YOU ARE DOWNLOADING DOCUMENT

Please tick the box to continue:

Transcript
Page 1: Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage 1

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage in 1860

Born 26 December 1791London, England

Died 18 October 1871 (aged 79)Marylebone, London, England

Nationality English

Fields Mathematics, analytical philosophy, computer science

Institutions Trinity College, Cambridge

Alma mater Peterhouse, Cambridge

Known for Mathematics, computing

Signature

Charles Babbage, FRS (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871)[1] was an English mathematician, philosopher,inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer.[2] Considered a "fatherof the computer",[3] Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to morecomplex designs.[4] Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. In 1991, aperfectly functioning difference engine was constructed from Babbage's original plans. Built to tolerances achievablein the 19th century, the success of the finished engine indicated that Babbage's machine would have worked. Nineyears later, the Science Museum completed the printer Babbage had designed for the difference engine.[5]

Page 2: Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage 2

BirthBabbage's birthplace is disputed, but he was most likely born at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London, England.A blue plaque on the junction of Larcom Street and Walworth Road commemorates the event.[6]

His date of birth was given in his obituary in The Times as 26 December 1792. However after the obituary appeared,a nephew wrote to say that Charles Babbage was born one year earlier, in 1791. The parish register of St. Mary'sNewington, London, shows that Babbage was baptised on 6 January 1792, supporting a birth year of 1791.[7][8][9]

Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a banking partner of the Praeds who owned the Bitton Estate inTeignmouth. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Teape. In 1808, the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdenshouse in East Teignmouth, and Benjamin Babbage became a warden of the nearby St. Michael's Church.

Education

The Illustrated London News (4 November1871).[10]

His father's money allowed Charles to receive instruction from severalschools and tutors during the course of his elementary education.Around the age of eight he was sent to a country school in Alphingtonnear Exeter to recover from a life-threatening fever. His parentsordered that his "brain was not to be taxed too much " and Babbage feltthat "this great idleness may have led to some of my childishreasonings." For a short time he attended King Edward VI GrammarSchool in Totnes, South Devon, but his health forced him back toprivate tutors for a time.[11] He then joined a 30-student Holmwoodacademy, in Baker Street, Enfield, Middlesex under the ReverendStephen Freeman. The academy had a well-stocked library thatprompted Babbage's love of mathematics. He studied with two moreprivate tutors after leaving the academy. Of the first, a clergyman nearCambridge, Babbage said, "I fear I did not derive from it all theadvantages that I might have done." The second was an Oxford tutorfrom whom Babbage learned enough of the Classics to be accepted toCambridge.

Babbage arrived at Trinity College, Cambridge in October 1810.[12] He had read extensively in Leibniz, JosephLouis Lagrange, Thomas Simpson, and Lacroix and was seriously disappointed in the mathematical instructionavailable at Cambridge. In response, he, John Herschel, George Peacock, and several other friends formed theAnalytical Society in 1812. Babbage, Herschel, and Peacock were also close friends with future judge and patron ofscience Edward Ryan. Babbage and Ryan married two sisters.[13] As a student, Babbage was also a member of othersocieties such as the Ghost Club, concerned with investigating supernatural phenomena, and the Extractors Club,dedicated to liberating its members from the madhouse, should any be committed to one.[14][15]

In 1812 Babbage transferred to Peterhouse, Cambridge.[12] He was the top mathematician at Peterhouse, but did notgraduate with honours. He instead received an honorary degree without examination in 1814.

Page 3: Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage 3

Marriage, family, death

Grave of Charles Babbage at Kensal GreenCemetery

On 25 July 1814, Babbage married Georgiana Whitmore at St.Michael's Church in Teignmouth, Devon. The couple lived atDudmaston Hall,[16] Shropshire (where Babbage engineered the centralheating system), before moving to 5 Devonshire Street, Portland Place,London.

Charles and Georgiana had eight children,[17] but only four —Benjamin Herschel, Georgiana Whitmore, Dugald Bromhead andHenry Prevost — survived childhood. Charles' wife Georgiana died inWorcester on 1 September 1827, the same year as his father, theirsecond son (also named Charles) and their newborn son Alexander. Hissubsequent decision to spend a year travelling on the Continent incurred a delay in his machines' construction.

