•

Paul Sharkey

The Friends of Durruti --- A Chronology

J 6 rnl.ulIo flUe cl 1.9 de Julio 10' ttab~illl(.ore. fie, ~lor(eJo"a ..... r~h~l"rf)"

contra. el fallcienlo ne:glo. el 9 de rfayo I ... hicleron c:on~ra 148 c:onJura,()ione.

c 1;.."lq .... de 109 partido. PC'l"ci\oNblrquele. ",lIad.,. con

cl capU all .. no Inlernadonal

Editorial Crisol, Tokyo, Japan May 1984, the first impression of the first edition

Spain Japan the rest

postage only donation needed US $1 or its eqpivalent (including surface mail postage) (air mail postage extra)

Editorial Crisol, Tokyo, Japan, is a one-man publishing collective whose aims are as follows; ,

( ) t ublish Paul Sharkey, The Friends of Durrut1 ---a A ~h~Onology, 1984, in English. ,

(b) to publish the Ja~anese version of HaC1a una nueva revolucion, 1985. f h h

Crisol is composed of only one rnant' and tre~~s~~:e ~f ~~y t ' cessary fund, translate, ype an o~h~~l~rs~~llaneous business so as to attain the above

Obj~~;She has been putting Hacia into Japanese: He takfes . t from materials about the Fr1ends 0 much encouragernen ,

D rruti which are sent to h1m. u B the way during the Spani~~h Revolution, some Jananese

wereYinvolved'in the actual battle s . Only one pekrsS~nh~s , ized He was Jac 1ral

identity has already been rec)gn • 'st who died at the (aliaS

t s~rait' S~~Iayil~r f~~~: Ab~U~o~~~ls e~ next matter.

Brune e ron, ' .', 1 N York 1953 (a) The Volunteers by Steve Ne son' ,ew , • (b) The Book of the XV Brigade, ~ndrld, ,1938 • 'sited According to a certain Japanese Journalls~"who ~lin

S ain those days, several more Japanc ~e pa~t1C1pate But as

bPoth the Republican camps and, the Nat10nallst campsh• b , th ' ames nor d01ngs ave een a matter of regx'et, ne1 ther elr n

known down to date., t ' If a body has informat10n, documents or tes 1monles

concern~~g the above mentioned Japanese, ple~se sen~dt~:m to him. They, even though trivial or uncerta1n, wou

appreciated invaluably. many tidings in not distant Hopefully, he could get

future. Publisher

contact; ISOYA Takero clo Tokiwa-so Minami-kase 2516 Saiwai-ku Kawasaki-shi 211 JAPAN

Preface

My hope is that the chronology I'lhich follows may go some of the way towards shedding some light upon the facts about the FoD group. Because the fact is that, although nearly every textbook on the Spanish Revolution feels obliged to mention the group in connection with the May Events of 1937, the scrupulous reader will be confused rather than informed by the wide variety of assertions encountered. Even historians who mieht be expected to be scrupulously dili"ent in their research have penned remarks that can easily be refuted or can't be sustained by evidence. One of the earliest misrepresentations of the FoD group Came in a pamphlet on the subject of the !.In.y Days which was published by Ediciones Ebro. In reply, the FoD (in El Amigo del Pueblo, no.7, 31 August 1937) accused the authors of ' ••• slipshod worlc, poor documentation or an attempt to ex cuse the I'larped attitude adopted by the committees concerning our intervention in those days of fighting.' 'rhose features are readily dis covered even in more recent authors.

The principal allegation against the PoD croup is that, with its talk of a 'Revolutionary Junta' it was flirting with Bolshevism, Lenin ism, Marxism. Some n.cwe seen presumption in the eetablislunent of such a Junta. Yet, it was never set up, and a readin/,: of the Fon manifesto 'Tol'lards a Fresh Revolution' will show why. The Junta was to be elected by and accountable to the union rank and file. [<'unctions were to be rotated and members hip if limited duration. Repeatedly authors refer to manifestos C),nnouncing the formi'\tion of the Junta. According to the FoD newspaner and to Jaime Balius, it WM',

never formed. This fact alone makes nonsense of the further cl8im the FoD wanted a Junta to which the FOUM Vlould be admitted. One author* has sugeested that ' ••• the Junta ',~nuld aElsuredly have had to comprise the POUM and the "Friends of Durruti"', though he f,oes on to admit ' ••• though this is not stated; it cannot be otherwise.' A re~din of the final, lengthy s:l;atement from the FoD might have explained to him that it could indeed have been otherwise.

Others.* have perceived in the statements of Jaime Dalius and the FoD group the impact of Marxist activists, such as Hans Freud-!·oulin. Yet one has only to compare the record of such as rablo TIui ,' , J:dme Balius and Francisco Carreno with that of the youthful Moulin, or to read the admission by those very same authors that they themselves needed an interpreter in Spain and that :0oulin had despaired of the Bolshevik-Leninists' factionalism, and review Balius's consistent outlook from 1936 onwards to realise that such as ~bulin were influenced by the FoD and not vice versa.

Hh.,'lt of the propriety of anarchists Cill) inl': for a revolutionary Junta? Some of the harshest criticisms hC'.ve come from the leading lights of the CN'r-FAI,and their apologists. Before entering the republican goverment in November 1936, the CN'r .had been callinl;. for a National Defence Council. ~rom May 1937 on the FoD were cnlling for Revolutionary Junta. In their brochure of mid-1938 the FoD described this as ' ••. a Revolutionary Junta or National Defence vouncil.' So

1

\~ho had departed from CN'i' policy? The FoD spoke of seizing power and have been condemned for it. Yet Solidaridad Obrera (13 July 1937) approvingly quotes Camillo Berneri as saying; 'Anarchists accept the use of political-power by the proletariat, but they take that political power to be the ensemble of communist management systems, corporative organisms, communal, regional and national institutions, freely constituted outside of and against the political monopoly of one pE.rty and vIi th a view to minimal concentration of administration.' Read the FoD brochure and Balius's articles in 1936 - 37 and spot the difference between what he advocated and the words of Berneri.

Where, the,n, did the FoD err? Not in departing from accepted libertarian objectives and practices but in clinging stubbornly to them, in refusing to be seduced by 'circumstances!~ They believed, with Evelio G. Fontaura that 'To invoke the CN'r or even the FAI is not enough, if actions turn out to be equidistant from the revolutionary trajectory which the letters in question stand for' ( Ideas, 14 January 1937). Even in the matter of their expulsion the 'FoD ha'dOccasion to remind the CN'l'-FAl 'leadership' of the accepted norms of their organisations and that sovereignty resided with the rank and file. Andre Prudhommeaux regarded the FoD's policies as approximate to the views advanced by Bakunin after the battle of Sedan in 1670***.

'rhe chief fault of the Foll. appears to have been their too stead­fast revolutionism. They refused to yield to the argument of 'circumstance'. They refused to be bullied by their own organisation. 'rhey were not deceived by the Stalin of the Populc>,r Front era, nor by the Moscow trials. Nor were they afraid to acknowledge the revolutionary credentials of Marxists. Yet they sorely resented the description marxist when applied to themselves. In short, they were unlucky enough to have held that anarchism was and had been and still would be their goal. In El Amigo del Pueblo, no.3 (12 June 1937) Ada Marti paid tribute to a POUM member, Francisco Jorda Montana, who had nroven her revolutionary credentials by her actions. l"ittingly, it was Ada ~1arti, writing elsewhere who encapsulated what the FoD were so painfully to discover throughout their existence and in their dealings with the CNT's 'circumstancialists'. 'And I tell you thisj there are no friends in high places. Fear of losing their "dignity" makes them strike majestic poses which distance them from remembrance of their friends.' (Esfuerzo, Baroelona, 7 October 1937)

Paul Sharkey April 1984

* Helmut Ruediger, El Anarcosindicalismo en la Revolucion Espanola, Barcelona 1938, p.32. Elsewhere (p.29) Ruediger attempts to explain away the emergence of a disaffected libertarian press (including El Amigo del Pueblo) py alluding to the ' ••• unduly bland nature of certain official organs.' For Ruediger's own adherence to the precepts of anarchism, . see Manuel Azaretto, Las Pendientes Resbaladizas (105 Anarquistas en Espana), Montevideo, 1939·

2

** Pavel and Clara Thalmann Combats pour la _L_i berte; ~;os cou­Madrid-Paris, Quimperle, 1983. '

KU Letter t~ Union (;ommuniste, dated 17 November 1937 (quoted in H. ~hnze, ChrgnlQue de la Revolution Espanole, Ed. Srartacus, Paris ,979). In esar M. Lorenzo's Los Anarquistas ~spanoles y el rOde~, Inris, 1972, 1orenzo speaks of Union vommuniste speaking on behalf of the FoD, the POUM and some elements of the Libertarian Youth d ~alling f?r the formation' of these groUP!! . into a unit for_the

an

lab)oratlon 0: th~ progamme of the proletarian revolution.' (p.219 ~.32 ~orenzo lS mlsleading here. He ought to know that Union ' ,(;O mmunlste ~as ,a small group which had grown out of the Ligue ~rots~steoln vrance and was urging this amalgamation rather than

por~lng It, and also that the manifesto he quoted was a handbill distr1~uted at a meeting in the Velodrome d'Hiver, Paris, 18 June 1937! lts purpose ° beinG to expose and embar o, ss the speakers, Garcia Oliv1er an~ Feder1ca Montseny, who had 'pacified' the anarchists in Barcelona 1n May i937.

