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Page 1: Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web

Roberto Garcí[email protected]

Universitat de Lleida, Spain

September 20, 2007Sophia Antipolis, France

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Smart University DRM, from research to implementations

Where did you say you come from?

2Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

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Table of Contents

• Introduction– Semantic Web

• Objectives• Specification• Conceptualisation• Implementation• Evaluation• Conclusions• Future Work

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 3

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Introduction

• Digital media: easy production and copy• Digital Rights Management (DRM)

Windows Media DRM, iTunes FairPlay, RealNetworks Helix, Sony MagicGate…

DRM copy

play

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 4

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Introduction

• Internet: easy distribution• DRM interoperability

DRM

DRM

DRM

REL

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 5

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Introduction

• Need for a standard REL (Rights Expression Language)

• Some efforts:– XML-based RELs

• Formal syntaxXML Schema for standard grammar

• Informal semanticsRights Data Dictionaries

– Creative Commons simple predefined licenses

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 6

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• XML-based RELs:– Limited expressivity– No interoperability mechanisms– Informal semantics, re-implement for each tool

• Creative Commons:– Predefined and closed set of licenses– Non-commercial purposes

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 7

Introduction

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Introduction

• DRM Watch: “2005 Year in Review: DRM Standards” 1

– “…consumer complaints have moved beyond overly restrictive DRMs to lack of interoperability among them…”

– “…we see no production implementations…”

– “…ContentGuards asserts its patents apply to any REL implementation in DRM…”

• Electronic Frontier Foundation 2

– “…fail to accommodate… copyright regimes.”

1 http://www.drmwatch.com 2 http://www.eff.org

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 8

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Introduction

• DRM standardisation difficulties – Internet/Web open and heterogeneous– Copyright complex domain – High level of abstraction (not bits or pixels)

• Concentrate on the roots, formalise SEMANTICS

ODRL “Duplicate”

Reproduction Right

Copy

MPEG-21 “Adapt”

CC “Reproduction”

Copyright

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 9

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Introduction

• Why semantics are needed?• Common scenario:

web search and language ambiguity– Computers get confused because…

…though we “see”:

"Smart University" (3rd edition) is an educational program dedicated to advanced technologies of Smart Card, e-ID,...

SMART (Sisterhood Mobilized for AIDS/HIV Research and Treatment) was founded in 1998...

SMART University welcomes all women infected or affected by HIV/AIDS who...

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 10

Semantic Web

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Introduction

• Computers “see”:

Smart University

SMART University

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 11

Semantic Web

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Introduction

• XML allows some degree of automation– Data Interface: set of specific tags and

grammar (DTD, XMLSchema)

<music> <album format=“mp3”> <author

type=“group”>Faithless</author> <title>Insomnia</title> ... </album></music>

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 12

Semantic Web

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Introduction

• With XML computers “see”:

<music> <album format=“mp3”> <author type=“group”></author> <title></title> ... </album></music>

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 13

Semantic Web

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Introduction

• Interoperability problem• Global agreement required

– Just formal syntax, no semantic interoperability tools

<music> <album format=“mp3”> <author tipo=“group”>

...</author> <title>...</title> ... </album></music>

<song> <group>...</group> <title>...</title> <album>...</album> <file>...</file> ...</song>

?

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 14

Semantic Web

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Introduction

• If the previous tool is presented a piece of data based on a new schema:

<song>

<group>Garbage</group>

<title>Version 2.0</title>

<album>Version 2.0</album>

<file>...</file>

...

</song>

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 15

Semantic Web

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Introduction

• That tool “sees”:

<> <></> <></> <></> <>...</> ...</>

• Code interoperability rules case by case

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 16

Semantic Web

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Introduction

• Semantic Web proposal– Web + Knowledge Representation– Web wide formal semantics

• RDF: semantic net, graph model• RDF Schema: classes, inheritance,…• Web Ontology Language (OWL)

– OWL-DL: scalable(decidable and tractable)

• Semantic Web Rules

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 17

Semantic Web

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Album

Listcontains

Song "..."

