Electronic Voting Machine ATMEGA

5/22/2018 Electronic Voting Machine ATMEGA

1/22

11/20/2013 ELECTRONICVOTING MACHINEUSING ATMEGA-16 MICROCONTROLLER

Nupur[COMPANY NAME]

ELECTRONIC DESIGN LABORATORY

PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY:

VISHAL MISHRA 111EC0179

JAGRUTI PATEL 111EC0182

NUPUR SAHU 111EC0188


2/22

1 | P a g e

ContentsEXPERIMENT NO: 4 ..................................................................................................................... 2

OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................................... 2

Literature survey .......................................................................................................................... 3

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 4

COMPONENTS USED ................................................................................................................... 6

SYSTEM DESIGN ............................................................................................................................ 7

PROGRAM ...................................................................................................................................... 10

SIMULATION RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 18

IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................................................... 20

RESULT AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 20

References ..................................................................................................................................... 21


3/22

2 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO: 4

TITLE:ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE USING ATMEGA

DATE:20.11.2013

OBJECTIVE:

To design an ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE which can be used in elections. The

machine is controlled by an ATMEGA microcontroller and can be used both for

voting and counting votes.

INTRODUCTION:

Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) retains all the characteristics of voting by ballot

papers, while making polling a lot more expedient. Being fast and absolutely

reliable, the EVM saves considerable time, money and manpower. And, of course,helps maintain total voting secrecy without the use of ballot papers. The EVM is

100 per cent tamper proof. And, at the end of the polling, just press a button and

there you have the results.

Electronic voting machine has now days become an effective tool for voting. It

ensures flawless voting and thus has become more widespread. It ensures people

about their vote being secured. It avoids any kind of malpractice and invalid votes.

Also such kind of system becomes more economical as consequent expenditure

incurred on manpower is saved. It is also convenient on the part of voter, as hehas to just press one key whichever belongs to his candidates.

Voting machines are the total combination of mechanical, electromechanical, or

electronic equipment (including software, firmware, and documentation required

to program control, and support equipment), that is used to define ballots; to cast

and count votes; to report or display election results; and to maintain and


4/22

3 | P a g e

produce any audit trail information. The first voting machines were mechanical

but it is increasingly more common to use electronic voting machines.

A voting system includes the practices and associated documentation used to

identify system components and versions of such components; to test the systemduring its development and maintenance; to maintain records of system errors or

defects; to determine specific changes made after initial certification; and to

make available any materials to the voter (such as notices, instructions, forms, or

paper ballots).

Traditionally, a voting machine has been defined by the mechanism the system

uses to cast votes and further categorized by the location where the system

tabulates the votes.

Voting machines have different levels of usability, security, efficiency andaccuracy. Certain systems may be more or less accessible to all voters, or not

accessible to those voters with certain types of disabilities. They can also have an

effect on the public's ability to oversee elections.

Literature survey:

According to Election Data Services, the percentage of electronic voting machines

per country doubled between 1998 and 2002 to 16 percent-, yet a full

replacement of the traditional voting procedure is very unlikely. In its essence, an

electronic voting machine is a computer assisted self-interviewing device (CASI)

giving the voter the opportunity to review and change his/her vote before

submitting it. The different types of voting machines allow for different kinds of

interaction, such as using a touch screen technology, using a dial wheel, touching

a paper panel, or pressing a button on an LCD screen. Each machine provides

feedback for blank ballots and under-voting and prevents selecting more choices

than the maximum allowed. Some machines even have advanced functions suchas increasing the font for visually impaired voters and/or allowing for listening of

the voting options rather than reading. The common features electronic voting

machines share with CASI and ACASI devices allow for theoretical and empirical

predictions of the advantages and disadvantages this technology can provide. The

paper presents an overview of the different types of voting machines and based


5/22

4 | P a g e

on established theories and results from CASI and ACASI studies, examines and

compares characteristics of the machines currently used and computer-human

interaction mechanisms, their potential effects, and unexplored applications.

Furthermore, possibilities such as prediction of candidates name order effect,

already existing in the literature, and computer literacy effect on voting are

discussed.

Theory:

1. HARDWARE TOOLS:

The control Unit: In Total control of the polling Conduction of polling, display of

total votes polled, sealing at the end of the poll, and finally, declaration of results

these are the various accomplishments of just one gadget: the control unit. In

total control of the polling, this electronic unit gives you all necessary information

at a press of a few buttons. For instance, if you need to know the total number of

votes, you just have to press the Total switch. Candidates-wise results can be had

only at the end of polling.

The Ballot Unit: An electronic ballot box. A simple voting device, it displays thelist of candidates. A facility to incorporate party names and symbols is in-built. All

the voter has to do is press the desired switch located next to the name of each

candidate. The main advantage is the speed, apart from the simplicity of

operation, which requires no training at all. A single ballot unit takes in the names

of 16 candidates. And thus, by connecting four ballot units the EVM can

accommodate a total of 64 candidates in a single election.

