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    Facts and Figures about Facts and Figures about FACTSFACTS

    by

    Naresh Acharya

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    EPSM, Energy, EPSM, Energy, Asian Institute of Technology,Asian Institute of Technology,

    December 16, 2004December 16, 2004

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    Presentation Outline Introduction History of Development & Current Status

    Semiconductor devices development 1st Generation of FACTS (SVC &TCSC) 2nd Generation of FACTS (STATCOM & SSSC) 3rd Generation of FACTS (UPFC) Most Recent Development (Convertible Static

    Compensator)

    Cost of FACTS Controllers SVC and STATCOM TCSC and UPFC Cost Structure Cost Considerations Economic Mix

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    Introduction

    Problems with AC transmission (1) Stability limits, (2) Voltage Limits and (3) Loop Flows

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    Promising Solution - FACTSElevation = Voltage Profile

    Amount of Laundry = transmission loading

    Keep clothes off ground = stability criteria

    Distance above ground = stability margin

    Main supports = on line generators

    Props = intermediate reactive power compensation, e.g. SVC, STATCOM, SC

    Improved Post-Contingency Voltage Profile due to Dynamic Reactive Support by SVC, STATCOM, SC

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    History of Development

    Technological change over time

    Trend in deployment of FACTS devices

    Where the World is heading

    Where do we stand

    What options are available

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    Semiconductor DevicesDevelopment

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    1st Generation of FACTS -SVC

    SVCs are available since 1970

    First SVC demonstration was in Nebraska and commercialized by GE in 1974

    More than 800 SVC are installed worldwide both in Utilities and in Industries (electric arc furnace and rolling mills)

    ABB is the pioneer in its development and has installed 55% of total installations.

    Half of it were installed during 80s.

    13% of utility scale SVC supplied by ABB is in Asian Countries

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    1st Generation of FACTS -SVC

    Three SVCs in EGAT Power System

    Chumphon 115 kV substation: 80 MVAR, installed in 1986

    Tha Tako 500 kV substation: 2 X 190 MVAR, installed in 1989.

    Bang Saphan 230 kV substation: -50 MVAR to +300 MVAR, installed in 1995

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    Bang Saphan SVC-Thailand

    To improve transient stability of tie line connecting major load center (Bangkok area) with generating station in the south. Length of tie around 700 km. Tie line consists of one double circuit 230 kV and one double circuit 115 kV line. This was considered to be the weak part.

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    Utility scale SVC in Asia

    S.N.Year

    Installed

    Country Capacity, MVARVoltage level

    (kV) Place

    1 1981 China 120 500 CNTIC - Wu Han II

    2 1981 China 120 500 CNTIC - Wu Han I

    3 1986 Thailand 80 115 EGAT - Chumphon

    4 1987 China 290 500 Guangdong Gen. Pow. Co. - Jiang Men

    5 1987 China 270 500 CNTIC - Dalian

    6 1987 Iran 300 420 Tavanir - Omdieh

    7 1987 Saudi Arabia 200 380 SCECO E - Shedgum

    8 1987 Saudi Arabia 200 380 SCECO E - Faras

    9 1987 Srilanka 20 132 CEB - Galle

    10 1987 Yemen 80 132 YGEC Alsthom - Sanaa

    11 1988 Singapore 100 230 Kallang Basin Substation

    12 1988 Singapore 50 230 Labrador substation

    13 1988 India 45 132 TNEB - Madurai

    14 1988 India 45 132 TNEB - Trichur

    15 1988 India 45 132 TNEB - Singaropet

    16 1988 Srilanka 20 132 CEB - Chunnakam

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    Utility Scale SVC in AsiaS.N. Year Installed Country

    Capacity, MVAR

    Voltage level (kV) Place

    17 1989 Thailand 190 500 EGAT - Tha Tako 1

    18 1989 Thailand 190 500 EGAT - Tha Tako 2

    19 1991 Malaysia 200 275 NEB - K1 North2

    20 1991 Malaysia 200 275 NEB - K1 North1

    21 1992 India 280 400 NTPC - Kanpur 2

    22 1992 India 280 400 NTPC - Kanpur 1

    23 1992 Iran 300 420 TAVINIR Omedieh

    24 1995 Indonesia -25 to 50 150 Jember substation (Bali)

    25 1995 Thailand -50 to 300 230 EGAT - Bang Saphan

    26 1999 South Korea 200 345 KEPCO - Seo-Daegu

    27 1999 Saudi Arabia 150 380 SCECO C - Riyadh I

    28 1999 Saudi Arabia 150 380 SCECO C - Riyadh II

    29 Japan -20 to +80 500 Tokyo

    30 Japan -40 MVA Osaka

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    New Concept for Changing Environment - Relocatable SVC

    Mainly used in NGC in UK, after deregulation of electric industry in 1990.