"..."title

item_1 title

item_2Song "..."title

MusicGroupauthor

author

release

Introduction

• RDF provides graph model:

• Graph can model:– trees (XML)– tables (DBs)

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 18

Semantic Web

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SongClass

AudioClass

subClassOf

http://music.org/song1

type

titleProperty

attributeProperty

subPropertyOf

LiteralClass

“...”

title

type

domain

range

RDFS

chem

aR

DF

type

Introduction

• RDFSchema: OOP-like primitives– type– class, property– subclass, subproperty– domain, range

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 19

Semantic Web

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Introduction

• Web Ontology Language (OWL)– Logic reasoning– Primitives for semantic interoperability

• Equivalent classes and propertiesequivalentClass, equivalentProperty

• Disjoint classesdisjointWith

• Inverse, transitive, symmetric propertiesinverseOf, TransitiveProperty, SymmetricProperty

• CardinalitymaxCardinality, minCardinality

• Unique value propertiesFunctionalProperty

• Identificative properties InverseFunctionalProperty

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 20

Semantic Web

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Table of Contents

• Introduction• Objectives• Specification• Conceptualisation• Implementation• Evaluation• Conclusions• Future Work

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 21

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Objectives

• Semantic Web approach to DRM:– Knowledge Representation tools– Web Wide applicability

• Benefits:– Formalise semantics– Facilitate interoperability and

implementation– Overcome REL patent?– Include copyright– Support full value chain

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 22

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Objectives

• Ontology development based on Methontology:– Specification– Conceptualisation (and formalisation)– Implementation– Evaluation

• XML Semantics Reuse– Profit from existing XML Schema based RELs– Formalise implicit semantics– XML Schema to Web Ontology – XML data to semantic data (RDF)

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 23

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Table of Contents

• Introduction• Objectives• Specification• Conceptualisation• Implementation• Evaluation• Conclusions• Future Work

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 24

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Specification

• Copyright domain analysis• Generic Ontology

– WIPO1 worldwide harmonisation

• Literary, artistic and scientific works (not ideas)• Maybe derived, but always original

Intellectual Property Rights

Author Rights or WIPO Copyright

Industrial Property

Economic Rights or Exploitation Rights or

CopyrightMoral Rights

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

1 World Intellectual Property Organisation Copyright Treaty, 1996

25

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Specification

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

Exploitation Right (Copyright)

Reproduction Right

Fixation RightSound Recording RightMotion Picture Right

Communication RightBroadcast RightPublic Performance Right

Distribution RightRental Right

Transformation RightAdaptation RightTranslation Right

MoralRight

Dissemination RightPaternity RightRespect RightWithdrawal Right

Neighbouring RightsPerformers, Producers, Broadcasters Rights

Sui Generis Right

Rights Exceptions

Private CopyQuotationEducation...

Intellectual Property Rights

26

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Specification

• Applicable to the“Controlled P2P metadata diffusion scenario”

Peer A

Peer B

<rdf:RDF>

<rdf:RDF>

<rdf:RDF>

<rdf:RDF>

Make Available Right

<rdf:RDF>

Reproduction Right

Scenario

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 27

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Table of Contents

• Introduction• Objectives• Specification• Conceptualisation

– Creation, Rights and Action Model

• Implementation• Evaluation• Conclusions• Future Work

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 28

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Conceptualisation

• Complex domain, build model in three steps:

Creation Model

Rights Model

Action Model

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 29

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Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 30

Conceptualisation

Fixation

Instance

Manifestation

Work

Performance

Objects Processes

Communication

AbstractionsVictor Hugo’s

Les Misérables

Creation Model

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Conceptualisation

• Work – “Mozart's The Magic Flute”. ISWC

• Manifestation – “The printed scores”. ISBN

• Performance – “A scenic play”.

• Fixation – “A sound recording”. ISRC

• Communication – “An Internet stream”.

• Instance– “A CD”. UPC

hasDerivation┙

hasManifestation┙

hasPerformance┙

hasFixation┙

hasCommunication┙

hasInstance┙

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 31

Creation Model

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Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 32

Conceptualisation

Copyright

EconomicRights

RelatedRights

MoralRights

DistributionRight

ReproductionRight

PublicPerformanceRight

FixationRight

CommunicationRight

AttributionRight

TransformationRight

IntegrityRight

DisclosureRight

WithdrawalRight

PermorfersRights

ProducersRights

BroadcastersRights

RentalRight

ImportationRight

SoundRecordRight

MotionPictureRight

BroadcastingRight

MakingAvailableRight

AdaptationRight

TranslationRight

Rights Model

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• End-users do not hold rights– Usage licenses– Special permissions:

• Quotation• Education• Information• Official Act• Private Copy• Parody• Temporary Reproduction

33Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

ConceptualisationRights Model

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• Actions, the building blocks