Charles Babbage died at the age of 79 on 18 October 1871, and was buried in London's Kensal Green Cemetery.According to Horsley, Babbage died "of renal inadequacy, secondary to cystitis."[18] In 1983 the autopsy report forCharles Babbage was discovered and later published by his great-great-grandson.[19][20] A copy of the original isalso available.[21] Half of Babbage's brain is preserved at the Hunterian Museum in the Royal College of Surgeons inLondon.[22] The other half of Babbage's brain is on display in the Science Museum, London.[23]

His youngest son, Henry Prevost Babbage (1824–1918), went on to create six working difference engines based onhis father's designs,[24] one of which was sent to Harvard University where it was later discovered by Howard H.Aiken, pioneer of the Harvard Mark I. Henry Prevost's 1910 Analytical Engine Mill, previously on display atDudmaston Hall, is now on display at the Science Museum.[25]

Design of computers

Part of Babbage's difference engine (#1),assembled after his death by Babbage's son, using

parts found in his laboratory

“In 1812 he was sitting in his rooms in the Analytical Society looking at a table of logarithms, which he knew to be full of mistakes, when theidea occurred to him of computing all tabular functions by machinery. The French government had produced several tables by a new method.Three or four of their mathematicians decided how to compute the tables, half a dozen more broke down the operations into simple stages, andthe work itself, which was restricted to addition and subtraction, was done by eighty [human] computers who knew only these two arithmeticalprocesses. Here, for the first time, mass production was applied to arithmetic, and Babbage was seized by the idea that the labours of theunskilled computers could be taken over completely by machinery which would be quicker and more reliable. ”

—B. V. Bowden, Faster than thought, Pitman

Babbage's machines were among the first mechanical computers, although they were not actually completed, largely because of funding problems and personality issues. He directed the building of some steam-powered machines that achieved some success, suggesting that calculations could be mechanised. Although Babbage's machines were

Page 4: Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage 4

mechanical and unwieldy, their basic architecture was very similar to a modern computer. The data and programmemory were separated, operation was instruction-based, the control unit could make conditional jumps, and themachine had a separate I/O unit. For more than ten years he received government funding for his project, whichamounted to £17,000.00, but eventually the Treasury lost confidence in Babbage.[26]

Difference engine

The Science Museum's Difference Engine #2,built from Babbage's design

In Babbage's time, numerical tables were calculated by humans whowere called 'computers', meaning "one who computes", much as aconductor is "one who conducts". At Cambridge, he saw the higherror-rate of this human-driven process and started his life's work oftrying to calculate the tables mechanically. He began in 1822 withwhat he called the difference engine, made to compute values ofpolynomial functions. Unlike similar efforts of the time, Babbage'sdifference engine was created to calculate a series of valuesautomatically. By using the method of finite differences, it waspossible to avoid the need for multiplication and division.

At the beginning of the 1820s, Babbage worked on a prototype of hisfirst difference engine. Some parts of it still survive in the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford.[27] Thisprototype evolved into the "first difference engine." It remained unfinished and the completed fragment is located atthe Science Museum in London. This first difference engine would have been composed of around 25,000 parts,weigh fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and would have been 8 ft (unknown operator: u'strong' m) tall. Although Babbagereceived ample funding for the project, it was never completed. He later designed an improved version,"DifferenceEngine No. 2", which was not constructed until 1989–91, using his plans and 19th century manufacturing tolerances.It performed its first calculation at the London Science Museum returning results to 31 digits, far more than theaverage modern pocket calculator.

Completed modelsThe London Science Museum has constructed two Difference Engines according to Babbage's plans for theDifference Engine No 2. One is owned by the museum. The other, owned by the technology multimillionaire NathanMyhrvold, went on exhibition at the Computer History Museum[28] in Mountain View, California on 10 May2008.[29] The two models that have been constructed are not replicas; until the assembly of the first DifferenceEngine No. 2 by the London Science Museum, no model of it existed.

