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Page 1: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Energy Resources

Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact per capita energy consumption indicates the development of any country.

Page 2: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Growing energy demand: The demand for the energy resources are increasing due to increasing population and increased pace of development in developing country especially India and China. Between 1950 and 1990, the world’s energy need increases four folds.

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Page 3: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Source of energy:

A source of energy is one which provide adequate amount of energy in a usable form over a long period of time. It is divided into two major type:

1) Renewable resource: it can be regenerated continuously in nature and are inexhaustible: examples: wood, solar, wind, tidal, hydropower, biomass energy, bio-fuel, geothermal energy and hydrogen.

2) Non-renewable resource: it include resources which accumulation in nature take place over a long span of time and once exhausted cannot be quickly replenished. Examples: coal, petroleum, natural gas, and fuels like uranium and thorium.

Renewable Energy resource:

a) Solar energy: The source of solar energy is the nuclear fusion reaction taking place in the sun where lighter hydrogen atom combine to form heavier helium atom. The luminosity of the Sun is about 3.86 x 1026 watts. This is the total power radiated out into space by the Sun. Most of this radiation is in the visible and infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, with less than 1 % emitted in the radio, UV and X-ray spectral bands. The power of the sun at the earth, per square metre is called the solar constant and is approximately 1370 watts per square metre (W m-2).

Page 4: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

The energy of sun is harnessed from long time especially for drying purpose like seeds, clothes etc, however recently special instruments are use to harness the solar energy. Some of such instruments are:

1) Solar cell: also known as photovoltaic cells or PV cells are made up of semi-conductor material like silicon and gallium. This material is dope with Boron or Phosphorous to generate N and P region to create an electric field. As the solar light absorbed in the cell and electron get released which then follow the electric field and generate the electricity. It is pollution free electricity generation process, however due to the high cost of raw material and variability of sun intensity it is not much popular yet.

Mainly used in calculator, electronicWatches, street light, traffic signal, water pumps etc.

Page 5: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Solar cooker: mainly used for the cooking food and boiling water. It is mainly of three design: heat-trap boxes, curved concentrators (parabolics) and panel cookers. Food cooks best in dark, shallow, thin metal pots with dark, tight-fitting lids to hold in heat and moisture.

Solar power plant: Solar energy is harnessed on large scale by using concave reflector which cause boiling of water to produce steam. The steam turbine drives a generator to produce electricity .Example: 50K Watt capacity solar power plant has been installed at Gurgaon.

Page 6: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Solar water heater: Solar heat is used to warm water by conversion of light into heat energy.

Solar furnace: A solar furnace is a structure used to harness the rays of the sun in order to produce high temperatures. This is achieved by using a curved mirror (or an array of mirrors) acting as a parabolic reflector to concentrate light (Insolation) on to a focal point. The temperature at the focal point may reach up to 3,000 degrees Celsius, and this heat can be used to generate electricity, melt steel or make hydrogen fuel.

Page 7: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Wind energy: Utilized Kinetic energy of wind to generate electricity. The energy is harnessed by making wind mill. A large number of wind mill installed in cluster called wind farm.

The wind energy potential of our country is estimated to be about 20,000 MW , while at present we are generating about 1020 MW. The largest wind farm of our country is near Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu generating 380 MW electricity.

Page 8: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Advantage of Wind power:

• Pollution free source of energy. According to EPA estimates, running a 1 MW wind turbine for one year eliminates the following pollutants from entering the atmosphere: 1500 tons of carbon dioxide, 6.5 tons of sulfur dioxide, 3.2 tons of nitrogen oxides, and 60 pounds of mercury.

• Required little maintenance cost after the installation.

Limitation of wind power:

• The power produced by a turbine is proportional to the wind velocity cubed.  This means, at low wind speeds (i.e. 4 m/s), there is a significant drop-off in the power produced versus moderate wind speeds (i.e. 7 m/s).

• T he power produced is proportional to the swept area that mean it is proportional to the blade length squared.

• The wind farms are the source of noise pollution and also results into bird deaths due to bird strike on rotating wind mill blade.

• Mainly useful in the costal areas with high wind speed.

•High cost of per unit electricity compare to electricity generated from fossil fuels.

Page 9: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Hydropower energy:

A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. A hydroelectric generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity. The operation of a generator is based on the principles discovered by Faraday.

The present installed capacity of Hydropower as on 30-06-2011 is approximately 37,367.4 MW which is 21.53% of total Electricity generation in India.

