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History of Computers
Ancient Times
In the beginning, man used his fingers and toes to perform simple computations such asaddition and subtraction.
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3000 BC - The first man-made computing device is the “Abacus”. In the Abacus, small beads are arranged on a series of vertical rods in a manner that by manipulating them, it is possible with some skill and practice, to make rapid calculations.
0th Generation(before 1939)
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1614AD – Napier's bones
John Napier (1550-1617), a Scottish mathematician, invented the Napier’s Bones - an aid to multiplication.
A set of bones consisted of nine (9) rods, one for each digit 1 through 9. A rod is essentially one column of a multiplication table.
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• Napier’s bone (Napiers Rods)
(A mathematician)-1614 Multiply two numbers
John Napier
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In 1642, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, invented an adding machine. The machine has adopted partly the principles of the abacus but did away with the use of the hand to move the beads or counters. Instead, Pascal used wheels to move counters.
Pascaline
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Pascaline
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In 1674, Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz made improvements on Pascal’s machine. With Leibnitz’s improvements, it was possible for the machine to divide and multiply as easily as it could add and subtract.
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Charles Babbage ( “father of computers “)
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Charles Babbage made
ANALYTICAL ENGINE (In 1833)
DIFFERENTIAL ENGINE (In 1883)
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Analytical Engine
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Difference Engine
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4. 1840 – Ada, the first programmer suggested binary data storage rather than decimal.
5. 1880 – Dr.Herman Hollerith developed the punched card that would contain data coded in form of punched
holes.
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PUNCHED CARD MACHINE (Tabulating Machine)
Herman Hollerith
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1.First Generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube
2.Second Generation Computers (1954-1959) - transistor
3.Third Generation Computers (1959-1971) - IC
4.Fourth Generation (1971-1990) - microprocessor
5. Fifth Generation (from 1991 )
Generation of Computers
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1939 – Dr. John Vincent Atanasoft produced the first prototype electronic computer.
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1944 – Aitken built Mark 1 the first automatic, sequence controlled calculator; used by military to compute ballistic data.
1947 – Mauchy and Eckert built ENIAC – 2nd Electronic digital computer.
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1949 – Maurice, Eckert and Von Neumann built EDVAC the -1st stored program computer.
1950 – Turing built Ace – 1st programmable computer.
End Show 1951 – Mauchy and Eckert built UNIVAC 1 – 1st
commercially sold.
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UNIVAC I ca. 1955,
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Bendix G-15 of 1956
End ShowIBM 650
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1960 – Gene Amdahl designed IBM System/360 main frame computer – 1st general purpose digital using
Integrated circuits.
1963 – Olsen with Digital Equipment Corporation produced PDP-1 – 1st Mini computer.
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Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation produced microprocessor Intel 4004.
1975 – H.Edward Roberts – 1st Microcomputer.
1976 – Seymour Cray CRAY-1 Supercomputer.
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1977 – Stephen Wonzniak and Steven Jobs built first
Apple Microcomputer.
1980 – Lower cost Personal Computers.
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Present state
Palm Top
PDA
Desk Top Wearing Computer
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Technical Evolution of Computers
• Increase in speed
• Increase in storage capacity
• Increase in reliability
• Reduction in system cost
Period Circuitry Input Output Storage Language Typical computers
1951-1959
Vacuum
Tubes
Punched cards & magnetic
tapes
Punched cards
Magnetic Tapes
Assembly UNIVAC-1
1959-1965
Transistors Punched cards & magnetic
tapes
Punched cards
Magnetic Tapes
High level languages
FORTRAN
IBM 1400
1965-1971
Integrated
Circuits
Keyboards
Monitors Magnetic disks
PASCAL IBM System/360
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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
FIRST
(early 50's)SECOND (late 50's)
THIRD (60's)
FOURTH (70's +)
Technology vacuum tubes Transistors ICMicrochips
(LSI, VLSI)
Relative speed 1 100 100 1,000,000 +++
Relative cost 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 ---
RAM capacity (bytes)
1,000-8,000 4,000-64,00032,000-
4,000,00032,000,000+++
External storage
cards Tape magnetic disks mass storage
Operating System
Single user; jobs scheduled manually
Single user; jobs scheduled automatically
Multiple users; time- sharing
Multiple users; distributed systems
End ShowMicroprocessor development.Model (Intel) Model
(Motorola)YEAR Speed ( MHz)
(roughly)
8088 8
8086 68000 4-8
80186 68010 16
80286 68020 1982 20
80386DX 68030 1986 40
80486dx4 68040 1990 66-75
Pentium MMX Power Pc 1997 166/200
Pentium II Power PC G3/G4 1997 350- 450
Pentium III 2000 450-1200
Pentium IV 2001 1600-3000