    There are twelve 60 MVAR RSVC in NGC system.Conventional SVCs

    Relocatable SVCs

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    1st Generation of FACTS -TCSC

    Commercially available since 1990s.

    Worlds first 3 phase, 2 X 165 MVAR TCSC installed in 1992 in Kayenta substation, Arizona raises capacity of line by 30%, by ABB.

    Worlds first TCSC for subsynchronous resonance (SSR) mitigation installed in Stode, Sweden in 1998, by ABB.

    No TCSC in ASIA, but two projects are under construction: in China and India

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    TCSC InstallationsSN Year Installed Country

    FACTSType

    Capacity, MVAR

    Voltage level (kV)

    Purpose Place

    1 1992 USA FC + TCSC 2x165 230To increase powertransfer capability Kayenta substation, Arizona

    2 1993 USA TCSC 208 500Controlling line power flow and increased loading

    C.J.Slatt substation on the Slatt-Buckley 500 kV line in Northern Oregon

    3 1998 Sweden FC +TCSC 400 SSR mitigation Stde

    4 1999 Brazil FC +TCSC 500To damp interarealow freq (0.2 Hz) osicllation

    1. FC at Maraba (348MVAR) 2. FC at Imperatriz (161MVAR) 3. FSC at Colinas (2x161MVAR) 4. FC at Miracema (161MVAR) 5. TCSC at Imperatriz (107MVAR) 6. TCSC at Sarra de Mesa

    5Under Construction

    China FC + TCSC

    55 controlled 350 fixed

    500 Series compensation Pingguo substation

    6Under Construction

    India FC + TCSC

    118 controlled 788 fixed

    400

    Compenstion, Damping of interregional Power oscillation

    Raipur substation

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    TCSC - Brazil

    To increase power transfer limit and to damp the low frequency oscillations. Length of interconnection 1020 km.

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    2nd Generation of FACTS -STATCOM

    Commercially available since 1990s.

    Around 20 in numbers and includes both utility and industrial installations.

    Successfully applied in countries like Japan, USA, UK.

    Also in service in China, developed by TsinghuaUnversity and Henan Power Authority.

    World 1st STATCOM (+/- 80 MVAR) installed in 1991 in Inumaya substation in Japan and developed by Mitsubishi Electric Power Products, Inc.

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    Utility Scale STATCOM

    S.N

    Year Installed Country

    Capacity, MVAR

    Voltagelevel (kV)

    Purpose Place

    1 1991 Japan 80 MVA 154 Power system and voltage stabilization Inumaya substation

    2 1992 Japan 50 MVA 500 Shin ShinanoSubstation, Nagona

    3 1995 USA 100 MVA 161 To regulate bus voltage Sullivan substation in TVA power system

    4 1996 China 20 MVAreactive compensation, improve system stability and damp system oscillation

    China

    5 2001 UK 0 to +225 400 Dynamic reactive compensationEast Claydon 400 kV Substation

    6 2001 USA -41 to +133 115

    dynamic reactive compensation for fast voltage support during critical contingencies

    VELCO Essex substation

    7 2003 USA 100 138

    to relieve transmission system constraints in the area through dynamic varcontrol during pak load conditions

    SDG&E Talegasubstation

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    STATCOM SDG&E Talega

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    STATCOM-Sullivan, USA STATCOM, Sullivan substation, TVA, USA 27 X 15 m

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    Layout arrangement comparison of STATCOM and SVC

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    2nd Generation of FACTS - SSSC

    Not in commercial operation as independent device.

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    3rd Generation of FACTS - UPFC

    The first utility demonstration of UPFC is located at Inez substation of American Electric Power (AEP) area in 1998.