Page 10: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Advantages to hydroelectric power:

1) Fuel is not burned so there is minimal pollution. It plays a major role in reducing greenhouse gas emission.

2) Relatively low operation and maintenance cost for hydropower.

3) It's renewable - rainfall renews the water in the reservoir, so the fuel is almost always there.

Disadvantages to hydroelectric power:

1) disadvantage of hydropower is related to the construction of Dams which resulted into inundation of land and wild life habitat.

2) Power supply depend upon the Hydrology (precipitation) so variation in rainfall event will affect the power generation.

3) Dam construction affects the quality of reservoir and stream water.

4) Displacement of local population.

Page 11: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Tidal energy: Ocean tides produced due to gravitational pool of sun and moon on earth surface. The energy is harnessed by using the difference in high tide (high water level) and low tide (low water level) in ocean. This energy is harnessed by constructing tidal barrage in costal areas such as bay and estuary. During high tide ocean water enter into the barrage reservoir and turn the turbine attached to produce electricity. In case of low tide, sea level is lower so water stored in the reservoir move out to ocean and again turn the turbine.

High tide Low tide

Page 12: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Advantage of Tidal energy:

1) Environmental friendly method of energy generation with no pollution emission.

2) Tides are more predictable and can be predicted years in advance so reliable source of energy.

3) Barrage construction help in protection against floods in costal area and also help in the transportation.

Disadvantage of tidal energy:

1) Only few suitable sites are present in world for harnessing the tidal energy. In India, two sites Gulf of Camby and Gulf of Kutch are producing tidal energy.

2) High capital cost and intermittent power generation takes place.

3) Change in the estuary ecosystem due to construction of barrage.

4) Accumulation of silt in the barrage which may accumulate pollutant.

Page 13: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Ocean Thermal Energy (OTE): The surface ocean layer is more warmer than the deeper ocean layer in the tropics and this temperature difference is used to generate electricity in Ocean thermal energy conversion power plant (OTEC). Minimum temperature difference should we 20°C or more for the OTEC power plant to work. OTEC system works as a heat engine with a low boiling point working fluid such as ammonia, which work between two temperature of deep and surface water. The working fluid circulate in the closed system taking heat from warm surface water and evaporated to run turbine and generate electricity and discharging heat to the cold water by help of heat exchanger. So it is a continuous electricity generation process.

Page 14: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Geothermal energy: The term geothermal comes from the Greek geo, meaning earth, and therme, meaning heat, thus geothermal energy is energy derived from the natural heat of the earth.The source of heat can be due to the fission of natural radioactive material present in rocks or molten lava come into contact of water reservoir. High temperature and high pressure stream fields are present below earth surface in many parts. In some part this high temperature streams come out naturally over the surface through cracks in the form of natural geysers such as Manikaran, Kullu and Sohna Haryana. Some time pipe has to drill through rock to bring this hot water on surface which in turn run turbine to produce electricity.

Page 15: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Biomass energy: Biomass is the organic matter produced by plant and animal in the form of wood, crop residue, cattle dung, manure, sewage etc. Biomass energy is of the following type:

1) Energy plantation: Solar energy is trapped by green plants through photosynthesis and converted into biomass energy which can be trapped either by burning directly or by getting converted into burnable gas or fuel by processing. Example: Plantation of cottonwood, leucaena etc.

2) Petro-crops: latex containing plants such as euphorbias and oil palms are rich in hydrocarbon and can yield fuel oil at high temperature and pressure.

3) Agricultural and urban waste: Such as crop residue, animal excreta is used to generate Biogas. It is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide produced due to anaerobic decomposition of animal and plant waste. It is a non-polluting, clean and low cost fuel especially used in rural areas. The sludge left over after decomposition of waste acts as fertilizer for agricultural land. Biogas are produced in the Biogas plant which are of two type depending upon their design:

a) Floating gas holder type

b) Fixed dome type.

Page 16: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

BIOFUELS: Biomass can be fermented to produce ethanol and methanol which can be used as fuel. Plants such as sugarcane, sugar beet, corn etc are planted to produce ethanol. Ethanol is non polluting fuel however its calorific value is lower than the petrol.

a) Gasohol: It is a mixture of Gasoline and ethanol, commonly use in transportation sector. Its use is prevalent in Brazil and Zimbabwe.

b) Methanol: Burn at lower temperature than gasoline or diesel and also it is non-polluting fuel.

