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Page 1: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.
Page 2: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Endocrine systemEndocrine system

ComponentsComponents endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,pineal body,etc. gland,pineal body,etc. Scattered endocrine cells: islet cells of Scattered endocrine cells: islet cells of pancreas,etc.pancreas,etc.Function: Function: secreting hormonessecreting hormones which regulate the which regulate the functions of the body and functions of the body and maintenance of maintenance of a steady internal environment state. a steady internal environment state.

Page 3: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

general characteristics general characteristics of the endocrine systemof the endocrine system

1.Glandular cells arranged in cords,clumps, 1.Glandular cells arranged in cords,clumps, networks or follicles;networks or follicles;

2. Without ducts2. Without ducts ;;

3. Abundant in capillaries3. Abundant in capillaries 。。

Page 4: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

thyroid glandthyroid gland

thyroid follicles full of homogeneous materials called colloid

Page 5: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

1. principal cell1. principal cell

(( 11 )) LM: its shape varies with functional stateLM: its shape varies with functional state

(( 22 )) EM: numerous microvilli on free surface;EM: numerous microvilli on free surface; Golgi complexGolgi complex ,, mitochondria in mitochondria in cytoplasm;cytoplasm; secreting granules and colloid vesiclessecreting granules and colloid vesicles in the top of cytoplasm.in the top of cytoplasm.(( 33 )) function: synthesize and secret function: synthesize and secret thyroid thyroid hormone.hormone.

Page 6: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Synthesis of thyroid hormoneSynthesis of thyroid hormone

I+ absorbed from bloodby follicular cells

Glycoprotein synthesized by follicular cells

Thyroid hormones ( T3 and T4)

Monoiodotyrosyls or diiodotyrosyls

Taken back into the follicular cells to further modification

Iodinated thyroglobulin (colloid in the follicles)

Page 7: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

3. Function of T3. Function of T33 and T and T44

Stimulates metabolism;Stimulates metabolism;

Increase nerve excitability;Increase nerve excitability;

Promote the growth and development.Promote the growth and development.

Hypothyroidism during development----cretinis

m

in the adult----myxedema

Hyperthyroidism--eyes that seem to be popping out of

their sockets, trembling hands,etc.

Page 8: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Myxedema and hyperthyroidism

Page 9: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

cretinscretins

Page 10: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

parafollicular cell (C cell)parafollicular cell (C cell)

1.distribution:1.distribution: between follicles or between follicles or between follicular cells.between follicular cells.

2. profile2. profile :: larger and stain more lightly.larger and stain more lightly.

3.function:3.function: secreting hormone secreting hormone calcitonincalcitonin which which decreasesdecreases the [Ca2+] in the blood. the [Ca2+] in the blood.

Page 11: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.
Page 12: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

C cellsC cells

Page 13: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

C cells

Page 14: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

parathyroid glandparathyroid gland

1.Chief cell (principal cell): 1.Chief cell (principal cell): secreting secreting parathormoneparathormone

which tends to which tends to increaseincrease the l the level of serum calciumevel of serum calcium

2. Oxyphil (eosinophil cell)2. Oxyphil (eosinophil cell) ::the function is unclear.the function is unclear.

Page 15: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

parathyroid glandparathyroid gland

Page 16: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

adrenal glandadrenal gland

Page 17: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Adrenal gland

cortex

medulla

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculasa

Zona reticularis

Page 18: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

1. Zona glomerulosa (ZG)1. Zona glomerulosa (ZG)

Cells arranged in groups

Cells: smaller , cuboidal

or low columnar, stained densely.

Producing mineralocorticoid hormones to influence the electrolyte and water balance

Page 19: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

zona glomerulosa zona glomerulosa

Page 20: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

2. zona fasciculasa (ZF)2. zona fasciculasa (ZF)

Cells arranged in cords ;

Cells:larger,polyhedral, stained lightly

Producing glucocorticoids cortisone and cortisol. Also producing DHA(an androgen).

Page 21: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

zona fasciculasa zona fasciculasa

Page 22: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

3. zona reticularis (ZR)3. zona reticularis (ZR)

Cell cords form networks

Cells: smaller , cuboidal or low columnar, stained densely.

