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Page 1: HISTORY OF COMPUTER

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

C

omputers have existed for much of human history. For many centuries people used their own brain-power to perform calculations. They always searched easy and efficient ways for performing calculations.

ABACUS

The abacus is known as the first external aid to computing math-a calculation device. The Chinese abacus was developed about 5000 years ago. It was built out of wood and beads. Before the invention of the Chinese abacus, counting rods, other symbolic methods such as tally sticks, notches on bones, and the like, were undoubtedly used as a tool for counting and calculation.  Abacus could be held and carried around easily. It was so successful that its use spread from China to many other countries. The abacus does not actually do the computing, as today's calculators do. It helps people keep track of numbers as they do the computing.

Figure 1 Abacus

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JOHN NAPIER’S CALCULATING DEVICE

John Napier was a Scottish mathematician and inventor. Napier is famous for creating mathematical logarithms, creating the decimal point, and for inventing Napier's Bones, a calculating instrument. He presented the idea of logarithm in the early 17th century. Napier invented several mechanical methods of simplifying and speeding up multiplication, the most famous being special rods, later known as Napier's bones.

NAPIER’S BONES. Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device. Which was based on Arab mathematics. The complete device usually includes a base board with a rim; the user places Napier's rods inside the rim to conduct multiplication or division. Using the multiplication tables embedded in the rods, multiplication can be reduced to addition operations and division to subtractions.

Figure 2 Napier's Bones original instrument

SLIDE RULE The circular (1632) and rectangular (1620) slide rules were invented by Episcopalian minister and mathematician William Oughtred. The

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invention of the slide rule was made possible by John Napier's invention of logarithms, which slide rules are based upon. Before the invention of the pocket or handheld calculator, the slide rule was a popular tool for calculations. The use of slide rules continued until about 1974, after which electronic calculators became more popular.

Figure 3 Slide Rule

CALCULATING DEVICE EOF BLAISE PASCAL ( 1623-1662)

French inventor, Blaise Pascal was one of the most reputed mathematician and physicist of his time. He is credited with inventing an early calculator, amazingly advanced for its time, called the Pascaline.

PASCALINE Pascal's device used a series of toothed wheels, which were turned by hand and which could handle numbers up to 999,999.999. Pascal's device was also called the "numerical wheel calculator" and was one of the world's first mechanical adding machines.

It consisted of series of wheels or gears. Each wheel/gear displayed the digits from 0 to 9. This calculating device performed arithmetic operations and displayed numbers by rotation of different

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wheels/gears. Each wheel rotated in steps and a wheel completed one rotation in 10 steps.

Figure 4 Pascaline's Calculator

CALCULATING DEVICE OF GOTTFRIED VON LEIBTNIZ

Von Leibniz was very impressed with the calculating machine developed by Pascal (1646).

Von Leibniz improved upon Pascal's device. In 1671, he invented a machine to perform multiplication, division and extraction of square roots. His device, called the "Leibniz Wheel" was a hand-cranked calculator that could only handle simple arithmetical operations and never became widely used. Leibniz also invented a device called "Stepped-Reckoner" which was a sophisticated calculating device, but never managed to fully perfect it.

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PUNCHED BOARD SYSTEM-JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD (1752-1834)

In 1804, French silk weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard Loom that weaved complex designs. Jacquard invented a way of automatically controlling the warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a string of cards. The Jacquard cards were later modified and evolved into computing punch cards.

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Figure 5 Jacquard Loom (Power Loom)

CALCULATING DEVICE OF CHARLES XAVIER (1785-1870)

Arithmometer, early calculating machine, built in 1820 by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar of France.

The Arithmometer was the first digital mechanical calculator strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment. This calculator could add and subtract two numbers directly and could perform long multiplications and divisions effectively by using a movable accumulator for the result.

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Figure 6 Arithmometer

CALCULATING MACHINES-CHARLES BABBAGE (1791-1871)

In Babbage's times there was a really high error rate in the calculation of math tables, when Babbage planned to find a new method that could be use to make it mechanically, removing the human error factor. This idea started to tickle his brain very early, in 1812.

DIFFERENCE ENGINE A difference engine is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. The name derives from the method of divided differences, a way to interpolate or tabulate functions by using a small set of polynomial coefficients. Both logarithmic and trigonometric functions, functions commonly used by both navigators and scientists, can be approximated by polynomials.

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Figure 7 Difference Engine

ANALYTICAL ENGINE The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician Charles Babbage.It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's Difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer. The Analytical Engineincorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory.

Figure 8 Analytical Engine

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LADY AUGUSTRA ADA (1816-1852)She was an English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognised as the first algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine. Because of this, she is often described as the world's first computer programmer.

PUNCHED CARDS BY HERMAN HOLLERITH (1860-1929)

Herman Hollerith first got his idea for the punch-card tabulation machine from watching a train conductor punch tickets. For his tabulation machine he used the punched card invented in the early 1800s. His device could automatically read information which had been punched onto card.

Computer "punched cards" were read electronically, the cards moved between brass rods, and the holes in the cards, created a electric current where the rods would touch.

Figure 9 Punched Cards Format

ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berrybuilt the world's first electronic-digital computer at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. The

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Atanasoff-Berry Computer represented several innovations in computing, including a binary system of arithmetic, parallel processing, regenerative memory, and a separation of memory and computing functions.

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA Boolean algebra was introduced in 1854 by George Boole. Boolean algebra is the algebra of logic. Boolean algebra is the subarea of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively. The Boolean algebra’s rules are used for designing the circuits inside chips.

VON NEUMANN’S STORED PROGRAM stored program concept, Storage of instructions in computer memory to enable it to perform a variety of tasks in sequence or intermittently. The idea was introduced in the late 1940s by John von Neumann, who proposed that a program be electronically stored in binary-number format in a memory device so that instructions could be modified by the computer as determined by intermediate computational results. Engineers in England built the first

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stored-program computer, the Manchester Mark I, shortly before the Americans built EDVAC, both operational in 1949.

Figure 10 Stored Program Structure

MARK-1 OR ASCC

In 1944, an American DR. Howard Aiken, a professor of Harvard University, designed a calculating machine. It was names as Mark-1.  Mark I is considered to be the first digital computer, its architecture was significantly different from modern machines. The machine contained more than 750,000 components, was 50 feet long, 8 feet tall, and weighed approximately 5 tons.

Mark-1 is also known as ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator).

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Figure 11 IBM-MARK-1

ENIAC (1943-1946)

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)[1][2] was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It wasTuring-complete, digital, and capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-solderedjoints.

Figure 12 ENIAC

EDVAC (1946-1952)

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest electronic computers. Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal, and was a stored program computer.

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Figure 13 EDVAC

EDSAC (1947-1949)

The EDSAC was started by Professor Maurice Wilkes in 1946. The first log entry of the machine working is on the 6th of May 1949, when the EDSAC computed a table of squares. The EDSAC was added to over its life, with the addition of a telephone dial, a faster teleprinter, several new instructions, and an index register. The machine was finally shut down in 1958 to make way for the new EDSAC 2. Many people worked on the EDSAC, from all sorts of fields of study.

Figure 14 EDSAC-1

UNIVAC-1 (1951)

The Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC was a computer milestone achieved by Dr. Presper Eckert and Dr. John Mauchly, the team that invented the ENIAC computer, in 1951. The UNIVAC handled both numbers and alphabetic characters equally well. The UNIVAC I was unique

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in that it separated the complex problems of input and output from the actual computation facility.

Figure 15 UNIVAC-1