vendors that specialize in this equipment.

Tokyo Waste management: Technical assistance vis-a-vis supply of trucks and plant moving.

Such assistance could be provided by JICA. Will approach JICA in Lagos for possible assistance.

Marikina Kuala Lumpur Waste management:

Parks development

1. Training in the planting and maintenance of parks flora;

2. Training on landscaping, design and development.

Phnom Penh Air pollution: 1. Lane allocation for motorized

vehicles; 2. Pay parking and multi-level

parking systems;

3. Managing sidewalk problems.

1. Copy of study, rules and regulations to be provided by Phnom Penh;

2. Arrange visits of officials from both cities in order to share each other’s experiences.

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Tokyo Waste management:

1. Street cleaning 2. Drainage maintenance

1. Training in the management, operation and maintenance of mechanized street sweeping equipment;

2. Training and management operation of drainage cleaning and de-clogging equipment

Nairobi Tokyo Setting up of pollution control stations and related equipment: • = A technical adviser to make a

needs assessment study; • = Financing the procurement of

equipment; • = Training for officials from

Nairobi Municipality either in Japan or elsewhere.

JICA and OECF to be approached by the Government of Kenya to look into the possibility of providing a technical adviser for needs assessment, training of officials from Nairobi Municipality, as well as for the procurement of equipment.

Marikina 1. Study on the establishment of a network of bicycle tracks in the city;

2. Clearing of roadways.

1. Will provide a copy of the study and will share experiences in this area;

2. Copy of sidewalk cleaning programme will be provided.

Jakarta 1. Preparation of an action plan for a clean air programme;

2. Checking of emissions for both public transport and private motor vehicles;

3. Method of controlling and monitoring: • = Slum area along river; • = Industrial area along river; • = Residential area along the

river.

Will provide the experiences in a form of a document to assist in the preparation of the action plan.

Documentation on equipment and other resources requirements will be provided.

Sharing of experiences and training will be provided.

Phnom Penh Bangkok Expansion of existing landfill: 1. Physical expansion of the landfill,

or 2. Introducing strategies to extract

organic materials from the garbage.

Under consideration by the Adviser of the Governor of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.

Kuala Lumpur Training programme on solid waste management and exchange of best practices and experiences of Kuala Lumpur.

The training and the expenses in Kuala Lumpur will be born by Kuala Lumpur. Expenses for travel will be needed from another donor.

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APPENDIX 3: Proposed Activities of the Africa-Asia Eco-Partnership Programme

1. Preparatory Meeting

A Preparatory Meeting will take place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, prior to the actual implementation of the project. The purpose of the Meeting is to finalize:

♦ = The overall work plan for three years; ♦ = The detailed work plan in the first year; ♦ = Action plans and procedures of each city; ♦ = The management system; ♦ = Donor’s participation; and ♦ = The monitoring procedures.

2. Establishment of a Project Management Unit in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

A Project Management Unit for the duration of this project (3 years) will be established in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Project Management Unit will manage, oversee and monitor the activities outlined below, in consultation with UNDP Malaysia office, SU/TCDC, the selected African and Asian municipalities, and the respective UNDP Country Offices. The staffing of the Unit will include one international coordinator, one national programme officer, and one national programme assistant.

3. Establishment of an Independent Eco-Partnership Web Site

An independent web site designed specifically for the Eco-Partnership Programme will be created by utilizing the existing one in Tokyo and will be maintained by the project. The web site would share database and methodology of specific projects and themes as well as provide both project-based and thematic information. The web site will be linked to the already existing web sites of each participating city.

4. Multiple Training Programmes and Subsequent Provision of Technical Assistance

The Collaborating City will conduct a group training programme on a certain topic for two participants each from a multiple number of cities (the Requesting Cities). The training programme will last for three weeks (15 working days), consisting of one week desk study and two weeks on-site training.

Following the group training programme, two technical advisors from the Collaborating City will be sent to each Requesting City to assist in the implementation of the skills and techniques acquired through the training programme. The duration of this delegation will be four weeks (20 working days). The technical advisors will work alongside the newly trained officials in their respective institutions and will give them advice and guidance in the implementation of the new methods and skills.

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5. Information Technology (IT) and Eco-Partnership Programmes

Group training programmes on the topics of “IT: GIS and Local Management” and “Eco-Tourism” will be conducted by two Collaborating Cities for two participants each from a multiple number of Requesting Cities. The training programme will last for two weeks (10 working days), consisting of one week desk study and one week on-site training.