*** *** *** *** ***

The Friends of Durruti --- A Chronology

8.9.36.

that 'The ~~!!!n~fi~h!o~!~:ri~ad Obrer:,Jaime Baliuq gives his opinion B en war mus be borne by the bou °

ut in addition to moneys seized from the enemy we must imrgeo1S ••• ~~~pulhasory charge ~n every township. No one is' to be exempt~~S~r~m

15 c rge. In thlS grave hour ';e u t Ba~r~fices so that th~ social re~ol:t~O/~:;a~;i~~~~~l:~~ i~rs~~~~~er no e forgotten that the comrades on the front are . conduct of the workers left behind in the rearguard.~ountlng upon the

3

October 1936. 'rhe War Committee of the Durruti Column decides to send a delegate to the celebrations on the anniversary of the October Revolution in Moscow. Sce pti cal as to the purpose of the invitation received from the Soviet consul in Barcelona, Antonov-Ovsenko . Durruti nonetheless dravlS up an oren letter add.ressed to soviet workers. Francisco Carreno, the former teacher who belongs to the Column's i'lar Committee and has special responsibility for propaganda is ohosen as the delegate. 'rhe open letter says 'We have no confidence in politics even if it e;o es by the name demo cratic or antifascist. We trust in our class brothers ( ••• ) not for anyth i ng in the world are we going to renounce our principles, the principles of the working c l ~S B 'S struggle for liberation.' Carreno vi s its the Soviet Union I-li th riJartin Gudel!. Carreno Ivill be a FoD member.

Balius who , in 1935 had publ i s hed a book (Octubre Catala n! I) on the s ubject of t he Oct ober 1934 upri s inf, in catalonia 1,rites in an a rt i cle in so lidarida d Obrera entitled ' ~ e cannot f orget; 6 Octobe r ' a pr ouos of Cat a lani s t atte mpt s to mark the s econd a nnivers ary of the r evolt. 'ori the s e cond a nniversary of t he October event VIe have t.o uree a l l \-!O rkers to ensure tha t the revolution permeates every aspect of life . 'l'he consequences \"1 i ll be deplorable i f the t r a nsformation ina u[,ura ted on 19 July s hould be nothing more than an outward s how ••• 6 October deserve s to be pas sed ove r in s ilence. ~ et a longside the : feat s of July, there i s no comparison pos s ible.'

10.10.36. A government de cree establishe s the popular Army and makes provi s ion for milit arisation of the volunteer militias.

15. 10 .36• In solidaridad Obrera, Jaime Balius compl a ins of the counter-revolutionary undertone s of the pe t it-bourgeo i s press a nd warns a gainst apnlying a brake to the revolut ion. ' The Revolution has t o be s erved 'l'Ii thout s elfi s hness ••• Let a ny who fe e l unable to folIo u s step aside and leave u s a clear path.'

In Solidaridad Obrera, Balius urges decentralisation and devolution to district level. 'Let us not forget that there must be decentralisation. Let us remember that should any centralising organ come into existence, the creative opportunities which have cost so much blood and for which so much blood has yet to be shed ••• will

largely be lost to us.'

4

November 1936. Interviewea by L'E . ~f th~ government decrees relative "~pagne Ant~fasciste, Durruti says

• •• This decision 'b the 0 regurallsation of the militias i 1j,:alJsolutel;r de1}oid ~f"an governm~nt hae had a deplorable effect. It irreoonci~bl~ 6ont~ 't -b y sen~e Of , r~~lity. There i~ an m lit1I:1B' ~'.'. 'We kno:\ha~tween ' that m~nta1ity and 'that of the militia:;: rll e of the other one.' one of these attitudes h!il:a to vanish in the

') . 11.36. Solidaridad Obrera 't ' over the CN'r-FAI radio stat.. prln s a radlo broadcast made by Durruti

Oatalonia. 'The time ha 1. cm , and addressed to the workers of 1 I s come to dem d i ving in the cities 'rh an sacr fices also from those workers in the rear 'fO ere m~st be effective mobilisation of all what sort of men we' canrr:~ w 0 ar~ already on the front want to know lho mi litarisation decreed ~yutPhon 1.n our re ar ••• If the object of

r i' e Generalidad it· t· .

o st a n lron discl' pll'ne u s 0 In lmldate us and pon u~ that' . . rlttthors of the decree to come o~~ t 1.S a mIstake and we invite the moral e and discipline. The h l~ the front to get a taste of our rmd dis cipline in the rearn wedS a go and compare those with morale ntrus t the management of tguhar ••• He who have left Catalonia

I • e economy to you Y 1 .0 your responsibilitie d d' .. • ou a so mtta' live up s an lsclpllne yours e lve s .'

?O . 11.36. million Durruti was killed on the ~iadrid front. (Over half a

people attend his funeral in Barcelona.)

Por 108 fucro8 de la "Verdad

No 80lIl08 agente8

provocadore8 por JAIME BALIUS

Hall transcurrido muy· pocas horas de las j d oidos el fra,or del combate Pa orn!, as de mayo. Aun perdura en nueslros que, auroleados de una mo;eda;"~:d~:\:u: ten,aOlos a nuestro lado aquellos camaradn!

N t n , e saron con .u frente el pavimento barcelones ues ro cuerpo y nuestro. nervlos e.tan t d . . Nos sentlmos maltrechos y fatlrad 0 aVla

l presos de aquella a,ltacion lilantina.

conceptos que se han vertldo cont os'1 pero nos scnt mos dolorldos, en Irado sumo, por 105

., a la revoluclon, qulslthos 'defend~: u::asca;::;c~:~:s q:: Ctuber~ntes de amor a las Ideas me n to y a cada Instante por los s to e· as ve am os rasladas a cada 010·

I\quellos hombres que saivaron ;c ~e~ que deberian tencr un poco de conslderaclon a a spana, en las jornadas de julio del predomlnlo fasclsta.

5

2.12.36. Jaime Balius writes in Solidaridad Obrera , 'The so-called

Catalan question as such has been resolved ••• Let us be equal to the demands of the present moment.'

6.12.36. Hriting in Solidaridad Obi'era on the subject of 'Durruti's

testament', Balius asserts, 'Durruti roundly stated that we anarchists require that the revolution be of an all pervasive (totalitario) nature, and that the comrades so steadfastly resisting fascism on the fields of battle ~dll not tolerate anyone tampering with revolutionary and liberating content of the present moment.'

December 1936. 'l'he German volunteers in the Durruti Golumn's

International Group express their objections to militarisation imposed from I'li thout and list a number of factors they insist should be incorporated into any nel~ military code; they want the delegate system to be re tained along I·d th egalitarian features and want soldiers' Councils to represent the army as a I"hole.

17.12.36. In Solidaridad Obrera, Jaime Balius says of opportunists

and upstarts that "rhe revolution must be harsh, we might even say brutal ••• 'l'he time has come to purify the cadres of the revolution. Unless >~e do this, Vie risk making, a superficial revolution, a revolution in name ·o!lly. 'rhe parvenus must be stopped.'

Issue number 1 of Ideas the mouthpiece of the libertarian movement in the Bajo Llobregat area, an area notorious for its intransigent revolutioniam. A list of contributors to its columns names Jaime Balius and Francisco Carreno, both of whom will be members of the FoD.

6

El descenso de la revoluci6n de julio ha sido r~pido. Ninguna. de las revoluciones que se consideran como el arquetipo de las conmociones sociales sufri6 un declive tan vertiginoso.

