History of computers 1

IntroductionIntroductionCOMP1 ACOMP1 A

Mrs. Annalie P. GoloMrs. Annalie P. Golo

TopicsTopics

Four basic periodsFour basic periods The Computer Age Generation The Computer TodayThe Computer Today

A History of Information A History of Information Technology and SystemsTechnology and Systems

Four basic periodsFour basic periodsCharacterized by a principal Characterized by a principal technology used to solve the technology used to solve the input, input, processing, output and processing, output and communication problemscommunication problems of the of the time: time: – Premechanical, Premechanical, – Mechanical, Mechanical, – Electromechanical, and Electromechanical, and – Electronic Electronic

A. The Premechanical Age: A. The Premechanical Age: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D. 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.

1. Writing and Alphabets--1. Writing and Alphabets--communication.communication.

– speaking and picture drawings. speaking and picture drawings. – 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in

Mesopotamia (what is today southern Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq) devised Iraq) devised cuneiformcuneiform -- -- the first the first true written language and the first true written language and the first real real information systeminformation system

CuneiformCuneiform

- Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols- Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols- The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet - The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.


2. 2. Paper and Pens--input Paper and Pens--input technologies.technologies.

– Sumerians' input Sumerians' input technology was a stylus technology was a stylus that could scratch that could scratch marks in wet clay. marks in wet clay.

– About 2600 B.C., the About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians write on the Egyptians write on the papyrus plant papyrus plant

around 100 A.D., the around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-rags, on which modern-dayday papermaking is papermaking is based. based.


3. 3. Books and Libraries: Permanent Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices.Storage Devices.

– Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books" the earliest "books"

– The Egyptians kept scrolls The Egyptians kept scrolls – Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to

fold sheets of papyrus vertically into fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together. leaves and bind them together.


4. 4. The First Numbering Systems.The First Numbering Systems. – Egyptian system: Egyptian system:

The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom. 1,000 as a lotus blossom.

– The first numbering systems were The first numbering systems were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India Hindus in India

– Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed. was developed.

5. 5. The First Calculators: The The First Calculators: The Abacus.Abacus.

“abax” or “abakos = board

B. The Mechanical Age: B. The Mechanical Age: 1400’s – 1800’s 1400’s – 1800’s

The Pascaline

The first mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician,

in 1642.

The Stepped Reckoner

was invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz in 1674. An Ambitious calculator that performed multiplication and division

which uses a stepped Cylindrical gear.

Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine and Punch Cards

an electromechanical punched-card tabulating machine for use in the 1890 census; this was

invented by Herman Hollerith in 1889

The Dawn of the Computer Age

The Electromechanical The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940Age: 1840 - 1940

The Harvard Mark I Howard Aiken in 1973

submitted a proposal to IBM for a digital calculating

machine capable of performing the four

fundamental operationsof arithmetic and operating in a predetermined sequence.

-First fully automatic computer to be completed.

- It was 51 feet long and 8 ft. high.

The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

was built starting 1943 by John Presper Echertand John W. Mauchly which was built with vacuum

tubes that were purely electronic switches that replaced relays and is regarded as the first

successful general digital

The EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

this machine was planned by John von Neuman withEckert and Mauchly in 1945 and their aim was to

store programs as well as data and numbers in memory.

IBM 701 this was IBM’s first entry into the commercial

computer market. This marked the beginning of the computer age.

The ComputerAge Generation

The Electronic Age: 1940 - The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present. Present.

The Age of Vacuum Tube: First Generation Computer (1951-1958)

Were used as the internal components of the First generation computer which begun with the

introduction of the first commercially viable electronic computer: the UNIVAC , was designed and patterned

after the ENIAC.

Second Generation Computer1959-1964

• The transistor were used as the internal components of the second generation computer.

• Were much smaller, faster, and reliable than vacuum tubes. • They consumed less electrical energy and needed no

warm-up time.• Languages moved from machine language to assembly

languages then high-level languages

Third Generation Computer1965-1970

The Age of Integrated Circuit

IC in 1965, began to replace transistors

as the internal components used

to construct the computer.

Even the entire circuit board of transistors

Can be replaced completely with

one chip.

are made of silicon(is a semiconductor

crystalline substance that

can conductelectric current)

chip.

Third Generation ComputerThird Generation Computer

Offered many advantagesOffered many advantages– Reliability Reliability – CompactnessCompactness– Low costLow cost

Can be manufactured inexpensivelyCan be manufactured inexpensively

Fourth Generation Computer1971 - present

The Age of Microprocessor

is just an extension of the third generation technology whichis to put more power and capabilities in one chip called

microprocessor which is considered as the brain of the computer and almost all computations and

operations of the computercircuitry are being done and coordinated. It can be

used and applied for digital watches, pocket calculators etc.

Fifth Generation (Onward): Information Superhighway

The fifth generation’s focus is more on

connectivity.This is to permit

computer users to connect their computers

To other computers.

The Japanese coined the term fifth generation computer to describe

their plan to build a powerfulComputer by mid-1990s. Later the

term evolved to encompass computer intelligence: artificial intelligence, natural language,

and expert system.

The ComputerToday

Mainframesare housed inside an air-conditioned

room in big companies to keep them in good working condition.

Mainframes

• a single mainframe can replace dozens or even hundreds of smaller servers.

• critical applications typically bulk typically bulk data processing such as census, data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics.industry and consumer statistics.

also mainframes, though they are smaller and less expensive compared

to mainframes.

Minicomputers

Minicomputers

Minicomputers are computers that Minicomputers are computers that are somewhere in between a are somewhere in between a microcomputer and a mainframe microcomputer and a mainframe computer. computer.

.when the computer is connected to a main computer called “server”

(to form a network).

Workstations

Personal Computeris for single or personal use by

a certain individual

Laptop Computersthey are so light and handy enough to rest in our

lap while we are Working with our daily activity. In our present, the typical laptop is called

NOTEBOOK COMPUTER that weighs much less and can be carried like a book.

Pocket PCs

are the fast emerging type of portable computers now. They are small enough to be put into a jacket’s pocket. They are more expensive.

Supercomputersused for scientific research that involveswith the manipulation of highly complex

mathematical data and equations. These data requires trillions of operations to solve.

Embedded and Special Purpose computers

They perform specific tasks such as controlling the temperature and humidity in a big building offices, and to monitor the heart rate of patients in the hospital. Usually built-in to a chip (integrated circuit) with a special-purpose program inside.

Just a thought…Just a thought…

A value has a A value has a value only if its value only if its value is valued.value is valued.