2. SOFTWARE TOOLS:AVR STUDIO SOFTWARE:


6/22

5 | P a g e

Atmel AVR Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing

and debugging embedded Atmel AVR applications. It enables full control

execution of programs on the AT90S In-Circuit Emulator or on the built-in AVR

Instruction Set Simulator. It provides a project management tool, source file

editor, simulator, assembler and front-end compiler for C/C++ programming,emulator and on-chip debugger. The AVR Studio gives a seamless and easy-to-use

environment to write, build and debug C/C++ and assembly code.

AVR Studio supports source level execution of Assembly programs assembled

with the Atmel Corporation's AVR Assembler and C programs compiled with

compilers such as IAR Embedded Workbench, Code Vision AVR C compiler,

GCC(GNU), etc. In AVR studio 5 there is an integrated C compiler, and need not be

installed separately.

The Assembler translates assembly source code into object code. The generated

object code can be used as input to a simulator such as the ATMEL AVR Simulator

or an emulator such as the ATMEL AVR In-Circuit Emulator. The Assembler also

generates a PROMable hex code which can be programmed directly into the

program memory of an AVR microcontroller. The Assembler generates fixed code

allocations, consequently no linking is necessary.

AVR Studio 4(or higher version) has a modular architecture which allows even

more interaction with 3rd party software vendors. GUI plug-ins and other

modules can be written and hooked to the system.

PROTEUS SOFTWARE:

Proteus 7.0 is a Virtual System Modelling (VSM) that combines circuit simulation,

animated components and microprocessor models to co-simulate the complete

microcontroller based designs. This is the perfect tool for engineers to test their

microcontroller designs before constructing a physical prototype in real time. This

program allows users to interact with the design using on-screen indicators

and/or LED and LCD displays and, if attached to the PC, switches and buttons. One

of the main components of Proteus 7.0 is the Circuit Simulation -- a product that

uses a SPICE3f5 analogue simulator kernel combined with an event-driven digital

simulator that allow users to utilize any SPICE model by any manufacturer.

Proteus VSM comes with extensive debugging features, including breakpoints,

single stepping and variable display for a neat design prior to hardware


7/22

6 | P a g e

prototyping. In summary, Proteus 7.0 is the program to use when you want to

simulate the interaction between software running on a microcontroller and any

analog or digital electronic device connected to it.

COMPONENTS USED:

1) Micro controller:

Micro controller senses the signal given from switches and decides the mode of

operation in voting mode it increments the data for corresponding key i.e.

respective candidate as well as it sends signal to display block to indicate one key

is pressed. In counting mode micro controllers fetches data from memory location

and send it to display devices.

2) LCD:

Liquid Crystal Display which is commonly known as LCD is an Alphanumeric

Display it means that it can display Alphabets, Numbers as well as special symbols

thus LCD is a user friendly Display device which can be used for displaying various

messages unlike seven segment display which can display only numbers and some

of the alphabets. The only disadvantage of LCD over seven segment is that seven

segment is robust display and be visualized from a longer distance as compared to

LCD. Here I have used 16 x 2 Alphanumeric Display which means on this display I

can display two lines with maximum of 16 characters in one line.

3) LED:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as

indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation

lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators)

as well as in traffic signals.

4) Control switches:


8/22

7 | P a g e

There are three control switches:

I. Clear Votes. II. Controller switch. III. Total Votes

SYSTEM DESIGN:

1) Power on: When supply is turned on RED LED glows.

2) Mode selection:

i) Voting mode: toggle switch on VCC

ii) Counting mode: toggle switch on GND.

Voting Mode:

When toggle switch is in voting mode Voting mode is displayed followed by

Please vote. After a vote being given, Please wait for authority switch is

displayed and again enable for voting after Control switch being pressed by the

voting Authority.

Counting Mode:

When toggle switch is in counting mode Counting mode in displayed on the

screen, and total number of votes to respective candidate can be displayed on the

screen by pressing the respective key assigned to them.

3) Clear mode:

Press clear switch when all entries are required to be erased. Clear switch should

be pressed before voting procedure.

4) Buzzer indication:

Pressing of key in voting mode is indicated by a buzzer sound.

5) Controller switch:

This switch is provided for enabling the keypad in voting mode. This switch is

under the control of voting authority.