Analytical EngineSoon after the attempt at making the difference engine crumbled, Babbage started designing a different, morecomplex machine called the Analytical Engine. The engine is not a single physical machine but a succession ofdesigns that he tinkered with until his death in 1871. The main difference between the two engines is that theAnalytical Engine could be programmed using punched cards. He realised that programs could be put on these cardsso the designer had only to create the program initially and then put the cards in the machine and let it run. Theanalytical engine would have used loops of Jacquard's punched cards to control a mechanical calculator, which couldformulate results based on the results of preceding computations. This machine was also intended to employ severalfeatures subsequently used in modern computers, including sequential control, branching and looping and wouldhave been the first mechanical device to be Turing-complete.Ada Lovelace, an impressive mathematician and one of the few people who fully understood Babbage's ideas, created a program for the Analytical Engine to help illustrate its potential. Had the Analytical Engine ever actually

Page 5: Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage 5

been built her program would have been able to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers. Based on this work,Lovelace is now widely credited with being the first computer programmer.[30] In 1979, a contemporaryprogramming language was named Ada in her honour.In 2011, researchers in Britain embarked on a multimillion-pound project, "Plan 28", to construct Babbage'sAnalytical Engine. Since Babbage's plans were continually being refined and were never completed, they willengage the public in the project and crowd-source the analysis of what should be built.[31] It would have theequivalent of 675 bytes of memory, and run at a clock speed of about 7 Hz. They hope to complete it by the 150thanniversary of Babbage's death, in 2021.[32]

Modern adaptationsWhile the abacus and mechanical calculator have been replaced by electronic calculators using microchips, therecent advances in MEMs and nanotechnology have led to recent high-tech experiments in mechanical computation.The benefits suggested include operation in high radiation or high temperature environments.[33] These modernversions of mechanical computation were highlighted in the magazine The Economist in its special "end of themillennium" black cover issue in an article entitled "Babbage's Last Laugh".[34]

Other accomplishmentsIn 1824, Babbage won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society "for his invention of an engine forcalculating mathematical and astronomical tables". He was a founding member of the society and one of its oldestliving members on his death in 1871.From 1828 to 1839 Babbage was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. He contributed largely to severalscientific periodicals, and was instrumental in founding the Astronomical Society in 1820 and the Statistical Societyin 1834. However, he dreamt of designing mechanical calculating machines.

I was sitting in the rooms of the Analytical Society, at Cambridge, my head leaning forward on the tablein a kind of dreamy mood, with a table of logarithms lying open before me. Another member, cominginto the room, and seeing me half asleep, called out, "Well, Babbage, what are you dreaming about?" towhich I replied "I am thinking that all these tables" (pointing to the logarithms) "might be calculated bymachinery".

Babbage was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1832.[35] In1837, responding to the Bridgewater Treatises, of which there were eight, he published his Ninth BridgewaterTreatise, On the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation, putting forward the thesis thatGod had the omnipotence and foresight to create as a divine legislator, making laws (or programs) which thenproduced species at the appropriate times, rather than continually interfering with ad hoc miracles each time a newspecies was required. The book is a work of natural theology, and incorporates extracts from correspondence he hadbeen having with John Herschel on the subject.Babbage also achieved notable results in cryptography. He broke Vigenère's autokey cipher as well as the muchweaker cipher that is called Vigenère cipher today. The autokey cipher was generally called "the undecipherablecipher", though owing to popular confusion, many thought that the weaker polyalphabetic cipher was the"undecipherable " one. Babbage's discovery was used to aid English military campaigns, and was not published untilseveral years later; as a result credit for the development was instead given to Friedrich Kasiski, a Prussian infantryofficer, who made the same discovery some years after Babbage.[36]

In 1838, Babbage invented the pilot (also called a cow-catcher), the metal frame attached to the front of locomotivesthat clears the tracks of obstacles.[37] He also constructed a dynamometer car and performed several studies onIsambard Kingdom Brunel's Great Western Railway in about 1838.[38] Babbage's eldest son, Benjamin HerschelBabbage, worked as an engineer for Brunel on the railways before emigrating to Australia in the 1850s.[39]