Hydrogen as a Fuel: Hydrogen have a high calorific value(150 kilojoules/gram) so it can serve as important fuel, however it is highly inflammable and explosive in nature so it use require safe handling. As present it is used in the spaceship as liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen can be produced by:

1) Thermal dissociation of water(3000°k) to produce H2.

2) electrolytic dissociation of water by flowing current through it.

3) photolysis of water in presence of sunlight.

Page 17: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Non-renewable source of energy: This group include fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy. The original source of energy for fossil fuels are solar energy and their formation takes much longer time.

1) Coal : coal fired thermal power plant support 40% of total electricity generation of world. In case of India it support 69% of electricity generation. Thermal power plant uses Rankine cycle for power generation. Coal is used as fuel to produce steam from water which in turn run the turbine and produce electricity.

Page 18: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

There are three type of coal based on their carbon content, anthracite(90%), bituminus(80%) and lignite(70%). India has about 5% of world coal but coal quality is not good in term of heat capacity. The major coal states of India are Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.

Burning of coal is one of the major cause of air pollution.

Page 19: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Petroleum: It is the life line of global economy. There are 13 countries in the world which have 67% of total petroleum reserve together form the OPEC( organization of petroleum exporting country). The crude petroleum is a complex mixture of alkane hydrocarbon which is purified and refined by the process of fractional distillation to give various products like petroleum gas, kerosene, petrol, diesel, fuel oil, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, asphalt, plastic etc. Petroleum is cleaner fuel compared to coal as it leave no residue after burning. In India oil fields are located at Digboi(Assam), Gujarat plains and Bombay High, Offshore areas in deltaic coast of Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery and Mahanadi.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): The petroleum gas mainly contain butane, propane and ethane and can easily converted to liquid form under high pressure. LPG gas is mainly used in domestic cooking purpose is odourless gas often added with ethyl mercaptan ( a foul smelling gas) to detect the leakage of gas.

Environment problem associated with Petroleum:

1) Air Pollution: Oil-powered vehicle emit carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide and Particulate matter. Use of leaded petrol has severe affects on human health including neurological damage. Use of unleaded petrol reduces this effect however it contain benzene and butadiene which are carcinogenic compound.

Page 20: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

2) Accident at Oil drill sites: Accident either caused by human error or natural calamity results into large discharge of crude oil in offshore region. Example: April 2010 accident in BP owned oil drill site in Gulf of Mexico results into spillage of 5 million barrels of crude oil in the offshore ecosystem which seriously damage the coastal ecosystem.

3) Oil Slick: Mainly results due to spillage from the offshore oil well, cleaning of oil tankers and shipwrecks. When oil spill take place it form a floating layer of oil on the surface of ocean due to lower density of oil is know as oil Slick, it reduces the penetration of sunlight thereby reducing the primary productivity of the area.

Natural Gas: It is mainly composed of methane(95%) with small amount of propane and ethane. It is the cleanest fossil fuel with high calorific value( 50Kj/g). Russia has maximum reserve(40%) followed by Iran(14%) and USA(7%). In India gas fields are present in Tripura, Jaisalmer, Off-shore area of Mumbai and the Krishna-Godavari Delta. Compressed natural gas (CNG) is used as substitute of petrol and Diesel in vehicle. Public transport system in Delhi completely switch to CNG for fuel requirement leading to improve air quality of the city. Synthetic natural gas (SNG) is produced from low grade coal through gasification process followed catalytic conversion to methane.

Page 21: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Nuclear Energy: Nuclear energy is harnessed by the process nuclear fission in naturally occurring radioactive element Uranium 235 and Thorium 232. U235 is most commonly used material in nuclear power plant, where energy released due to fission of radioactive material is used to heat the steam for turbine rotation. The energy released form 1kg of U235 is equivalent to that produced by burning 3,000 t of coal.

Page 22: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

There are now 439 nuclear reactors in operation around the world in over 30 countries, providing almost 16% of the world’s electricity. India has 19 nuclear power plants in, which generates 4,560 MW (2.9% of total installed base) and 4 such power plants are in the pipeline and would be generating around 2,720 MW.

Advantage of Nuclear energy:

1) Clean fuel: Electricity generation not release green house gases.

2) It is more economical due to high energy value and low fuel requirement compare to fossils fuels.