9/22

8 | P a g e

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE:


10/22

9 | P a g e


11/22

10 | P a g e

PROGRAM:

#include

#define F_CPU 1000000

#include#include

#include

#define bzr PD2

int main()

{

DDRA=0xFF;

DDRB=0x00;PORTB=0xFF;

DDRC=0xFF;

DDRD=0x04;

PORTD=0x60;

unsigned char input=0x00;

unsigned char

p1=0,p2=0,p3=0,p4=0,p5=0,p6=0,p7=0,p8=0,voting_input_status=0,voter_id,sho

w_status=1;

lcd_init();lcd_command_write(0x81);

lcd_string_write("VOTING MACHINE");

/* if(!(PIND&(1


12/22

11 | P a g e

;

_delay_ms(100);*/

p1=eeprom_read_byte(0x00);


p3=eeprom_read_byte(0x02);p4=eeprom_read_byte(0x03);





while(1)

{

input=PINB;

if(input==0xFE)

{

PORTD|=(1


13/22

12 | P a g e


lcd_command_write(0xc0);

lcd_string_write("Party Voted");

voting_input_status=1;

voter_id=2;}

else if(input==0xFB)

{

PORTD|=(1


14/22

13 | P a g e

lcd_command_write(0x01);




lcd_string_write("Party Voted");voting_input_status=1;

voter_id=5;

}

else if(input==0xDF)

{

PORTD|=(1


15/22

14 | P a g e

_delay_ms(100);

PORTD&=~(1


16/22

15 | P a g e



lcd_string_write("Authenticated");

eeprom_write_byte(0x02,p3);

}else if(voter_id==4)

{

p4++;





}

else if(voter_id==5){

p5++;





}

else if(voter_id==6)

{p6++;





}


{

p7++;voting_input_status=0;




}


17/22

16 | P a g e


{

p8++;


lcd_command_write(0x01);lcd_string_write("Authenticated");


}

else

;

}

else ;

}

show_status=PIND & (1


18/22

17 | P a g e


lcd_string_write("Party 5:");

lcd_number_write(p5,10);


lcd_string_write("Party 6:");lcd_number_write(p6,10);

_delay_ms(500);

_delay_ms(500);

_delay_ms(500);

_delay_ms(500);


lcd_string_write("Party 7:");


lcd_command_write(0xc0);lcd_string_write("Party 8:");


_delay_ms(500);

_delay_ms(500);

_delay_ms(500);

_delay_ms(500);

show_status=0x01;

}

else;

}

}


19/22

18 | P a g e

SIMULATION RESULTS


20/22

19 | P a g e


21/22

20 | P a g e

IMPLEMENTATION:

The electronic voting machine was first tested in the voting mode. The EVM first

needed an authority Switch to enable voting. After pressing the authority switch,

the Green LED glows and a vote is registered. On registering a vote the EVM again

asks for an authority switch to enable the next vote and the process continues.

Then it was switched to Counting Mode where the EVM display displays the total

number of votes that each party gets.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

We have described the specification and architecture of an ELECTRONIC VOTING

MACHINE .Various fault-tolerance and security issues are delegated to the

platform itself, therefore relieving the application designer from accommodating

these features in the application design itself. This approach allows for the easy

development and deployment of applications.

For quite some time, voting equipment vendors have maintained that their

systems are secure, and that the closed-source nature makes them even more

secure. Our glimpse into the code of such a system reveals that there is little

difference in the way code is developed for voting machines relative to other

commercial endeavors. In fact, we believe that an open process would result in

more careful development, as more scientists, software engineers, political

activists, and others who value their democracy would be paying attention to the

quality of the software that is used for their elections. (Of course, open source

would not solve all of the problems with electronic elections. It is still importantto verify somehow that the binary program images running in the machine

correspond to the source code and that the compilers used on the source code

are non-malicious. However, open source is a good start.) Such open design

processes have proven successful in projects ranging from very focused efforts,

such as specifying the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) [23], through very


22/22

21 | P a g e

large and complex systems such as maintaining the Linux operating System.

Australia is currently using an open source voting system10Alternatively, security

models such as the voter-verified audit trail allow for electronic voting systems

that produce a paper trail that can be seen and verified by a voter. In such a

system, the correctness burden on the voting terminals code is significantly less

as voters can see and verify a physical object that describes their vote. Even if, for

whatever reason, the machines cannot name the winner of an election, then the

paper ballots can be recounted, either mechanically or manually, to gain

progressively more accurate election results. Voter-verifiable audit trails are

required in some U.S. states, and major DRE vendors have made public

statements that they would support such features if their customers required it.

The EVM project an ambitious attempt to create an open-source voting system

with a voter-verifiable audit trail

A laudable goal, the model where individual vendors write proprietary code to

run our elections appears to be unreliable, and if we do not change the process of

designing our voting systems, we will have no confidence that our election results

will reflect the will of the electorate. We owe it to ourselves and to our future to

have robust, well-designed election systems to preserve the bedrock of our

democracy.

References

[1] Wikipedia, "Electronic Voting Machine," Wiki, [Online]. Available:

www.wikipedia.org.

[2] "http://www.electronicsforyou.com," [Online].

[3] Electroschematics, "http://www.electroschematics.com," [Online].

Electronic Voting Machine ATMEGA

Documents

Electronic Voting Machine ATMEGA