    Only two UPFC in operation.

    S.N Year Installed CountryCapacity,

    MVAVoltage

    level (kV) Purpose Place

    1 1998 USA 320 138Dynamic voltage support and added real power supply facility

    AEP Inez substation

    2 2003 South Korea 80 154 Gangjin substation

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    UPFC Inez, USA UPFC at AEP Inez substation, USA

    61 X 30, 5 m

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    Latest Development Convertible Static Compensators (CSC)

    CSC offer full flexibility by allowing its converters to be connected in shunt (STATCOM), in series (SSSC), shunt/series (UPFC) and series/series (IPFC).

    The worlds first CSC is installed at New York Power Authoritys Marcy 345 kV substation, which is capable of operating in 11 different control modes.

    The shunt portion of CSC came into operation in 2001 and full scale CSC came into operation in early 2004.

    It consists of two 100 MVA inverters, two 100 MVA series transformers and one 200 MVA shunt transformers

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    Investment cost for SVC and STATCOM

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    Investment cost for TCSC and UPFC

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    Cost Components

    55%

    15%

    10%

    12%4% 4% Hardware

    Eng & Project Mgmt.InstallationCivil WorksCommissioningInsurance

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    Cost ConsiderationTechnology Transmission Line

    Transfer Enhancement Cost Range Operating principle Procurement

    Availability Reconductor lines Increase thermal capacity $50K to $200K per

    mile Increases thermal limit for line Competitive

    Fixed or Switched Shunt Reactors

    Voltage reduction Light Load Management

    $8-$12 kVAR Compensates for capacitive var-load

    Competitive

    Fixed or Switched Shunt Capacitors

    Voltage support and stability

    $8-$10 kVAR Compensates for inductive var-load

    Competitive

    Fixed or Switched Series Capacitors

    Power flow control, Voltage support and Stability

    $12-$16 kVAR Reduces inductive line impedance

    Competitive

    Static VAR Compensators Voltage support and stability

    $20-$45 kVAR Compensates for inductive and/or capacitive var-load

    Competitive

    Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC)

    Power flow control, Voltage support and stability

    $25-$50 kVAR Reduces or increases inductive line impedance

    Limited competition

    STATCOM Voltage support and stability

    $80-$100 kVAR Compensates for inductive and capacitive var-load

    Limited competition

    STATCOM w/SMES Voltage support and stability

    $150-$300 kW Compensates for inductive and/or capacitive var-load plus energy storage for active power

    Limited

    Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

    Power flow control, Voltage support, and Stability

    $150-$200 kW SVC and TCSC functions plus phase angle control

    Sole source

    Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) w/SMES

    Power flow control Voltage support and Stability,

    $250-$350 kW SVC and TCSC functions plus voltage regulator, phase angle controller and energy storage

    Sole source

    Shaded area indicates technologies that are either permanently connected or switched on or off with mechanical switches. (i.e. these are not continuously controllable)

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    g

    W

    o

    r

    k

    s

    h

    o

    p

    o

    n

    F

    A

    C

    T

    S

    A

    p

    p

    l

    i

    c

    a

    t

    i

    o

    n

    ,

    E

    n

    e

    r

    g

    y

    ,

    A

    I

    T

    Economic Mix: FACTS and Conventional

    Cost of SystemCost of System

    100% Power 100% Power Electronics Electronics

    100% 100% ConventionalConventional DeltaDelta--PP11

    DeltaDelta--PP22DeltaDelta--PP33

    DeltaDelta--PP44

  • Tr

    a

    i

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    i

    n

    g

    W

    o

    r

    k

    s

    h

    o

    p

    o

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    F

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    A

    p

    p

    l

    i

    c

    a

    t

    i

    o

    n

    ,

    E

    n

    e

    r

    g

    y

    ,

    A

    I

    T

    Economic Mix

    Sometimes, mixed of conventional and FACTS provides least cost solution

    Concern with FACTS - Losses will increase with higher loading and FACTS equipment more lossy than conventional ones

  • Tr

    a

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    i

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    h

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    F

    A

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    T

    S

    A

    p

    p

    l

    i

    c

    a

    t

    i

    o

    n

    ,

    E

    n

    e

    r

    g

    y

    ,

    A

    I

    T