Disadvantage of Nuclear energy:

1) Nuclear accident: Accident in the nuclear plant either due to human error( Chernobyl, Russia) or due to natural calamity( Fukushima, Japan) results into release of radionuclide in the environment which has long term effect such as death, cancer and genetic deformities. The affect is not only limited to the accident site but spread to large area with prevalent wind or ocean current. Example: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine suffer melting of reactor core in 26 April 1986, caused the largest uncontrolled radioactive release into the environment for about 10 days. Causing death of 28 people and displacement of 220,000 people from the vicinity of nuclear reactor. Other example is Three Mile Island, USA.

Page 23: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Disposal of radioactive waste material: The management, storage and disposal of radio active wastes resulting from nuclear power generation are the biggest expenses of the nuclear power industry. The waste varies in term of left over radioactivity in low level waste (medical or industrial waste) or high level ( Spent rod from nuclear plant). The waste disposal practice include burial into "Deep borehole disposal, ocean disposal, sub sea level disposal practices.

Page 24: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Land Resource

Land is finite and valuable resource on which we depend for our housing, food, fibre and fuel wood. Soil, especially the top soil is considered as renewable resources because it is continuously regenerated but the rate of regeneration is a slow process. It take almost 200-1000 year for the formation of 2.5 cm soil, depending upon climate and soil type. So it the rate of soil degradation is faster than the soil regeneration it can become a non-renewable resource.

Land Degradation: Due to increase human population there is increased pressure on land resource in term of food growth, land area for the housing purpose, Industrial growth. Processes such as soil erosion, water-logging, salinization and contamination of soil with industrial wastes like heavy metals, salt etc causes degradation of land.

Soil Erosion: literal meaning is wearing away of soil. Soil erosion is the deterioration of soil by the physical movement of soil particles from a given site. Wind, water, ice, animals, and the use of tools by man are usually the main causes of soil erosion. 1/3 of world cropland is affected by the problem of soil erosion. Soil erosion is of two type:

a) Geological erosion (normal erosion): Gradual removal of top soil by natural processes which bring an equilibrium between physical, biological and hydrological activities and maintain balance between erosion and renewal.

Page 25: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

b) Accelerated erosion: Natural erosion process got faster due to human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing and mining .

Agents of soil erosion: Agents of soil erosion are broadly divided into two types:

a) Climatic agents: water and wind are two major agents responsible for soil erosion. Erosion caused by water are divided into following category based upon the severity of erosion:

1) Sheet erosion: when there is uniform removal of thin layer of soil from a large surface area, it is called sheet erosion. Sheet erosion occurs as runoff travels over the ground, picking up and transporting the particles dislodged by raindrop impacts. The process of sheet erosion is uniform, gradual and difficult to detect until it develops into rill erosion.

2) Rill erosion: when there is rainfall rapidly running water produces finger shaped grooves or rills over the area, it is called rill erosion. 

Page 26: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

3) Gully erosion: When rainfall is more heavy rill can convert into deepen cavities or gullies which may be U or V shaped.

4) Slip erosion: Especially occurs in mountain areas, where due to heavy rainfall slope of mountain and hill area loose soil. It is also known as landslide defined as an outward and downward movement of the slope-forming material, composed of natural rocks, soil, artificial fills, etc.

5) Stream bank erosion: usually occurs during the peak discharge periods, when fast flowing river water cut the soil and make caves in the river bank. This type of erosion is responsible for moving immense quantities of detritus, comprising boulders, shingles, sand and silt, depending upon the geology of the terrain.

Page 27: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Wind erosion is a major soil erosion agents especially in the non-vegetated and dry land area. In case of wind erosion following three type of soil movement takes place:

1) Suspension: when very fine dirt and dust particles are lifted into the wind. They can be thrown into the air through impact with other particles or by the wind itself. Once in the atmosphere, these particles can be carried very high and be transported over extremely long distances.

2) Saltation : In saltation, fine soil particles are lifted into the air by the wind and drift horizontally across the surface increasing in velocity as they go. They travel approximately four times longer in distance than in height. When they strike the surface again they either rebound back into the air or knock other particles into the air.

3) Creep - The large particles which are too heavy to be lifted into the air are moved through a process called surface creep. In this process, the particles are rolled across the surface after coming into contact with the soil particles in saltation.

Page 28: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

b) Biotic agents: Overgrazing, mining and deforestation are the major agents for the soil erosion. Due to these activity top soil become loose or get devoid of vegetation, which increase the effect of climatic agent. Overgrazing accounts for 35% of world’s soil erosion while deforestation is responsible for 30% and unsuitable method of farming cause 28% of soil erosion.