Fixation

Instance

Manifestation

Work

Performance

manifest

perform

improvise

fix

reproduce

reproduce

Objects Processes

Communicationcommunicate

Abstractions

transform

distribute retransmit

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 34

ConceptualisationAction Model

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• Actions governed by Economic Rights:– Reproduction Right:

copy– Distribution Right:

distribute; sell, rent, lend

– Public Performance Right: perform

– Fixation Right: record

– Communication Right: communicate; retransmit, broadcast,

make available – Transformation Right:

transform; adapt, translate

35Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

ConceptualisationAction Model

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Conceptualisation

• End-user actions, to use a…– manifestation: buy – instance: buy– performance: attend– communication: access

• broadcast: tune • something made available: access

picture, sculpture

book, CD, DVD

projection, recital, exhibition

TV channel, radio station

web page, stream

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 36

Action Model

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• Altogether: model copyright value chains – E.g. “serials adapted from literary works”

37Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

ConceptualisationAction Model

Creator Actor Producer Broadcaster User

Motion PictureScript

Adaptation Performance

manifest perform record

Communication

broadcastadapt

Literary Work

tune

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• Actions for users’ special permissions:– Quotation Right:

quote, limited extent copy, usually requiring an attribute action

– Private Copy Right: copy producing a reproduction for private consumption

– Education Right: educational act, any copy, communicate or perform with educational or research purposes

– Temporary Reproduction Right: a copy that produces a temporal reproduction

– …

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 38

Action ModelConceptualisation

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• Case roles (linguistics): relate actions to involved entities

initiator resource goal essence

Action agent, instrument result, patient,effector recipient theme

Process agent, matter result, patient,origin recipient theme

Transfer agent, instrument, experiencer, themeorigin medium recipient

Spatial origin path destination location

Temporal start duration completion pointInTime

Ambient reason manner aim, conditionconsequence

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 39

Action ModelConceptualisation

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• License building primitives:– Event Patterns:

to state what is obliged, permitted or prohibited• Built from actions and case roles

Scenario

All copy events performed by agent “granted” who copies “content01” from “PeerA” to two peers from the set “PeerB, PeerC, PeerD” at any time point six months after “2007-06-01”

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 40

Action ModelConceptualisation

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• License building primitives:– Agree: model permissions

• theme points to the permitted event pattern

Scenario

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 41

Action ModelConceptualisation

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• License building primitives:– consequence: model obligations

• Points to the obliged event pattern

Copy

theme

content01theme

Transfer

consequence

granted agent

recipient

start

3 €

P6M duration

theme

agent recipient

2007-06-01T00:00+01

peerBpeerCpeerD

peerAorigin

grantergranted

0..2

Scenario

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 42

Action ModelConceptualisation

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• License building primitives:– condition: model a priori conditions

• Points to the condition event pattern

– Disagree: model prohibitions• theme points to the prohibited event pattern

– Other concepts:• Transfer: model interchanges, commercial or not.• Time• Location• ...

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 43

Action ModelConceptualisation

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• Rules, examples:– First sale exhaustion:

∀s:Sell,∀i:Instance theme(s,i)→¬∃s’:Sell theme(s’,i)∧s≠s’

– Assign author rights on Manifest:

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

Manifest

Workurn:iswc:T-034.524.680-1

theme

urn:x500:CN=U07831,O=Composers,C=ES

agent

2007-04-10T09:30:10Z

Manifestationurn:ismn:M-2306-7118-7

resultpointInTime

eslocation

Workurn:iswc:T-034.524.680-1

essenceurn:x500:CN=U07831,O=Composers,C=ES

agent

2007-04-10T09:30:10Z

MoralRights

start

essence

EconomicRights

Manifestationurn:ismn:M-2306-7118-7

agent

start

isManifestationOf

eslocation location

44

Action ModelConceptualisation

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Table of Contents

• Introduction• Objectives• Specification• Conceptualisation• Implementation• Evaluation• Conclusions• Future Work

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Implementation

• One conceptual model, many implementations

• Semantic Web implementation with OWL• OWL-DL variant

– enables tractable and decidable reasoning for use-license checking, scalability

• Additionally, Semantic Web rules

OWL Full OWL DL OWL Lite

+ expressivity

- complexity

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 46

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Implementation

• Rights and License Patterns implemented as Classes– Copyright, Reproduction Right,

Copy, CopyPattern,...

• Uses implemented as Instances– u

• if u ∈ Copy Pattern thenlicense pattern authorises u

Reproduction Right

Copy

Copyright

CopyPattern

u

?

