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Page 1: Digital brain co_13_print_crystalgraphics.com_powerpoint_templates_trial

Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

Page 2: Digital brain co_13_print_crystalgraphics.com_powerpoint_templates_trial

Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

By:

Ali & AdeelBy:

Ali & Adeel

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Overview of Artificial Intelligence (1)Overview of Artificial Intelligence (1)

• Artificial intelligence (AI)– Computers with the ability to mimic or

duplicate the functions of the human brain

• Artificial intelligence systems– The people, procedures, hardware,

software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate the characteristics of intelligence

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Overview of Artificial Intelligence (2)Overview of Artificial Intelligence (2)

• Intelligent behaviour– Learn from experience– Handle complex situations– Determine what is important– React quickly and correctly to a new situation– Understand visual images– Process and manipulate symbols– Be creative and imaginative

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Artificial intelligence includes :Artificial intelligence includes :

• games playing: programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers

• expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)

• natural language : programming computers to understand natural human languages

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Major Branches of AI (1)Major Branches of AI (1)

– Perceptive system• A system that approximates the way a human

sees, hears, and feels objects

– Vision system• Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and

pictures

– Robotics• Mechanical and computer devices that perform

tedious tasks with high precision

– Expert system• Stores knowledge and makes inferences

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Major Branches of AI (2)Major Branches of AI (2)

– Learning system• Computer changes how it functions or reacts to

situations based on feedback

– Natural language processing• Computers understand and react to statements

and commands made in a “natural” language, such as English

– Neural network• Computer system that can act like or simulate the

functioning of the human brain

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Artificialintelligence

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Artificial Intelligence (2)Artificial Intelligence (2)

Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligenceBut there are number of advancement in field of AI like:

• Brain simulation• Games in competition against humans• ontology (human-like reasoning)• Motion and manipulation (human-like

movement)• Natural language processing• Other (like problem solving and

communication protocol)

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Brain simulationBrain simulation• Ahuman hybrid of latest

neurobiology data and Numenta findings aimed to implement human personality by means of computer program, started in 2008 as independent research.

• Blue Brain Project, an attempt to create a synthetic brain by reverse-engineering the mammalian brain down to the molecular level.

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Games in competition against humansGames in competition against humans

The greatest advances have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans.

In May, 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match.

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ontology (human-like reasoning)ontology (human-like reasoning)• Mycin, an early medical

expert system. It is used as assist to a medical doctor with reasoning and learning from experience

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Motion and manipulation (human-like movement)

Motion and manipulation (human-like movement)• AIBO, the first robot pet for

the home, grew out of Sony's Computer Science Laboratory (CSL). Famed engineer Dr. Toshitada Doi is credited as AIBO’s original progenitor

• It is a succession of increasingly sophisticated working robots

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Natural language processingNatural language processing• FreeHAL, a self-

learning conversation simulator (chatterbot) which uses semantic nets to organize its knowledge to imitate a very close human behavior within conversations .

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Other (like problem solving and communication protocol)

Other (like problem solving and communication protocol)

• SYSTRAN, a machine translation technology by a company of the same name, used by Yahoo!, AltaVista and Google, among others.

• Siri, a voice-interface artificial intelligence program built into the iPhone 4S.

• TD-Gammon, a program that learned to play world-class backgammon partly by playing against itself (temporal difference learning with neural networks).

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