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Page 1: History of Computers

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The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics 1

History of Computers

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The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics 2

Computer History Manual Calculators Mechanical Calculators Computer Prototypes Generations of Computers Personal Computers

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Manual Calculators Device that assists in the process of numeric

calculations, but requires the human operator to keep track of the algorithm

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Manual Calculators

Napier’s Bones (left) evolved into the slide rule (right).

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Mechanical Calculators Implements algorithms autonomously

– Schickard’s Calculator– Pascaline– Leibniz Calculator– deColmar’s Arithmometer– Difference Engine– Analytical Engine– Hollerith Tabulating Machine

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Mechanical Calculators

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Computer Prototypes An experimental device that typically must be

further developed and perfected– Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)– Z3

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Computer Prototypes– IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

(Harvard Mark I)– COLOSSUS– ENIAC

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Generations of Computers UNIVAC is considered the first commercially

successful digital computer First-generation computers

– Vacuum tubes Second-generation

computers– Transistors

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Generations of Computers Third-generation computers

– Integrated circuits• RCA Spectra 70• IBM 360• DEC PDP-8• IBM AS/400

Fourth-generation computers– Microprocessor

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Personal Computers Mark-8 MITS Altair Apple I / Apple II VisiCalc

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Personal Computers IBM PC

– IBM PC XT Apple Lisa Xerox Alto Apple Macintosh