No puede teorizarse en torno de la sucesi6n.escalonada de hechos porque la revoluci6n ya no existe. Es forzoso abrir nuevamente brecha en la cantera inagotable de la Espafia pro1etaria. Hay que volver a empezar.

I 37. . After the new year the government will issue no pay and no

qU1pment except to regularised (i.e. militarised) combat units.

On behalf of the Durruti Column, the following units ••• I,h . no.4 Gelsa detachment, the'Accion y Alegria' Group, the Inter 1\~~lonal Group, the artillery batteries,. the machine-gunner secti"ns Itld 0 ther centuries ••• issue a statement "1'0 the comrades, to the

! onf deral columns' protesting at militarisation and offerinc' a pnoific structure acceptable to the fighting men They clai~ to p(n.k 'On behalf of everyone of the centuries of'the Durruti Column' ""Ap~parently the government is making the provision of equipment (onditlonal upon our militarisation ••• According to what the '(lmm~ttees themselves say, they cannot give us any as "urances that the Mnd :nd government will supply us with the equipment even if we do Illllitar ise. That being the case, the trespalls against our principles wnnl~ be rewarded with nothing more than an empty promise.' rhis ITlIJnU es to is published in the paper Acracia of Lerid.a. In the FoD 11 wopaper (El Amigo del PUeblo, no.5, 20 July IJ37) this m1'J.nifesto is J'( printed and it is stated ••• 'On the date given at the foot of thE' lII11nifesto, the Friends of Durruti group, composed for the most part of n()mr~des from ~he Aragon Front, Durruti Column (Gelsa section) pnbllshed opinlons rec;ard:ing militarisation which the passage of time III V endorsed against the 'majority' \-Iho opposed it' ••• 'Even from III front line, amid the mud of the trenches, amid the cold and the lhlrst , watching our comrades fall day in day out, we opposed the \n 'ti-revolutionary suicidal course followed b', those l'lho were the

III ntors of our organisation.'

11l.1.37. 'rhe General idad government of Ga talonia passes 58 de crees

verelY 'curtailing the revoluti on.

'1

No .. queda ot!O camina que el de una nueva revoluci6n. Vayamos a su .Ilreparac16n. Y en e1 fragor de la nueva gesta nos vo1veremos a enc~htrar en la cal1e 105 camaradas que hoy batallan en 105 fr~ntes, 105 .camaradas que yacentras rejas y lo~ camaradas que en la hora actual adn no han perdido la esperanza de una revo­luci6n que rinda justicia a la clase trab~jadora. •

A la consecuci6n de una nUeva revoluci6n que d~ satisfacci6n c~mpl eta a 10s obreros de la,ciudad y del campo. A la consecu­c16n.de una sociedad anar4uista que d~ satisfacci6n alas aspi­raci ones humanas,

IIAdelante, camaradas!(

11

[I

li

5 - 8. 2 .31.

Delegates from the anar chist mi l it i "" IIIIH1t hl oonere s s in Valencia to diRcuss the question of mi li t nr-hm l. i (1 11 . 'I' hn oh,I ectors from the Durruti Column (Gelsa sector) a r e rf'pro""o tlL nd It,Y i'll lllo fl.uiz, who helped Durruti storm the Ataraza nas barro.okll ,in IIII I'rn lcm:' on 20 July 1936. 'rhe Gelsa o.bjectors were sever a.l ti rn~lIi ' ,lnd "\lf1 \. lld to 'adhere to the decision taken reearding milita ri SCl.t ion. ]n.lll l1 o l,I"'111 1.0 this effect from the Reeional Committees of the CN'~ 11. 1111 1"/\ I w" ,." I " nored. So Was the order that the refractories s h.-,u lcl 1 a,V cl()I~ 1I \' 1, ,, 1 I' I~ c',~ro ns and quit the front. Hos tility between the compli(1.nL ,,,,d \' 11" "I) f" 'uctory sections of the Durruti Column was so ser i OUG thnL n "I/lIIIIII"n lon from the column, headed by Jose Man;o;ana spoke with th(' ) '1)/'.1111111 .) 1'" l11rn i ttees on the SUbject. As a result, the militiamen at GC]I"l Wil l '" I "v l Lod to resolve the situation one way (by militari s inp;) or 1. 11" p l. II'J I' (hy quitting the front). 'l'hey a f:reed t o quit the f r ont II l1 d 1 ~lv" 1Ip their "ea pons within 15 days. Later the FoD would explain (Ill ISI /\iII ICg~ E..ueblo, no.5, 21 July 1931) ' Our l·Jithdrawa l 'from th" " ""1 1. Will' clue to the f a ct that ~le ha d no de s ire to assulDe reponsibilll v ,1'0 " It 1II1 C1 ~ak4eil attitude whose failure we foresaw. Now, back in the 1'!)/II'/U"II 'II, wo remain combatants.'

8

c. N. T.

Agrupadon IILos F".A.I.

omigos de Durruti' f

iTRABAJADORES .. i Una Junta revolucionaria, Fusilamiento de los cu lpnbles,

Desarme de todos Ics Cuerpos armados. Socializaci6n de la economia.

Disoluci6n de los Partidos politicos que hayan agredldo Cl la c!ase trabajadora.

No cedamcs la caile. La revoluci6n ante todo. Saludamos a nuestros , Camaradas del P. O. U. M. que tHIn

contraternizado en la calle con nosotros.

VIVA lA REVOlUelON SOCIAL... jABAJO lA CONTRAREVOlUCIONI

4.3.31. A decree from the Generalidad dissolves the control patrols.

In the POUM paper La Batalla, Andres Nin reprints large extracts from an article by Jaime Balius published in the CN'r eveninr,- paper La Noche. (Balius wa s director of La Noche which, along \'Iith Catalunya sold around 45,000 copies daily ••• figures from SOlidaridad Obrera, 2 April 1931). In that article, welcomed by Nin, Baiius had written '\~e anarchists have arrived at the limits of our concessiong •••• Not another step backward. It is the hour of action. Save the r~volution' and 'If we continue to give up our positions there is no doubt that in a short time we shall be overwhelmed and the revolution will simply be another souvenir. It i s for this fundamental reason that it is necessary to develop a new orientation in our movement.' Dalius also wrote that he was eratified to find tha t 'Our anxiety is now shared by the evening paper of an organisation ,Ii th which we are in fund nmenta.l agreement concerning the present r evolutionary epoch and the role of the working class.' Clearly that organisation was the pourn.

5-3.31. Solidaridad Obrera carries an announcement of the f ormati on

of the FoD group. "rhe Friends of Durruti is not just another club. We aim to see the Spanish Revolution per va ded by the revoluti onary acumen~

of our DurrutL 'rhe FoD remain f a ithful to the l ast words uttered by our comrade in the heart of Barcelona in denunciation of the work of the counter-revolution •••• To enrol in our association, it is vital that one belong to the CNT and sho~1 evidence of a record of struggle a love of ideas and the revolution. On a temporary basis, a pplications may be made at Rambla de Cataluna , 15,principa l ( CNT Journalis t s' Section) between 5.00 pm a nd 1.00 pm.'

8.3.31. The forma tion of the PoD is .announced in the paees of Frente,

the organ of the Durruti Column, printed in Pina de Ebro, Aragon.

11.3&31. A FoD meeting scheduled for 9.30 pm that day in wha t i s

described as the group's 'social Premises' at Rambla de las Flores, 1, 1 is announced in ?olidaridad Obrera. The purpose of the meeting is to elect a new steering committee and lay do wn the statutes governing the group. 'At the same time we appeal to militants of some standing and various organisms with a view to forming a group that will live up entirely to the precepts bequeathed to us by the martyr of .the ideal, the idol of the People.'

20.3.31. Solideridad Obrera ca~ries notice of a FoD meeting schedule ~

for 11.00 am, 21 March 1931. This notice i " repeated on the folJowing day.

9

Issue no.6, vol.I! of the FOUlil's T~nglish language organ, The Spanish Revolution (31.3.37.) notes a move by the CNT to -centralise authority in its regional committe es. Those committees only are emnowered to decree mobilisations, issue orders and watchwords, etc. ' All who do not act accordinG to these rules and agreements ~rill be publicly expelled from the organisation.'

