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Page 1: Human communication  ch 2 pp

HUMAN COMMUNICATIONMaria Subert

Page 2: Human communication  ch 2 pp

Pearson, J., Nelson, P., Titsworth, S., & Harter, L. (2013). HumanCommunication – Ch. 2

Perception:

• the process of using senses to acquire information about the surrounding environment or situation.

• Perception is subjective, active and creative.

• Differences in perception are the result of past experiences and roles, psychological factors, present feelings and circumstances. (Sex is also a psychological factor.)

• Since our perception is unique, communication between and among people is complicated

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Perception

• Selective perception: the tendency that you want to see, hear, and believe what you want to see, hear, believe and not what you dislike.

• Selective retention: the tendency to remember better the things that reinforce your beliefs than those that oppose them.

• Perceptual constancy: your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change.

• We can overcome perceptional differences that are based on cultural differences by rejecting stereotypes and prejudice.

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The Gestalt Principles

• Gestalt is a psychology term which means "unified whole".

• It refers to theories of visual perception developed by German psychologists in the 1920s.

• These theories attempt to describe how people tend to organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes when certain principles are applied.

• These principles are: similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, and

figure and ground.

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similarity

• Similarity occurs when objects look similar to one another. People often perceive them as a group or pattern.

• The example here contains 11 distinct objects but appears as as single unit because all of the shapes have similarity.

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anomaly

• When similarity occurs, an object can be emphasized if it is dissimilar to the others. This is called anomaly.

• The figure on the far right becomes a focal point because it is dissimilar to the other shapes.

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Continuation

• Continuation: when the eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another object. The smooth flowing crossbar of the "H" leads the eye directly to the maple leaf.

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Closure

• Closure occurs when an object is incomplete or a space is not completely enclosed. If enough of the shape is indicated, people perceive the whole by filling in the missing information.

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Proximity

• Proximity occurs when elements are placed close together. We tend to perceive the first 9 squares as a group, while we perceive the second as separate shapes. (Source:http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/gestaltprinc.htm)

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Figure and ground

Figure is the focal point of your

attention.

Ground is the background against which your focused attention occurs.

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More on perception

• Interpretive perception: a blend of internal states and external stimuli

• Errors in interpretation: stereotyping, prejudice and first impression

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Important definitions

• Stereotyping: hasty generalization about a group based on a judgment about an individual from that group

• Prejudice refers to an unfavorable predisposition about an individual because of his/her membership in a stereotyped group

• First impression: an initial opinion about people upon meeting that person based on their appearance

• Negative first impression may persist even after receiving contradictory information about the person.

• Perceptual checking: a process of describing, interpreting, verifying that help us to understand an other person

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Symbolic Interactionalism

• Formulated by Blumer (1969): the process of interaction in the formation of meanings for individuals.

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Identity management

• Identity management: we control the communication of information through a performance, in which people try to represent an idealized version of themselves to reach desired ends. Think of the photographs your post on the Facebook.