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 47

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Implementation

• License Pattern Classbuilt from constraints on kind of actions, agents, time points, locations, etc.

• OWL Building Blocks– Classes for actions (e.g. Copy)– Logical operators (AND, OR, NOT)– OWL Restrictions, constraints on case roles

(e.g. agent all values from PublisherSubscribers)

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 48

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Copy

pointInTime [2007/01/01-2007/06/30]

agent = Publisher Subscribers

them

e =

doi:1

0.10

32/..

.

aim = Non-Commercial

copy theme doi:10.1032/…

pointInTime ≥2007/07/01

licensed actions

Implementation

• Copy pattern restricted to:– digital object (theme)– group of users (agent)

• or– non-commercial (aim)

• depending on – time range (pointInTime)

Scenario

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007 49

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Implementation

• Description Logic notation for the commercial copy pattern:

Pattern ≡ Copy ⊓

∀pointInTime.≥ 2007-01-01,≤ 2007-06-30 ⊓ ∀agent.PublisherSubscribers ⊓ (≥ 1 agent) ⊓

∃theme.{urn:doi.10.1032/…} ⊓ (≤ 1 theme)

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Implementation

• Patterns permitted by Agree actions and prohibited by Disagree ones.

• Algorithm:– If disagreed not allowed– If agreed and not disagreed allowed– If not agreed not allowed

• Disagree precedence allows:– Revocation– More complex patterns– Avoid DL reasoners limitations (details Annex A)

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Implementation

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

Copyall copy actions

Pattern 2

Pattern 2’

Allowed

Pattern 1

Agree

DisagreeAgree

52

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Implementation

• OWL-DL reasoners services:– Satisfiability: consistency, license verification

– Subsumption: compute subclasses• License interactions• License search

– Instance Checking: class an individual belongs to

• Check uses against licenses

– Other: • Debugging, justifications for conclusions

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

Pattern A

Pattern B

Pattern

Use

53

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Implementation

• OWL-DL limitations:– No explicit variables– Difficult to model rules (if … then …)

• Semantic Web rules– Variables– Classical rules– Built-ins (math, comparisons, date/time ops,...)– Integrates OWL

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Table of Contents

• Introduction• Objectives• Specification• Conceptualisation• Implementation• Evaluation• Conclusions• Future Work

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Evaluation

• Map MPEG-21 and ODRL ontologies to Copyright Ontology– Based on XML Semantics Reuse Methodology

• XML Schemas OWL Ontologies• XML instances RDF metadata

• MPEG-21, ISO/IEC 21000– Part 5 – REL, XML Schemas:

• Core RELOnto-R• Standard Extensions RELOnto-SX• Multimedia Extensions RELOnto-MX

– Part 6 – RDD, informal ontology RDDOnto

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Evaluation

• ODRL 1.1 (OMA V1.0 DRM REL)– XML Schemas:

• Expression Language ODRLOnto-EX• Data Dictionary ODRLOnto-DD

• Benefits– Check Copyright Ontology coverage– Apply semantic tools existing RELs

• Validate MPEG-21 RDD standard• Implement Data Dictionary inheritance• License checking• …

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Evaluation

• Build SemDRMSSemantic Digital Rights Management System– Controlled P2P metadata diffusion

Peer A

SemDRM copy

make available

Licenses Store

DLReasoner

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Evaluation

• Digital Media Project (DMP)– Traditional Rights and Usages

informal descriptions, difficult to incorporate into DRM systems

• Quote• Private Copy• Time Shift• ...

• Copyright Ontology: profit from copyright model and capture rights exceptions– No enforcing mechanisms, accountability

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Evaluation

• Quote scenario– Right exception model:

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

Agree

Quote Manifestationagent

consequence

Person agent

Person theme

theme

Attribute Personexperiencer

WorkisManifestationOf

Person

author

?x?y

60

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Evaluation

• Concrete quote action:– Tim wants to quote 10 seconds of a work by

John

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

a Quote

http://tim.org/quotes…

agent

P10s duration

Tim doi:10.1032/...theme

result isPartOf

iswc:T-3452...

isManifestationOf

Johnauthor

61

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Evaluation

• Checking:

• Result:

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

Copy

Quote ⊓ ∀ agent.Person ⊓ ( ≥ 1 agent) ⊓

∀ theme.Manifestation ⊓ ( ≥ 1 theme)

[ a Quote;agent :Tim;theme <urn:doi:10.1032/…>;result <http://tim.org/quotes…> ]

a Quoteagent

agent

Tim

doi:10.1032/...theme

John

consequence

Attribute experiencer

iswc:T-3452...