The paper The Spanish Revolution from which the autho:: quotes here was the POUM's English-language o::gan publlshed in Barcelona under the editorship of the Amerlcan Charles. Orr. And besides, there was another paper ?alled.The Sp~nlsh Revolution published in New York by ~he Unlted Llbe::tarlan

_ Organisations. Each of them was reprlnted. Int~restlngly, S~m Dolgoff (pseud. Sam Weiner), who wa~ an edlt?r of the. anarchist The Spanish Revolu~ion and wrltes ~he 1~troductl0n to the reprint of the an8Tchlst paper, says ln S011 of Liberty, vol.8 no.2, that Russell Blackwell, who writes the introduction to the reprint of ~he P?UIVlist paper, was . a member of the Friends of Durrutl durlng the May Days ln Barcelona in 1937. (publisher)

10

Programa de la • rlo

(/I Allligo§

~evolu£ionaN

Agrupa£ion de Durruti·.

U oa J nota ReTolncionaria. El Poder econ6mico a 108 Sio ...

dicdtoll. LOll Mtinicipi08 IibIell.

Queremoll lIenar una etapa. SOIDOI Ana. quilltall.

1.4.37. Ruta, the organ of the Libertarian Youth in Catalonia

carries an article by the FoD entitled ' On behalf of _the ' anarchist concept of the revolution.' It says 'l'le point the finger at no one. We feel a burning love for our precepts and our organisations. Bilt- as militants of them, we have an indisputable right to speak out. 'l'here is still time for us rescue the revolution and revitalise our precepts but \~e must press on with the revolution.'

Balius article 'Let's make the r evolution' appears in Ideas, no.15. Speaking of- the presumption of Companys, Balius says 'It~ intolerable that an individual without the sli~htest support in the workplaces should try to arrogate to himself the power which rightly belongs only to the working people •••• But the bourgeois politi cians are not to blame for this, for after all t his i !?, their stock in trade. No. To apportion the blame for the revolution's not having swept a s ide the foes of the working class, one has to look to the workers' ranks •.• to those whose inde cision in the early stages allowed :_the ' forces, of counter-revolution to erow to the extent that now it will be a costly business to cut them down to size.'

As the birthday celebrations of the Second Republic a pproach, the FoD issues a leaflet addres s ed 'To the working people'. It records the dangers posed to the revolution by the State, parliamentary' socialism, government-controlled security -forces oand- an a ttempt to shift attention away from July 1936 to April 1931. 'A wave of reaction is fed by those segments of the middle class which re~y u pon the praetorian corps spawned by the bourgeois stage for backing.' • •• 'If we retreat in the face of our enemies we will be ousted from t he whole Penin~la. Let us not waver.' ••• 'We possess the organs which must replace the s tate which is in ruins. 'rhe unions and the _, municipalities must take charge of the economic and social life of the Peninsula . THE CLEAR AND OBVIOUS SOLlfrION ••• FREE UNIONS Arm FREE ~IUNICIPALITIES .' ••• 'parliamentary socialism ••• has a content more bourgeois than worker. ' ••• 'We are not prepared to tolerate the shame ­f ul situation ~Iher eby fascists stroll throup;h the streets and a ne s t of place-seekers is respected - while our comrades linger in j a il a wai ting their a ppears,nee in the dock.' •.• ' Ive want no part of 14 April. Its memory is obnoxious. Only the parasites of politics can commemorate it.' ••• '14 April is not a day for demonstrations . We know the meaning of the April masquerade. And because we do not ~ant

July to end up like the hopeless early days of the Republic we resolutely oppose those who espouse the April anniversD.ry and the f igure of a lawyer raised to the heights of presidential office.' (a reference to Companys)

11

Solidaridad Obrera carries a notice concerning the funeral arranr,ements for one Francisco Garcia, which, it says, will be of especial interest to the "Friends of Durruti.'"

19.4.37. The FoD hold a public meeting in Barcelona in the Foliorama

rheatre. It is attended by Jaime Balius, Pablo Huiz, I"rancisco Pellice (of the Iron Column) and l"rancisco Carreno (of the Durruti Column's \'/ar Committee). Balius, Ruiz and Pellicer belonged, along with Bruno Llado,to the same anarchist group, the 'Renacer'group of the FAI.

12

Al pueblo

EL MOMENTO ACTUAL

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LI Hit E.,".

El. CASO M,\ROTO

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frabajador

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I.:\!-l l1'F.TF.:,\TIONES DE VALENCIA

Y fH·: OU-:!-l .\ nE ~1Il:-;TSERn:\T

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J.ORUP.4CIOH .LOa AIOGO' D. DUUun.

See note 1.

The FoD hold a public meetine; in the Goya Theatre, Barcelona . They warn that an attack upon the Norkers is imminent, pointing to the funeral of Roldan Cortada , the revolt by the carabineers in Ripoll. and other provocations as part of a series of incidents planned in eovernment circles by representatives of so-called antifascist groups.

Rodriguez Sala of the PSUC sei z es the 'relephone F,xc hanp:e in Barcelona. 'l'his signals the start of the May Events which pit the eN I' , leAI, 1i'IJL and POUM e,gainst the PSUC, the re publicans and Cat~lanist s

and the official security forces. 'rile revoluti onary f orces had soon secured the city, all except the city centre. Just as GN'r-FAI f)efence Committee had resolved to make a final a ssault on the Generalidad buildine, Police Headqunrters and the Hotel Colon ' there came radio appeals by Garcia Oliver and Marano Va 7quez of the CNT , for a - ceasefire ~" May). The reformist forces availed of this chance to renel-l their attacks. The conflict broke out again •

The FoD issue leaflets, readin~ 'CNT, FAI, The Priends of Durruti Group., Workers! A Revolutionary Junta. Shoot the culprits. Disarm all of the armed corps. Socialise the economy. Dissolve the political parties which have turned a[ainst the 'wrkinp: class. Let u s not surrender the streets. '.l'he revolution above everything. :'Ie ['",Jute our comrades of the POUr.! who have sided NUh us on the streets. Lone; live the Social Revolution! DOI-ID with the Counter-Revolution" See note 2. 'This leaflet was approvinely r eprinted in La Batalla on 6 MRY.

As the fighting continued, Solidaridad Obrera carried 13,

notice from the Regional Committees of the CN'!, a nd FAI, the li'AI's Peninsular Committee, the Local jcederc>.tion of (;Wr unions, the He{;ion<t l Committee of the Libertarian youth and the local Vederation of anarchist groups c omplaining of apocryphal leCl,flets circulating, allee;edly signed by the POml, en'r and [eAI. l'heir content:,; are f " unoc n objectionable by the above committees. 'Hhat ",e wish to h:we clci'rly understood is tha,t neither the eN'!' nor the FA! has sic:nerl any s ort of lcC'.flet, h", ndbill, manifesto or d "> cument of any other descriptio n alone; \~ith the Horkers' P<'.rty of j,larxist I'nificati " n (I'l>lm).'

Solidaridad Obrera carries a note from the Regional commi ttees of the CNT and the FAI dated 5 ~~ay 1937.

\'/e are taken aback by some leaflets circulatinF, in the city and endorsed by an enti1iy called '''rhe [i'riends of Tlurruti". Its cnntents

are utterly intolerable and contrary to the decision made by the

13

libertarian movement; this obliges us to disown it in full and in public.

Let this be noted by all comrades and by the public in general. lie categorically disol·m this leaflet and point out that yesterday l'Ie found ourselves obliged to disol1n another by that very same body.

He of the regional committees of the CN'r and FAI are not disposed to let anyone speculate with our organisations, nor may anyone flirt with dubious attitudes or maybe the intrigues of outright agents provocateurs. .