Producing some glucocorticoid and sex hormones: androgens and estrogens.

Page 23: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

zona reticulariszona reticularis

Page 24: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Medulla of adrenal glandMedulla of adrenal gland

Chromaffin cellsAdrenaline cells secret adrenalin

Nordrenaline cells secret noradrenalin

Page 25: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Adrenal gland

cortex

Medulla—adrenaline and noradrenaline

ZG--mineralocorticoid hormones

ZF—glucocorticoid hormones and androgen.

ZR-- glucocorticoid and sex hormones

(androgen and estrogen)

Page 26: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

pituitary gland (hypophyspituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri)is cerebri)

Page 27: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Subdivision of the pituitary Subdivision of the pituitary

NeurohypophysisNeurohypophysis pars posterior (pars nervosa)pars posterior (pars nervosa) infundibuluminfundibulum

AdenohypophysisAdenohypophysis pars anterior (pars distalis) pars anterior (pars distalis) pars tuberalispars tuberalis pars intermediapars intermedia

Page 28: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

adenahypophysisadenahypophysis

1.Pars anterior: several types of cells are responsible for

production hormones .It is rich in

fenestrated capillaries.

Page 29: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Pars anteriorPars anterior

Chromophil cells

acidophil

somatotropic cell (somatotroph) — somatotropin(STH) or growth hormone(GH)

mammotroph — prolactin(PRL)

basophil

Corticotroph — adreno-corticotropin(ACTH)

Thyrotroph — thyrotropin(TSH)

Gadotroph — follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) and

luteinizing hormone(LH) in female;

interstitial cell stimulating hormone(ICSH) in male

Chromophobe cells

Page 30: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Pars anteriorPars anterior

Page 31: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Pars anteriorPars anterior

Page 32: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

2. Pars tuberalis2. Pars tuberalis

Mainly consisting of undifferentiated cells.

Some acidophil and basophil cells are also present.

Page 33: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

3. Pars intermedia3. Pars intermediaPoorly developed in human hypophysis

Some cells can produce melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH),

Other cells can produce ACTH.

Page 34: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Pars intermediaPars intermedia

Page 35: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

4. 4. Blood supply of hypophysisBlood supply of hypophysis

Superior hypophyseal artery

Capillary plexuses in median eminence and infundibular stalk

Portal vessels in infundibulum

Sinusoids in pars anterior

Veins ending in venous sinuses

Hypothalamo

-hypophyseal

portal system

Page 36: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Hypothalamus secrets releasing hormones

Capillary plexuses in median eminence and infundibular stalk

Portal vessels in infundibulum

Hypothalamo

-hypophyseal

portal system

5. The relationship between 5. The relationship between hypothalamus and pars anteriorhypothalamus and pars anterior

Nerve impulse

Sinusoids in pars anterior

target gland

Page 37: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Pars posteriorPars posteriorIt mainly composed of unmyelinated axons of the neurons in hypoth

alamus and pituicytes.

Pars posterior and hypothalamus are structural and functional unity.

Supraoptic nucleus:

producing antididuretic

hormone (ADH)

Paraventricular nucleus:

producing oxytocin

Page 38: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Pars posteriorPars posterior

Page 39: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

hypophysishypophysis

Page 40: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

Key pointsKey points

1. Structure of thyroid gland and the function of two ty1. Structure of thyroid gland and the function of two type of cells in thyroid gland.pe of cells in thyroid gland.

2. The function of chief cell in parathyroid gland.2. The function of chief cell in parathyroid gland.

3. Structure of adrenal gland( cortex and medulla)3. Structure of adrenal gland( cortex and medulla) ,, tthe secretions of medulla and 3 zona of cortex .he secretions of medulla and 3 zona of cortex .

4. The structure of pituitary;cell types in pars anterior 4. The structure of pituitary;cell types in pars anterior and their secretions;the relationship between hypotand their secretions;the relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary (pars anterior and pars posterhalamus and pituitary (pars anterior and pars posterior); ior); Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Page 41: Endocrine system Components endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid endocrine glands: thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,adrenal gland,pituitary gland,adrenal.

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