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Page 1: ELCT 912: Advanced Embedded Systems - GUCeee.guc.edu.eg/Courses/Electronics/Advanced Embedded Systems... · ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011. Memory Description ˘ˇˆ

ELCT 912:Advanced Embedded Systems

Lecture 2: Memory and Programmable Logic

Dr. Mohamed Abd El Ghany, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Page 2: ELCT 912: Advanced Embedded Systems - GUCeee.guc.edu.eg/Courses/Electronics/Advanced Embedded Systems... · ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011. Memory Description ˘ˇˆ

Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

�Can be read and written�Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)

�A memory device in which permanent binary information is stored�Mask ROM: The programming is done by the semiconductor company during the

2Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

(SRAM)�Data stored so long as vddis applied �6-transistors per cell�Faster

�Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)

�Require periodic refresh�Smaller (can be implemented by 1 or 3 transistors)�slower

the semiconductor company during the last fabrication process of the unit�PROM: Once the PROM is programmed, it cannot be reversed�EPROM: An erasable PROM and can be erased by exposure to UV light�EEPROM: Can be erased and programmed with electrical pulses�Flash memory: High-density read/write memories that are nonvolatile. They have the ability to retain charge for years with no applied power

ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Block Diagram of Memory

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3Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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Example: 2MB memory, byte-addressable-N =8 (because of byte-addressability)-K= 21 (1 word= 8-bit)

ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)

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4Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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�Typically each bit is implemented with 6 transistors (6T SRAM Cell)�During read, the bitline and its inverse are precharged to Vdd (1) before set WL=1�During write, put the value on Bitline and its inverse on Bitline_bar before set WL=1

ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)

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5Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

� 1-transistor DRAM cell� During a write, put value on bitline and then set WL=1� During a read, prechage bitline to Vdd (1) before assert WL to 1�Storage decays, thus requires periodic refreshing (read-sense-write)

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Memory Description

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� Capacity of a memory is described as� # addresses x Word size

ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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How to address Memory

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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How to address Memory

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Use 2 Decoders

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Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Tristate Buffer

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�Could amplify signal�Typically used for signal traveling e.g. bus

ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Bi-directional Bus using Tri-state Buffer

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11Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Read/Write Memory

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Read/Write Memory

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Building Memory in Hierarchy

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14Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Building Memory in Hierarchy

Design a 2Mx4 using 1Mx4 memory chips

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15Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Building Memory in Hierarchy

Design a 2Mx8 using 1Mx4 memory chips

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Memory Model

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32-bit address space can address up to 4 GB (232) different memory locations

17Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Endianness [Danny Cohen 91]

� A byte ordering- How a multiple byte data word stored in memory

�Endianness (from Gulliver’s Travels)

�Big Endian

�Most significant byte of a multi-byte word is stored at the lowestmemory address

18Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

memory address

�E.g. Sun Sparc, PowerPC

�Little Endian

�Least significant byte of a multi-byte word is stored at the lowestmemory address

� e.g. Intel x86

�Some embedded & DSP processors would support both for interoperability

ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Endianness Examples

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19Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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� “Permanent” binary information is stored

�Non-volatile memory

�Power off does not erase information stored

Read Only Memory (ROM)

20Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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32x8 ROM

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Programming the 32x8 ROM

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Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Example: Lookup Table

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Square Lookup Table using ROM

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Square Lookup Table using ROM

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25Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Square Lookup Table using ROM

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Classifying Three Basic PLDs

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27Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Programmable Logic Array (PLA)

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28Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Example using PLA

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m(0,1,2,4) C)B,F1(A,

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29Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

CBAACABF2

BCACABF1

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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Example using PLA

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30Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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PLA Device

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31Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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PLA Device Design Example

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32Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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CPLD and FPGA [brown & Rose 96]

� Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD)

�Multiple PLDs (e.g. PALs, PLAs) with Programmable interconnectionstructure

�Pioneered by Altera

�Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

33Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

�Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

�High logic capacity with large distributed interconnection structure

�Logic capacity= number of 2-input NAND gates

�Offers more narrow logic resources

�CPLD offers logic resources with a wide number of inputs (AND planes)

�Offer a higher ratio of Flip-flops to logic resources than CPLD

�High Capacity PLD (HCPLD) is often used to refer to both CPLD and FPGA

ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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CPLD Structure

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34Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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FPGA Structure

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35Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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FPGA Programmability

� Floating gate transistor

�Used in EPROM and EEPROM

�SRAM-controlled switch-Control

�Pass transistors

36Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

�Pass transistors

�Multiplexers (to determine how to route inputs)

�Antifuse

�Similar to fuse

�Originally an Open-Circuit

�One-Time Programmable (OTP)

ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011

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References

� Logic and Computer Design Fundamentalsby M. Morris Mano and Charles R. Kime. 4thedition, Prentice Hall. 2008.

�P. Marwedel: Embedded System Design,

37Dr. Mohamed Abd el Ghany Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

�P. Marwedel: Embedded System Design,Springer, 2006

� “First Steps with Embedded Systems” ByteCraft Limited

ELCT 912: Advanced embedded Systems Winter 2011


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