Let everyone adhere to the specific watchl'lOrd of these comml tte:s. 'rhe Generalidad Council havinG been formed, everyone must accept Its decisions for we all are represented in it. Get the guns off the stt'eets. '

Also on 6 May, the FaD issues a larger manifesto headed with the '.ords '''NT FAI Friends of Durruti Group, \~orkers'. It reviews the . v, , )" l' 1 t· the fighting, (then still in progress and the FoD sear ler a er Ing of the Norkers to the imminent attack. It names the provocateurs as the P})uC, Estat Catala, the Esquerra and the Generalidad-controlled security forces with the Valencia government and Generalidad governm'ent in the background. 'lfe have VIon the stre:ts l'fhich we ha,:,e no vlish to surrender, for they belong to us, \'Ie havlng taken them In an open and resolute battle.' ;i peaking of the May. fighting, the FoD explain that ".'le have not taken to the streets slmply to request that the armed corps be disarmed. No. Ife want the du~ recompense for th~ blood which has been spilled.' ••• "rhe Generalldad represents nothlng. Its continued existence is a bolster to the counter-revolution.' ••• 'It is inconceivable, that the CNT's committees should have acted so cravenly as to order a ce<.l.se-fire and indeed have imposed a return to

rk J'ust vlhen we were on the very brink of total victory.' ••• ' Such wo 1 t· conduct must be described as a betrayal of the revo u lone ••• one that no one ought to commit or encourage in the na~e 0: anything. We

not f ind words to describe the harm done by Solldarldad Obrera and ~n , . the most outstandingmilitarits'of1the·CN'r.' ••• "['he dis 'a"irol-Ial'from' the CNT's so-called re~ponsible committees has come as no surpr~se to us. ';le kne't/ in advance that those committees could not do, anythln~

t h than retard the proletariat's advance. l-1e knoVI the rREINTISrAS o er th "F' d f on the Regional Gommittee only too well. He a~e e 'rle~ s.o Durruti" who have moral a uthority enough to dlsown these Indlviduals, who have betrayed the revolution and the working class, as being incompetents and cowards.' ••• "rhere was no kno\"lled~e of how to mount a thoroughgoing .. attacK nor wO's there any cootdina:tl~n' 6f effort as ·far· as the insurrection was concerned. Time and ammunltlo~ were wasted on mere sniping instead of a speedy and di.'.ring attack belng ~lanned. Understanding and leadership were missing.' ••• "rhe cessatIon 0: _ fiehting doesn't presuppose defeat. 'rhough we may not have achleved ou; ob.iective,s we have increased our l-leap.onry .' ••• 'Let us be on t~e alert for comipg events. Let us not be dlsmayed, let us keep up solid revolutionary' morale. Let us not forget that we a re playing a trump card. Let us not be deluded by the alleged threat of an attack from with ships of the English fleet, when in point of fact the

14

democratic powers are blatantly supportine fascism.' ••• 'Let us not abandon the streets.' ••• 'Comrades. On a wa r footine. Do not lose heart. Be on the alert for the first summons issued to you. Long live the social revolution! iJO';/fl with the counter-revolution! All nraise to our fallen comrades.'

This manifesto is reported in Solidaridad Obrera with the words "rhe body called the "Friends of Durru-ti" has issued a new manifesto which a fresh display of !,rovo~ation adorned with demarogy. 'l'he CN'r and the FAI must excise this intolerable demagogy and provocation by the roots and immediately.'

The regional Com~ittee of the UGT, meeting in BRrcelona demands that members of the POm.! be expelled from the UG'r, the party be disbanded, out la.Hed , its press shut down and its printine; C1.nd radio facilities confiscated ••• 'acting in the same fa~hion ae;ainst orr,anisations of the type of the "l"riends of Tlurruti" disOl·men by the CNT's regional cnmmittee.'

The first issue of thel"oJ) paper El Amigo del Pueblo appears. It has been printed at the Impremta Laietana, Bou de Sant Pere, 9. The FoD have attempted (pa~e 2) to pre se nt -their publicationp. (the- manifesto of 61 May i937) alongside the datement iSf'ued by the regional committees of the CNT and Libertari2.n and the Liaison Committee of the FAI groups in Catalonia on 11 May 193 7 spelling out their attitude to the May Events. 'rhe purpose was to enable readers to make up their own minde which Vie\i was the most correct. No less than 109 lines of the FoD document have been obliterated by the censor. The FoD note that their manifesto has received the endorsement of a group of wounded comrades in the Humania hospital and another group of comrades from Hijar. Repe".tedly the FoD insist (as <Taime Balius entitles his article on page 4) 'We are no ae;ents provoc"tcurs.'

A regional Plenum of CNT Local and l.omarcal Federations meets in Barcelona. On the agenda is the "CoD question. This followed the sUmmoning of the FoD before the Loca.l Ji'ederation of CNT union,-;, When, according to the F'oD(El Amigo del Pueblo, no.5, 20 July 1937) it was agreed ' ••. and not on our instigation that our case should be debated in the union assemblies. But this was not done. Thnse with an interest in our attitude's being sanctioned found it more convenient to raise the matter before a Plenum of Locals and Comarcals.' The meeting on 22 May 1937 gave the F'o ') ,~. period. of erace in which to SUbstantiate their charges of "betrayal' by the Hegional Committees. That period of ~ace was 48 hours. 'Our answer was that we st d b what had been agre~d at the audience \·/e had had Id th the comr~~e's ;rom the Local Federation, namely that our case be debated in the union

15

p-ssemblies, insofar as these alone were empowered to judge in such instances and to prescribe what should be done. t (El Amigo del Pueblo, no.5)

26.5.37. Issue no.2 of. El Amigo del Pueblo appears. It recordB~

contribution towards the paper's cost from Group X on the Aragon front, from Miguel Chueca, Gregorio Jover, the committee at Bellver de Cinca and comrades at Pina de Ebro. It records also the death of FoD member Manuel Sanchez of Sallent,a mining town 'l'he paper also notes the formation of n~w branches of the FoD and the imminent opening of new FoD locals in Sans,Tarrasa,Gracia and Sabadell. Issue no.2 is not censored and there is an announcement of the 'El Amigo del Pueblo Graphics Workshop at the disposal of revolutionaries.' On the front paGe it is Elnnounced "rhe absurd treatment meted out to us by the censors obliges us to give them the slip.' In the face of threats to that effect, the 1"oD warn 'Plenums of Locals and Comarcals are not empowered to expel any comrade. We invite the committees to raise the "Friends of Durruti" case in the union assemblies, the seat of the organisation's sovereignty.'

In Solidaridad Obrera, the Regional "ommi ttees of the CN'r and FAI and Local Federation of CN1' unions note the decision 'on 22 May by the Plenum of Locals and Comarcals and state 'Over double the period of grace given ••• for the .substantive proof to be produced ••• now having elap?ed ••• we notify both organisations, confederai -and anarchist that they should proceed to expel from their midst all members of the "Friends of llurruti" association who do not publicly dissociate themselves from the stance adopted by said grouping.' (See note 3)

11 Grido del Popolo, the paper of the Italian Uommunist Party in France refers to Camillo Berneri ' ••. one of the leaders of the "ii'riends of Durruti" group which •.• provoked the bloody uprising against the Popular Front government in Catalonia ••• got his just deserts during that revolt from the Democratic Revolution vlhose right of self-defence no antifascist can deny.'

In Solidaridad Obrera, Joaquin Aubi and Rosa Munoz write a.n open letter to the paper's director stating ' ••• having learned of the dispute that has arisen between the CN'l' and FAI and the "}i'riends of Durruti" group, to \~hich I belonged, I find myself obliged publicly to quit that association,being against the power strugp:le which it is waging aeainst the specific and confederal bodies ••• I continue to look upon the comr2.des belonging to the "[i'riends of Durruti" as comra des ••. but ••• "'rhe CN'r was my womb and it shall also be my tomb". '

16

1.6.37. A report from the CN'r National Committee (dD.ted 29 May' 37)

appears in the Boletin de Informa.cion CN'l'-F'AI relatine the proceedinp:s of a National Plenum of CNT Regionals at which 'Catalonia reported the decision reached with regard to the "Friends of Durruti" and the Plenum unanimously resolved to remove from the organisation the leading lights of the "Friends of Durruti" group and that, come what may, the fomenting of any split as a result, must be averted.' In El Amigo del Pueblo, no.5, the FoD dispute that the aereement to expel them was unanimous ' ••• there wa.s no una.nimity for the Andalusi" .n Regional voted aeainst.'

1l.6.37. A joint circular from the regional cOrlmi ttees of the CN'r

and the FAI endorses the order for the expulsion of members of the FoD from their organisations.

