Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems
Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems
Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems
By:
Ali & AdeelBy:
Ali & Adeel
Overview of Artificial Intelligence (1)Overview of Artificial Intelligence (1)
• Artificial intelligence (AI)– Computers with the ability to mimic or
duplicate the functions of the human brain
• Artificial intelligence systems– The people, procedures, hardware,
software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate the characteristics of intelligence
Overview of Artificial Intelligence (2)Overview of Artificial Intelligence (2)
• Intelligent behaviour– Learn from experience– Handle complex situations– Determine what is important– React quickly and correctly to a new situation– Understand visual images– Process and manipulate symbols– Be creative and imaginative
Artificial intelligence includes :Artificial intelligence includes :
• games playing: programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers
• expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)
• natural language : programming computers to understand natural human languages
Major Branches of AI (1)Major Branches of AI (1)
– Perceptive system• A system that approximates the way a human
sees, hears, and feels objects
– Vision system• Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and
pictures
– Robotics• Mechanical and computer devices that perform
tedious tasks with high precision
– Expert system• Stores knowledge and makes inferences
Major Branches of AI (2)Major Branches of AI (2)
– Learning system• Computer changes how it functions or reacts to
situations based on feedback
– Natural language processing• Computers understand and react to statements
and commands made in a “natural” language, such as English
– Neural network• Computer system that can act like or simulate the
functioning of the human brain
Artificialintelligence
Artificial Intelligence (2)Artificial Intelligence (2)
Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligenceBut there are number of advancement in field of AI like:
• Brain simulation• Games in competition against humans• ontology (human-like reasoning)• Motion and manipulation (human-like
movement)• Natural language processing• Other (like problem solving and
communication protocol)
Brain simulationBrain simulation• Ahuman hybrid of latest
neurobiology data and Numenta findings aimed to implement human personality by means of computer program, started in 2008 as independent research.
• Blue Brain Project, an attempt to create a synthetic brain by reverse-engineering the mammalian brain down to the molecular level.
Games in competition against humansGames in competition against humans
The greatest advances have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans.
In May, 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match.
ontology (human-like reasoning)ontology (human-like reasoning)• Mycin, an early medical
expert system. It is used as assist to a medical doctor with reasoning and learning from experience
Motion and manipulation (human-like movement)
Motion and manipulation (human-like movement)• AIBO, the first robot pet for
the home, grew out of Sony's Computer Science Laboratory (CSL). Famed engineer Dr. Toshitada Doi is credited as AIBO’s original progenitor
• It is a succession of increasingly sophisticated working robots
Natural language processingNatural language processing• FreeHAL, a self-
learning conversation simulator (chatterbot) which uses semantic nets to organize its knowledge to imitate a very close human behavior within conversations .
Other (like problem solving and communication protocol)
Other (like problem solving and communication protocol)
• SYSTRAN, a machine translation technology by a company of the same name, used by Yahoo!, AltaVista and Google, among others.
• Siri, a voice-interface artificial intelligence program built into the iPhone 4S.
• TD-Gammon, a program that learned to play world-class backgammon partly by playing against itself (temporal difference learning with neural networks).