isManifestationOf

author

62

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Evaluation

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

• Private Copy scenario– Right exception model:

Agree

Copy

agent

aim

Person

theme

theme

private

result

Instance

Agree

Use

agent

theme

theme

Instance

Person?x isDirectlyRelatedTo

?y

63

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Evaluation

• Concrete private copy action:– Peter wants to produce a personal copy of “My

best quote of the year”

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

a Copy

http://peter.org/copies…

agentPeter doi:10.1032/...theme

result

aim

private

64

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Copy

Copy ⊓ ∃agent.Person ∃⊓ theme.Instance ⊓

∃result.Instance ⊓ ∃Aim.{private}

[ a Copy;agent :Peter;theme <urn:doi:10.1032/…>;result <http://peter.org/copies…>;aim <private> ]

Evaluation

• Checking:

• Result

Enabling interoperable and rights-aware DRM using the Semantic Web – © Roberto García 2007

a Copy

http://peter.org/copies…

agentPeter result

Agree

Useagent

theme

themePerson

isDirectlyRelatedTo

65

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Table of Contents

• Introduction• Objectives• Specification• Conceptualisation• Implementation• Evaluation• Conclusions• Future Work

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Conclusions

• Concentrate on semantics• Ontology, more expressivity• Include copyright• Facilitate implementation and

interoperability– Reuse DL reasoners for license checking– RELs ontologies, XML Semantics Reuse

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Table of Contents

• Introduction• Objectives• Specification• Conceptualisation• Implementation• Evaluation• Conclusions• Future Work

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Future Work

• Full SemDRMS based on OWL-DL Copyright Ontology

• Complete Mappings to Copyright Ontology– MPEG-21 REL Ontologies – ODRL Ontologies– Creative Commons

• Security and trust through RDF signatures

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More details:http://rhizomik.net/ontologies/copyrightonto http://rhizomik.net/semdrms http://rhizomik.net/~roberto/thesis

Smart UniversityDRM, from research to implementations

Thank you for your attention

Roberto Garcí[email protected]

Universitat de Lleida, Spain

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Smart UniversityDRM, from research to implementations

Annex A

Implementation DetailsHow to deal with licenses using

Description Logic reasoners

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Implementation

Pattern ⊑ Copy Pattern ≡

∀pointInTime.≥2006-01-01, ≤ 2006-06-30 ⊓∃agent.{granted} ⊓ ∃origin.{peerA} ⊓ ∃theme.{fragment01} ⊓ (≤ 2 recipient) ⊓ ∀recipient.{peerB, peerC, peerD}

Scenario

Agree

Problem

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Implementation

• Problem: Open World Assumption (OWA)• OWA sensible constructs:

– maxCardinality (≤ n): new facts can make cardinality ≥ n

– allValuesFrom (∀R.C): new facts where R.(¬C)– …

• OWA insensible constructs:– minCardinality (≥ n): once ≥ n, new facts cannot

make cardinality ≤ n– someValuesFrom (∃R.C): once R.C, new facts

cannot make ¬(∃R.C)– …

0 1 32

maxCardinality 2(n ≤ 2)

minCardinality 3(n ≥ 3)

New facts

“OPEN WORLD”

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Implementation

• Metalevel negation to overcome OWA• Agree OWA insensible constructs

– ∃, ≥,…

• Disagree “negated” OWL sensible constructs– ∀R.C ∃R.¬C– ≤ n ≥ n+1

• Allowed(u) Agree.theme(u) ⊓ ¬Disagree.theme(u)

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Implementation

Pattern’ ⊑ Copy Pattern’ ≡

∀pointInTime.≥2006-01-01, ≤ 2006-06-30 ⊓∃agent.{granted} ⊓ ∃origin.{peerA} ⊓ ∃theme.{fragment0001}

Pattern’’ ≡ Pattern’ ⊓ ( ( ≥ 3 recipient) ⊔ ∃recipient.(¬{peerC, peerD, peerB})

)

Scenario

Agree

Disagre

e

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ImplementationScenario

[ a Copy;agent :granted; origin :peerA;theme :fragment02; recipient :peerB ]

[ a Copy; agent :granted; origin :peerA; theme :fragment01; recipient :peerC, :peerD ]

[ a Copy; agent :granted; origin :peerA; theme :fragment01; recipient :peerB, :peerC, :peerE ]

Allowed

Copy

Pattern’

Pattern’’

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