12.6.37. El Amigo del Pueblo, no ,) appears. On page one it carrie"

a retraction ( 'as agreed at the Plenum of FAI groups and in anticipation of the .. CNT and. FAI committees doine: likel·Jise') ••• 'We did not use the word "betrayal" in the sense of sell-out or bad faith but. rather to signify incompetence and co~rardice ••• we retract to day in expectation that the committees will also retract the label of "aGent s provocateurs" they used a Ga ins t us .' TiE papeI' also carries a note or support from the anarchis t e;roup 'Marg2.1ef', siehed by (former l''Urruti Column member?) Antonio Bonilla expressing solidarity with the FoD despite the disavowals by the committ ees. It also notes that, in a memo sent to the CNT and FAI Regiona l committees as well as to the Local l~ederat i on of CNT unions, the Local Federation of the Libertarian youth and the youth Defence Gomr,d ttee had both endorsed the FoD interuretation of the May Events. It notes, too, that the r~; u' :

organ, Treball . ha.d . .reported the FoD to the police for issuing El A.!!1ie;o del Pueblo clandestinely. On page 4 there i, a reprint of a report from Castilla Libre, the GN'r daily paper in Madrid, allegine that 'The "Friends of Durruti", originally set up as a cultural body whose purpose was to propagate the ideas of the people's caudillo, h!'1.8 been led astray by provocateur elements formerly active in the Communist Party.' The FoD comment 'This is not worthy of a reply. Members of this group are CN'r and FAlmembers of long standine;. Their lives are a rosary of sufferings and deprivation.'

In the paper Ideas, a Dr' Ludovici writes on behalf of the 'Errico Malatesta' group to refute the claims made by Il Grido del Popolo on 29 May 1937 regardinf, Berneri. Ee states that t ... comrade Berneri did not belong to the "[cri ends of 1)urruti" group, not that there ",ould h,"we been anythinG wrong in that ••• '

17

22.6.37. El Amigo del Pueblo no.4 appears. It reports the arrest of

Jaime Balius (as a result of the information given by 'rreball?). Replyinp; to an article in Las Noticias (18. 6. 37.), the FoD deny that they and the Libertarian Youth spearheaded the May fighting ••• 'Had the Groups named been behind the revolt, \oIe should not in <"ny way>hs,ve given up control of the streets.' An article from Balius ane;rily insists that the allegation (by Fragua ;)ocial, et CNT paper in Valencia) that he is a Marxist, be SUbstantiated or withdrawn. Like the preo~ding is~ue, no.4 carries an article by Juan, Santana Galero, the press and propoganda secretary of the Catalan Regional Committee of the Libertarian Youth. See note 4.

El Amigo del Pueblo no.5 appears. It contains a review of the dispute between the FoD and the 'superior committees' and the text of the document 'To the comrades, to the confederal Columns' (Gelsa, 16 January 1937).

12.B.37.

El Amigo del Pueblo no.6. It is indicated that this issue has been printed by the Imp. Libertaria, Perpignan, France. Much of the content deals \o1i th the prisons, probably the result of the observations of the jailed Jaime Balius who continued to write from confinement.

31.B.37.

El Amigo del Pueblo no.7 contains a oritique of a pamphlet on the ~lay Events published by Edi ciones Ebro. 'rhe pamphlet had the FoD announcing 'A revolutionary Junta has been formed in Barcelona', and adding 'T1E POUM must be admitted to the Revolutionary Junta because it stood by the workers.' 'rhe l~oD move on in this critique to make the fol101ving points 'One; We could not speak of a Revolutionary Junta having been set up because in point of fact none had been formed. Two; The said Junta not having been set up we could not have invited a place in it for the P(1U]11 comrades. 'rhree; We salute the POUM because we saw them on the streets defending the working class's interests.'

IB

21.'1. 1(.

T'; I Amigo. del Prieblo no.8. Reports a raid by 'armed po] ice l'ri I,ll I /11 rInd artillery 6n the premises of the GIlT Food Union, a uni"" 11\ which the FoD had much supnort. 23 individuals on the premiser" wor III r r, trd,. The FoD state 'Once again, for the hundredth time, the commlLLr t opted to compromise, on the basis of who knows what compllrllLI()no at national level. ... ["or tactical reasons we are a((n I flrt L nonfrontat ions 1-li th the security forces. These receive the ir orc! r"1I I'rom s omeone and carry them out. In this specific instance we must d Inoover who gave the order. No matter who he may bC', he must be hunt rI dOlm at gunpoint in the streets as a threat to public peace, even l r he is in government.'

? ]~l Amigo del Pueblo no.').

B.11.37. El Amigo del l'uct)lo no.lO. Criticif'es the collaboration­

ists of the GNT for allo1-lin~ the ~overnment to creep back and to consolidate its hold "l'o think that for six months all of the interests of the or/;otnlnlllion hn.ve played second fiddle to thiE' bagatelle • ... 'rhe "I"rlnndo of Durruti" maintain, that only a congress can chnnr,r lh CNJ"s tactioB". Anyone so unscrupulous as to sidestep this ro~uirumrnt makes himself a likely candidate for the label "traitor" .. . '

20.11.37.

~ "miC,Cl_dol Pueblo no.ll. A commemorative issue on the anniveroar,Y of lJurruti's death. On page 2, it is noted' Durruti told the politlolnrln and his own comrades; You demand discipline. Bul "That are you doinr: in the rearguard? And on more than onE' occasion, he gave aAGUrnnOI'f] thn.t once lk'wing triumphed on the fields of battle the militian wonl(] turn their gunsights upon the reargua,rd.' ••• 'The temperament of our lost leaders is the same as that which moves the "Friends of f)urruLi" group. Durruti knew that, unless the enemy was cru8hed, tho Jlr~th of revolution could not be foU owed.' On page 3 'Durruti wnn It 100 ~~ proletarian. Had he lived until May, he would not have elldorncd the "ceasefire" but swept aside every compact, every compromino behind the scenes and 110uld have placed himself at the head of thnt class revolt.'

mid-193B. Appearance of 'Towards a Fresh Revolution', a fuller

exposition of the views and aims of the ~oD. The decision to issue the brochure was taken in mid-1938 at what Jaime Balius deflcribed in 197R as 'the group's last session'.

19

Notes

1. According to Pavel and Clara 'rhalm<tnn (Combats pour la LibeC'tC'J .l40scou-I,ladrid-Paris, Editions La Digitale, Quimper, 1983), '(Hans Freund)-Houlin, some Friends of Durruti and ourselves drew up a leaflet tha,t 11e aimed to distribute outside the building where the (/.lay Day) festivities were taking place. ';/e denounced the Stalinists' policy as well as the hesitancy of the an<trchists and of the POUM.' (p.196)

2. Ae:ain according to Pavel and Clara 'rhalmann (op. cit. p.190), They met .. with Moulin at the headquarters of the l~oD. 'rhere was a heated argument involving Jaime Balius, JIIoulin and some of Balius's friends. 'I' hat evening (4 May 1937) they agreed on the text of a handbill which 'l'halmann reconstructs from memory as approximately 'Immediate formation of a Defence Junta, a defence council made up of all revolutionary elements from the ~'AI, CN'I', pom~ and the Libertarian Youth, whatever revolutionary committees remain and the control patrols. All pOl"er to the workers' and peasants' committees and unions; withdrawal of the anarchist ministers from the Valencia f,overnment. Disarm the Communist Party organisations in the rearguard. Greater pressure on the central government to secure recognition of a new, revolutionary autonomous e:overnment in Catalonia ••••• Signed the Friends of Jlurruti.' The 'rhalmanns speak of 40'JO - 5000 such handbills having been printed at gunpoint in the Barrio Chino around midnight on 4 May 1937. In none of their publications did the FoD ever acknowledge the above text or anything close to it. Given Balius's newspaper connections (he had been an editorial statf member on Solidaridad Obrera amd Tierra y Libertad and the Barcelona corres­pondent for the Madrid-based CNT.) it seems odd that coercion should have been necessary~ vlhen it oa~ to the printing of the first bsue of the FoD newspaper El Amigo del Pueblo (20 May 1937) this was done in a regular way by the Impremt<t Laietana, Bou de Sant Pere, 9. The Th<tlmanns claim (op.cit. p.191) to have persuaded the FoD 'henceforth to operate from the undergr.mnd', yet the first issue of El Amigo del Pueblo (20 May 1937) was mutilated by censorship so it had clearly been published overground. See also (on p.3) the announcement that 'Overall director is comrade Jaime Balius, while the editorial staff includes comrades Roig, Ruiz and Domingo Paniagua.' The same issue ' notes that the <" oD premises in Rambla de las )<'lo re s , 1,1 are still functioninr: .rhat address, with telephone number (18721) was given On every masthead as the administrative and editorial offices of El Amigo del Pueblo.

