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Page 1: History of-computers513

The History ofThe History ofComputersComputers

Page 2: History of-computers513

What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts (Data), processes it according to specific instructions, and provides the results as new information.

Monitor

Floppy Disk Drive

System Unit

Keyboard

CD-ROM / DVD-ROM

Drive

Mouse

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I- Ancient Counting Machines

1- The Abacus (base 5)

(in ancient Babylon,China, Europe)

2- The Roman NumeralsI II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

3- The Arabic Numerals (base 10)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

An

cien

t Tim

e

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II- Mechanical Counting Machines

4- The Pascaline is a mechanical calculating device invented by the French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642. (+)

1642

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II- Mechanical Counting Machines

1673

5- The Leibniz Wheel was invented by the famous mathematician Leibniz in 1673.( + , - , * , / )

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II- Mechanical Counting Machines

7- Babbage’s Difference Engines were calculating machines made by Charles Babbage to produce tables of numbers that would be used by ship’s navigators.

1852

1832

This device had mechanical problems similar tothose that plagued Pascal and Leibniz.

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The Invention of theVacuum Tube

8- Initially discovered by Thomas Edison, the vacuum tube formed the building block for the entire electronics industry.

*Vacuum tubes were later used as electron valves in the 20th century to build the first electronic computers.

1883

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III- Electrical Counting Machines

• Hollerith’s machine was immensely successful. The general count of the population, then 63 million, took only 6 weeks to calculate!

• Based on the success of his invention, Herman Hollerith and some friends formed a company that sold his invention all over the world. The company eventually became known as:

International Business Machines IBM

1888

Page 9: History of-computers513

III- Electrical Counting Machines

11- MARK I was built by a team from IBM and Harvard University. Mark I used mechanical telephone switches to store information. It accepted data on punched cards, processed it and then output the new data.

1943

51 feet long and weighed over 5 tons

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IV- Electronic Counting Machines

12- The ENIAC was the first US-built all-electronic computer built to perform ballistics calculations. (Away from IBM)

1946

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IV- Electronic Counting Machines

* It was 1000X faster than Mark I, but it drew a lot of power that dimmed the lights of Philadelphia when it was switched on due to the use of Vacuum Tubes.

* Mark I: 5 Additions / sec.* ENIAC: 5,000 Additions / sec.* ENIAC was made of 18,000 vacuum

tubes.

1946

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IV- Electronic Counting Machines

ENIAC’s Problems:1- short life of vacuum tubes2- It runs a single program, which means

rewiring by a group of technicians is needed to change the program!!!

Solution: the same group of researchers worked on another version of ENIAC that can store programs on punched cards that are much easier to manage and they came up with:

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The Effect of World War II

1938

Back in time to the days of war…

* During WWII, the German Navy developed a cipher machine named Enigma. The Enigma machine could automatically encode a message in such a way that only another Enigma machine could read decode it.

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The Effect of World War II

1938

* In 1938 the Polish Secret Service managed to steal an Enigma machine that was smuggled to England.

* Secretly the British developed a computer named Colossus that could decipher as many as 2,000 messages per day. That computer used Vacuum tubes and was the world’s first entirely digital computer. Surprisingly, though Colossus presented a similar technology to that of ENIAC, it had only 2,400 compared to 18,000 in ENIAC!!!

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Two Inventions that changedthe way computers are

built!!194

6

1- The Transistor

The most significant single invention of the modern era. It was invented by3 scsientists at At&T’s Bell Labs.

One of the first overseas companies was a Japanese company called Tokyo Telecommunications Laboratory. The company had troubles paying the license fee ($25,000) that company became in 1956 what’s called now Sony! it replaced the Vacuum tube.

* Transistors are smaller (sometimes microscopic)* Fast and don’t need to warm up

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Transistors on a circuit board

Transistors

Capacitor

Resistors

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Two Inventions that changedthe way computers are

built!!196

1

The IC revolutionized the entire electronic technology. Ex: The Pentium Processor contains 3.1 Million Transistors in 1.5 inch square!

2- The (IC) Integrated Circuit

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How the processor (CPU) is placed on the

Motherboard

Intel 486 CPU

RAM

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1975 - 1981

The Altair The Apple I The FloppyDisk

The Hard Disk

MS-DOS

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1981 - 1993

The IBM PC The Compaq portable Computer

The AppleMacintosh

MS-Windows 3.0 The Pentium Chip

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Intel Pentium Processors

PENTIUM

PENTIUM II

PENTIUM Pro


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