Soil conservation Practices: To conserve the soil following practices are employed:

1) Conservational till farming: In traditional method of ploughing, top soil is broken up and smoothed to make a seed planting surface, which make it susceptible to erosion during fallow period. In case of no-till farming special tillers break up and loosen the subsurface soil by making slits and injecting seeds, fertilizer and water without turning over the top soil.

2) Contour farming: Specially done in the hilly area where crops are grown in rows across rather than up and down, a practice known as contour farming. Each row of plant acts as dam and protect soil for erosion through water.

Page 29: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

3) Terracing: Steep slopes are converted into broad terrace which run across the contour. Terracing retains water for crops at all levels and cut down soil erosion by controlling run-off.

Terrace

4) Strip cropping: strip of crops are alternated with strips of soil saving cover crops like grasses or grass legume mixture. So whatsoever run off comes from the cropped soil is retained by strip of cover crop and this reduce soil erosion.

5) Alley cropping: It is also known as Agro forestry. In this type crops are planted between rows of trees or shrubs. So, when crops are harvested soil is not falloff so reduce the soil erosion.

Page 30: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Wind breaks or shelterbelts: These help in reducing soil erosion by strong winds. The trees are planted in long rows along the cultivated land boundary so that wind is blocked. The wind is substantially reduced which help in preventing wind erosion of soil.

Page 31: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Water logging and induced salinity: Mainly occurs due to faulty irrigation practice, where farmers applied more irrigation water than actually needed for the crop growth. However due to inadequate drainage water get accumulated and form a continuous column with water table. These type of soil are call waterlogged soil which affect crop production due to inhibition of exchange of gases.

Water logging is most often associated with the salinity because irrigation water contain salts which get accumulated on soil during evaporation process.

Page 32: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Desertification: Desertification is a process whereby the productive potential of arid and semi-arid lands falls by 10% or more. It can be categories as moderate(10-25%), severe ( 25-50%) and very severe( > 50%) drop in productivity. It leads to the conversion of rangelands or irrigated crop land to desert like condition in which agricultural production fall. It is characterized by devegetation, depletion of ground water, salinization and severe soil erosion.

Causes of Desertification: It can be natural due to change in the climate of any area or due to excess exploitation of land to human pressure. The major anthropogenic activities responsible for desertification are as follows:

1) Deforestation: The process of denuding and degradation of forested land initiates a desert producing cycles. If there is no vegetation to hold back surface run-off, water drains out quickly before it can soak into the soil to nourish the plant and replenish the ground water.

2) Overgrazing: Overgrazing areas are more under risk of desertification because it results into denude of the land area. The dry barren land becomes loose and more prone to soil erosion. The top fertile layer is also lost and thus plant growth is badly hampers in such soils.

3) Mining and quarrying: These activities results into loss of vegetation cover and denudation of extensive land area leading to desertification.

Page 33: Energy Resources Energy is used for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose, production of industrial goods and for the transportation purpose. In fact.

Conservation of natural resources: Role of an Individual

Natural resources like forest, water, soil, food, mineral, energy and land plays a key role in the development of a nation. However these resources are facing risk of depletion due to increased exploitation for human need and required to conserve for future utilization. Conservation efforts are underway at National and International level however individual efforts are also necessary for the resource conservation. Some of the examples of individual conservation efforts are:

Water resource:

1) Don’t waste water by keeping water taps running during brushing, shaving, washing and bathing.

2) Check water pipelines and taps for water leakage as a small pin shape hole can waste 640 liters of water in a month.

3) Install water shaving toilets that not use much water for flushing purposes (not more than 6 liters).

4) Install small system of rain water harvesting, which can be used for watering the plants and washing the vehicles.

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Energy resources:

1) Turn off light, fan, and other electric appliances when not in use.

2) Use solar water heater during winter seasons for domestic use.

3) Use of CFL bulbs conserve energy.

4) Use public transport system as much you can.

Land resources:

1) Do not over-irrigate your agricultural land, provide proper drainage facility to reduce the salinity effect.

2) Grow different type of ornamental plants, herbs and trees in your garden.

3) Don’t throw solid wastes like plastic or metal can on open land.

4) Promote sustainable agriculture by buying products produced by organic farming, don’t waste food material.


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