3. 'rhe 1<'oD claim (El Amigo del Puebl~ no.5, 20 July 1937) that 'the Secretariat of the Local ~ederation of Croups and the Committee and the Local l~ederation of the Libertarian youth refused to endorse this note ••• indeed, the Libertarian youth made an official protest about it in a note sent to the Regional Committee,while also intimating that they sympathised whole-heartedly Hith our stand.' 'l'he FoD also speak

/ 20

of a Local Plenum of Groups at which the matter was raised again. ' ••• certain elements asked unsucces s fully that we a.bsent ourselves from the premises before the debates began.' At that group meetinr, the FoD explained what they understood the 110rd 'betrayal' to sir,nify and ' ••• it was agreed that both parties would retract the terms they had used in the published note and manifesto.' 'l'his was done in F.l Amigo del Pueblo, no.3 (1 2 June 1937), but ' ••• has yet to be done by those who unhesitatingly, unfairly and improperly endorsed our expUlsion from the organisation for which we have sacrificed so much.' In El Amigo del Pueblo, no.4 ( 22 June 1937) Jaime Balius stated 'In our last issue, we of the Friends of Durruti withdrew the charge of betrayal for the sake of anarchist rp,volutionary unity. And we hope that the committees will retract the charge of tlap.;ents provocateurs".' 'i'he FoD claims of grassroots support seem to be

. confirmed by Grandizo Munis, leade r of the ~panish Bolshevik-Leninists, the Spanish Section of 'rrotsky ' s Fo urth Interned ional, who writes (Jalones de Derrota, Promesa de Victoria, Editorial Lucha Ubrera, Mexico DP, 1948, p. 2)O-291)' ••• the local committees refused to implement a resolution from the superior committees expelling the chief (FoD) leaders.'

4. Grandizo Munio (op. r it. p.3S5) notes that 'El Amico del Pueblo the organ of the "J"rl ondo of JJurruti" and La VO;", J eninista the Trotskyists' orgnn aaoily distributed t ens of thousands of copies', and he adds ' ••• evon thoueh an;yo ne arrested \>Iith one of those papers in his pocket \~ould have receivod a sentence of between 10 and 30 years'.

21

-Los imilos de Durruli-A Inlclatlv8. de unos cuanOO5 Cama.­

radlUl del lUlart]ttisUl Buen .. ventun. Dum.t!. Que .upo !lnalizar att ~Ida de acueroo oon 105 t.nheloo de llberael6il qllol mAtI.Mon toda IU eJecutorla per­oonal. M ha pens ado en 1& oonvenJen­cl& de eonstltulr Ulla agrupscl6n Que pe.rpetu.. 1 .. memoria del bomb~ Que 1IlmbolI%6. por au honradrz y ' por su nJer. la etaPI' revoluclon .. rl .. comen· ""d.. a me<ll.doo de Ju1!o.

Invltamos .. todos la5 camaradaa que en Yids Quisleron al ca.mar&ci& Dnrrutl Y Que si desaparecer el RI· pnt. de nuestra revolucl6n oolUervLII at recueroo del gran luchador, a que mrresen Cl cLoe OJnlga5 de Durrulli.

"Loe AmlgOlO de Durrtttl" no ee unA

pet\IL nu\.>, Nowtr", pretendemos Que I .. ~valucl6n espRlio:a se compeDetre d. la 8&vla revoluclonarl. de Ilue!!tro Durrutl. Loo a.mlgos de Durrutl per· ln1I1eaIl rlele!! a la. lilim..., pal .. br~1 pronunciad&a por Due.tra C.a.rn.rada en eI oara.%l>n de Bar~lan .. '} denun. c1ando la Jabor conlrarrtvoluclonarla l' a<:\l,!anda con trazoo • Irllea el .,.... mloo que habl.m~ de stif\llr.

Para incrlbtr.1e en nue.5tra &!ocl .... cl6n ... Ind!;pensable pertenecer a I~ O. N. T. '1 oomprobar un po&.do de IItOb:. 1 de aInOO" a lAa Id.... 1 a la :~luc16b.. Do ana IIlAn.r& 1n",,1. rtt., M reclben I ... lneorIpcloD .. c Rambla de Ca t"lulla. 11, prtnclf*l (a.ocl6n de Perlodl~lA.' d. la O.N,T.>' dolt pto a .Ie~ .,. la to,rda.

lA 00mfJd6D ~

c. N. T. P. A. I.

Adrapaclon 101 Amldol de DurruU TRABAJ"DORE.

La proyoucion 4. la contrarrewoiucion

El aullo .. I. r.t,".",. tv' ,I loque d. d.d" d, tltl lu,r. 131 tonlr.rnvoludonariu. Fu' ,t (oml"u. d, un :l1.que

;! fondo (onlr. I, ,I .. , !.lIb.J.dor •• la fnc:rutiJada hi.t6riu qUI h.m'l Itnat,d. d, un" 01;'1_

",ra'tI.r. y rotund. d,:d, dl .. ha, .tab .. de IUr!;, la h, Ivpnrlf;:i, utal,", con r;us •• d. tr."d;:!. El dL1 3 d .. Ma.,.. u conlum6 I, a"uI6" d. 101 partido. pt1utno ·bur~u.~u. y d', h .• lu.nu dl .,d,n J.lublico, qUI sinlit"dO£t imp.>hnlU ante .1 IVlnn d, I .. IUlrtu r,,,,,lod.nll.i .. u di'pu,;uon ;'I.

:111'1.' tn un,r. nuul", ;lnIL .. JlJtlU }" d, un (o"I"lIi10 alla""nlt human •.

No '101 .quivoc.mol. cuando d,clJmo' rn .t att, pulll;co ctl,l,r,do por 101 _Amill't d, Durruli. en :,f !ealro Goy/\, en j" propi. IIllp~r. dl I. ~,bl', In!:ablad,', qUt III ."rl.i';.n contr" la, trab.j:adaru Ib, • praducirll :a{:o usui"'o. I ,,11 •• hm~1 qUf' 11 tntltrro dt Roldjn Corladll, 1;'1 subltllllti6n dt 10' carabintros tn RiJ'lotl, y Oltu ptollocadones ftSisl."d.a, con~.lilvlan dilllrt.OI .. I,bon .. dt un, cadena qve u utaba f"r. jando ." 101 propiOl ~tnlrol olid,lu tn dpndt rHide" ''JI

r.prlltnh"h. de los ueloru .ptllid.dol /<"lil .. cilll1' en tl terrsno d, 1o. denomln,lillol.

E~ tlla prov(.c.cl6n h.n inhf'venldo ~n primer \bmino • el P.5.U.C., En:ro! C.!aU, Elquerr. Republ.r.lllnll, p"rl,do 50r "­li,t" UnHiudo de C.hlu'h y 10. cverpOI :rormndol qve ,'.!:l. b,n 1\ 1".ldo de I. Otntr.lid,d. Ton .. ulu IUUI;\I conl ... ..,lIn con ,I 'poyo oUdolo, par no d.dt olid.l, de la Oener,lid:ad de Calalulla y d,1 Gobl,rno dl V.I.nda.

£1 prolehriado en la ull. A ta .srui6n dl I. T.I.f6nica, qUI enubu6 el propio Ra·

drlsuu S.I", "lpondi6 d. un. m.ne •• un£nimt el I".olrl:ari.· d, pe •• onjndon ~n I. c.lI •• rma "I brluo. C,,"IrO dlas h:a dut.do I. luc"" b.llh .. do .. 10, Ir,b.j.dortl con una bra. vuta In,n.r.abll. L. unl" h. h"ido, da nu.vo, 11 palll· menlo c",lItj,ro.

H,mo. rtll.lorludo aqulllol dl,. m.mor"blu dl I .. Jor. n.d .. d. Jurio. Hemol I,n,do I, c,I1" que no qlltremO' u­d .. pot ',r nuutr. y pOt h.berl. conquiltado In I"ch. fronc;'!. y d,ddid •.

11 ,du,l movlmlento Se h •• liTlnado QUI , .. Jorn.d" de Jullo !!Hron un. ru·

pUefh • la prOlloc.ci6n luel.la, pero 101 ,A",isol dl Du.rUlb hem",. uthnido public.menlt qve I. utncill de los drll' "'e· morllbln de Julio r ... die,b. en I ... anli ... b.olut .. de Im.n· cipation dtl prolet~ri.do.

Nos h.alhtmol en un UIO Identico En lu ilclu.I" jorn.d:al de Mayo. ;'!. petar de t.,.ber exit·

tido un;'! prollocad6n no h,mOI ulido 11 la ca'le. I,n 101", par:ro ptdi. tl dnormt d. 101 cuerpOI arm"dol ,ino ql.e qut.emn que I .... nSrt que re h. det1'.m.'\do h.lle I. dtbid. compen-11Id6ro,

Edamol lIilliendo un inttanlt de tuperncl6n d. un •• lap" p,quei'lo-bu,su"a El com:,.h librldo I"or el prolel,ri.do ea­latin .. pola.iu en un /\nhelo d, '1IIIn~. que ha d, consiltir ,n'..!' pl .. maci6n d. un predominlo obnro, den por den.