6. Bilateral Training Programmes and Technical Assistance Provisions

The Collaborating City will conduct a training programme on a certain topic for two participants from the Requesting City. The training programme will last for three weeks (15 working days), consisting of one week desk study and two weeks on-site training.

Following the training programme, two technical advisors from the Collaborating City will be sent to the Requesting City to assist in the implementation of the skills and techniques acquired through the training programme. The duration of this delegation will be four weeks (20 working days). The technical advisors will work alongside the newly trained officials in their respective institutions and will give them advice and guidance in the implementation of the new methods and skills.

7. Sensitization Programmes

Two sensitization programmes specifically designed to raise the awareness of citizens on environmental issues will be conducted. Approximately five experts from the Collaborating City will visit the Requesting Cities to implement environmental sensitization activities in the respective cities.

8. Local Action Plans

Local Action Plans in each city will be designed and implemented in parallel with the above-mentioned programmes. The objective of the Local Action Plans would be to strengthen local capacity-building and increase public awareness and participation. Examples of Local Action Plans include community participation programmes and hardware provision projects.

9. Annual Review Meetings

A three-day review meeting will take place annually. The first and second review meetings will take place in Africa and the third one in Asia. The Annual Review Meetings will be attended by the Steering Committee, consisting of representatives of the 12 African and Asian cities, as well as representatives from the UNDP Malaysia office, SU/TCDC and other donors. These Annual Review Meetings will not only review past achievements (project activities, the budget, etc.) but also design future work plans, as well as monitor processes that may go beyond the duration of this project. The third Review Meeting will serve as the final evaluation meeting.

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10. Final Evaluation

After all partnership activities are concluded, two independent international consultants will be hired to conduct a final evaluation. The consultants will visit all 12 cities and evaluate the effectiveness of the programme and finalize the report.

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APPENDIX 4: Activities to Be Undertaken by Participating Cities

The following were identified as activities to be carried out by participating cities, including cities that were not represented in the Tokyo meeting. All the forms that need to be completed by participating cities are found on the following pages.

Title Deadline

1. Proposed Local Action Plan in Relation to the Eco-Partnership Programme - Form included End of July 2000

2. Focal Point in Participating City in Relation to the Eco-Partnership Programme – Form included End of July 2000

3. Request for the Provision of Used Equipment in Relation to the Eco-Partnership Programme - Form included

End of July 2000

4. Ongoing Local Projects Related to the Eco-Partnership Programme - Form included End of July 2000

5. Prior Information (submitted by Requesting City to Collaborating City) - Form to be designed by each city

For Year 1 programmes, please submit by end of September 2000

All documents are to be sent to:

Mr. Ken Tatsuo Fujimura SU/TCDC, UNDP 304 E. 45th Street, 12th Floor New York, NY 10017 USA Tel: 212-906-5609 Fax: 212-906-6429 E-mail: [email protected]

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Proposed Local Action Plan in Relation to the Eco-Partnership Programme

Name of City

Programme Area

Local Project Name

Objective

TOTAL BUDGET UNDP inputs City inputs Other inputs

US�20,000

Responsible Department / Unit of the City

Participating Institutions from Own City

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Proposed Activities

Schedule

1) Preparation: from to 2) Implementation: from to

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Focal Point in Participating City in Relation to the Eco-Partnership Programme

1. Name of City:

2. Name of the Unit / Committee / Group to act as Focal Point:

3. Name of Contact / Responsible Person:

4. e-mail Address:

5. Internet Homepage Address:

6. Telephone Number:

7. Fax Number:

8. Mailing Address:

9. Remarks:

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Request for the Provision of Used Equipment in Relation to the Eco-Partnership Programme

Name of City:

1. Garbage Collection Vehicles

Number of Units Required

Targeted Number of Households

Use Plan

Maintenance Plan

Training Requirements

Major Place of Use

2. Vacuum Cars for Septic Tanks

Number of Units Required

Targeted Number of Households

Use Plan

Maintenance Plan

Training Requirements

Major Place of Use

3. Personal Computers

Number of Units Required

Targeted Number of Population

Use Plan

Maintenance Plan

Training Requirements

Major Place of Use

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Ongoing Local Projects Related to the Eco-Partnership Programme

Name of City

Programme Area

Project Name

Objective

Total Cost

Duration From: To

Donor

Major Activities

Relation with Eco-partnership Project / Programme

Relation with Local Agenda 21

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