Nud,tr. Asruplci6n qUI ha fllado e" la calle, .n lu b.rtic.d .. , d.lendilndo tu conquill" del prolflari.do pro· puS" .. par I1 !riunfo 101111 dl la "volvei6" .0cl.,1. No pode. mal .ctpl,r I, t:td6n, 'I el hfCno COo'llr(lrr'lIolucion"rlo. de conlliluit un nUtlla ).bl.rno con 101 mimos plllrlido., ptn, con di.linl .. t.prtnnt.nh., 1£110 .. un ,nl:rol'lo dt tal uli_ bre qUi "0 "";IImOI • C,,"~~rend .. ci. .no It.t (omilh d~ I. C N.T. Y .Isun cemil~ d, I. F.A.I, II'! h~'f.n prerlado • I. rnliud6n d. tll 1I1I'.nr. •

Nl\r~lr" A~ro~)a,·i"n ".xi!!f' I. 1'"I~~IHII,'I"" Imn".l!ula <It' UII/\ ill.,1:. ,p\'nlurj"u:llin, cl fnIlJJ:ulJil'nln lIe 1<, 1·1!11'1I1,]f'~, el d.·~· nrml' ell' 1"~ cu"l'l";J\ F\rmll,II/~. la 8ndnlh~ ii.n :" In ('rnIF,mlll \. la 'Ii~f')"h'iiin ,1(' ,"d"lI 'n~ [l1l.rlidoF p'.lltlto~ '1li , "1111 A.e"· ,'i·t .. 11 I~ ,.·L.(' Irnt.njllrlnrn

L. G'ntralid3d no •• p.u.nh nlld,. S" conlirou1Icl6n ;~'Ii. lic~ I:ro conl.arrevolucl6n. l:ro b.t,,,;'!. I. htmos Ipn3do 10' Ira. h;'!.;.,dor,*, E. inconubiblt qUI 101 comilh de la C.N.T. "lIy"n

aclu:ldo con tal limidu que IIls,"n ord.nar 1:l1t0 ,I lu"n 'I qUI Indu,o h.y.n j'"pultlo la ... u,lIa .1 trllb.jo cv.ndo ". l:ib.mo •• n 101 find .. inm,dialol d, I .. viCloria lolal. No It "1

Irnido fn CUtnl. dl d6ndl h. plllido I. a,rui,n, no .. tu prnl3do altnd6n .1 yrrd:rotlu(/ .i,n"i~'do dl las o(.lu.lu jern .. das. '1'.1 conduct. h3 dl caliliurn d~ ltalti6n , 10 re­lIolucitn qUI nlldie tn n'Hn"r, de nar.a debe comlt't ni p •• trotinll;. I 11'. ';JI"·,,, .. ~ ,·,,111" ~'"Iifil'"'' I. lobo' ntl"ta qll. 1101 ,,,,Iiudo Solid;llridad Obrt; .. y I .... mililantlt mh dull· udo. de I. C.N.T.

Ei comite rel'on~f de la C,N.T, no. deuuto,iu No nOI h, .orprend.do I. d ... ulorirad6n dl 101 H,m.dot

comilh rupltnsabltl d. I., C.N.T. S.b'.m"., d, ,nlt.TI.no, qUI utOt tomiltl no podl,n h.ur olra co. a 'quI e!'>iorpec.t .1

....... nu d,1 prohl.ri.d". Conoc.emo, lobr,damlnll I 19' 1 HEINTl5TAS qUi tll'" ,n .1 comit4 R.sion;'!.I,

Sc.mo. 101 1Ami,O' d. Durruti, quienll IlnunOI autarld.d nlo.,1 luliciente P"" de!")utoriut • ulol individuol qUI h,n traictoro:rodo I I. r'lIolucbn y • I. d ... Ir.b.j.do,., "'o~ In­capaUI y cob.rd". Cu."do no Itn.mo. Intmlso enlrlnle, .n· Irts.n d, nu.yo ,I pod .. • CompanYI 'I ' la p'qu.". bur,l ... · .1. 'f • • demh. Inlre8,n ~I Ord~n Publico ;Ill sobi ... ,o conlr.-rrellolution.rio dl V31.n~;3 y lA cc..nltj,ri;, d. Dtl ... :) al lene· r,l POUI.

l. Iraid6n n de un lIolumen .norme, L •• do. SAr.nU,. ulndatn d. I. cl .... I.a)uj.dor" Hsurid,d y deftnu. tOn o'recid ... ~n bandej •• nuulro. ,n.rni,o •.

~Que h"c:err A ptl.r d, I. lresua conurhda .1 upldlu d, III jorn,d ..

qll~ :lcab,mo. dt lIiv;r contint' .. tn pit, S, h. ccmetido .1 er.or ,r .. ndiolo d. d.r !iempo .1 adllerurio d~ r,lorur .UI pOlicionu. Se .... po.ihili!ado que .1 sobl,.no d. Vafend. onandt lu.rlat • I. conlr.rr.voluci6n.

No n ha ubida .Iacar • londo nl ha IlCi.lido un. coor­d;nllclon d •• ~Iu'r'o, en el lerreno inlurrecdon.1. S, h. p.r_ (;,Ilo el titmpo y lal munition'", con ,i"'plu p.queol, .n vu de p'anllr un ;'!.taque rapido y .udlll. H. hlhdo Inl.lisen· cb y di .. cci6n.

El ,lto I. luch, no pruupon. un. derrota. A puar d, que no hly.mol dlda clm. a nuult .. obl,tlllol hemo •• 1,.1.

m,nlado nunl.o .rm.m ...... o, El' ... ,m .. conqui'ladu no I .. hlmOl dl ent,tSllr • I.

cot'l!rarrlvoluci6n, Son de la d::ne 1r.l)lIj .. oora, Subthle el pe· lil!lro dt nunlrol en,mi&o, que manti,nen 'VI po.lcionu y que pOtlun, 10d,III., abund"nh ,rm;'!mento.

ElllmOl .tanlOI • 101 aconhcimitnto. qVI " lllldn.n. No dum'yemol. M.ntens.mo. un •• 6lid. mor.1 r'lIoludon._ ria. No olllidemo, qUI no ... bmo. JuS~ndo u". carh d,cill. 11 .... No no. dej •. mos .Iudn.r por el ."punlo p,lIsro d. vna :tgrui6n d, 101 b:arco. dl I. utu~d.a inSlua CUllndo In re.li_ dad I .. polencias democdticu utA" :opoyando 1111 lasci.mo d .. un. man, •• ducar.dll.

Sep.mo. Interpretar el momenlo .dull!. NuulrOI ,dll.r­uriol I""lendl.n dnlruir el prolttariado rellolucion.rio par. Itnlar IlU prem"" d. lln armilllclo palrocin.do por 101 10· ·bierno. inSlh 'I f,.nc4., V .1 mismo liempo pa •. ") u'lu.at un predominio del capihl en el perlmtlro de I. E,:I.I'I. prol,­larl •.

No .bandonlmo. la callt. M:anlengi\mOI el u~lrilU Indl)­mable 'lUt CArlclet;r6 11 Ourruli In I" Cllltr, r" 101 IUIJ"" tt, I~.~ba,o. '/ In riondt no. Incontremo •• 'I m.1n'1ns'mono. I're~lo. a terminar III s.andiu. obr. 'n'cI"d, en I ~ ... memo· r,~hl.~ jorn",dlll ql'e 1I1"II;,ron uturad .. d,l Hplt;tu d. 10. can,,,r.,du del FRENTE que hlln hecho .. nil,' IU ·,01 .Ir.d. cont.a 101 /\~ioti'I"'5, co"tr. III bvrllcraci. 110.;'11 Y conl.a lu du;guald,des 'I 10$ comlldreo: que flun ptrdut.n 11 puar d. ~abtrU derr.mildo I ••. ~nlJre a torrenlU.

CAMARADAS: £n pit! de ,uerra, No desfalln­di" Estad atentol al primer lIam.aml~nto que se 01

haga. IViva la revolucion loci~f! jAbajo la c:ont"r,evo~

'uei"nf Loa a los cam.arad.as caldot.

"