Page 6: Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage 6

Babbage also invented an ophthalmoscope, but although he gave it to a physician for testing it was forgotten, and thedevice only came into use after being independently invented by Hermann von Helmholtz.[40]

Babbage twice stood for Parliament as a candidate for the borough of Finsbury. In 1832 he came in third among fivecandidates, but in 1834 he finished last among four.[41][42][43]

In On the Economy of Machine and Manufacture, Babbage described what is now called the Babbage principle,which describes certain advantages with division of labour. Babbage noted that highly skilled—and thus generallyhighly paid—workers spend parts of their job performing tasks that are "below" their skill level. If the labour processcan be divided among several workers, it is possible to assign only high-skill tasks to high-skill and high-costworkers and leave other working tasks to less-skilled and lower-paid workers, thereby cutting labour costs. Thisprinciple was criticised by Karl Marx who argued that it caused labour segregation and contributed to alienation. TheBabbage principle is an inherent assumption in Frederick Winslow Taylor's scientific management.Babbage made notable contributions in other areas as well.

Views

Charles Babbage's brain is on displayat The Science Museum

Babbage once counted all the broken panes of glass of a factory, publishing in1857 a "Table of the Relative Frequency of the Causes of Breakage of PlateGlass Windows": Of 464 broken panes, 14 were caused by "drunken men,women or boys".[44][45][46]

Babbage's distaste for commoners ("the Mob") included writing "Observations ofStreet Nuisances" in 1864, as well as tallying up 165 "nuisances" over a period of80 days. He especially hated street music, and in particular the music of organgrinders, against whom he railed in various venues. The following quotation istypical:

It is difficult to estimate the misery inflicted upon thousands of persons,and the absolute pecuniary penalty imposed upon multitudes of intellectualworkers by the loss of their time, destroyed by organ-grinders and othersimilar nuisances.[47]

In the 1860s, Babbage also took up the anti-hoop-rolling campaign. He blamedhoop-rolling boys for driving their iron hoops under horses' legs, with the resultthat the rider is thrown and very often the horse breaks a leg.[48] Babbage achieved a certain notoriety in this matter,being denounced in debate in Commons in 1864 for "commencing a crusade against the popular game of tip-cat andthe trundling of hoops."[49]

Then Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel offered Babbage a baronetcy, which Babbage refused on the grounds that hedid not support the idea of hereditary peerage, an opinion he frequently expressed in his writings. His preferred lifepeerage was refused and as a result, neither was granted.[50]

Page 7: Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage 7

Supposed influence from Indian thoughtThe discoveries of Babbage (as to a lesser extent Herschel, de Morgan and George Boole) have been seen by someas being influenced by Indian thought, in particular Indian logic.[51] Mary Everest Boole claims that Babbage, alongwith Herschel was introduced to Indian thought in the 1820s by her uncle George Everest:

Some time about 1825, [Everest] came to England for two or three years, and made a fast and lifelongfriendship with Herschel and with Babbage, who was then quite young. I would ask any fair-mindedmathematician to read Babbage's Ninth Bridgewater Treatise and compare it with the works of hiscontemporaries in England; and then ask himself whence came the peculiar conception of the nature ofmiracle which underlies Babbage's ideas of Singular Points on Curves (Chap, viii) – from EuropeanTheology or Hindu Metaphysic? Oh! how the English clergy of that day hated Babbage's book![52]

Mary Boole also states:Think what must have been the effect of the intense Hinduizing of three such men as Babbage, DeMorgan, and George Boole on the mathematical atmosphere of 1830–1865. What share had it ingenerating the Vector Analysis and the mathematics by which investigations in physical science are nowconducted?[52]

CommemorationBabbage has been commemorated by a number of references, as shown on this list. In particular, the crater Babbageon the Moon, and the Charles Babbage Institute, an information technology archive and research center at theUniversity of Minnesota, were named after him. The large Babbage lecture theatre at Cambridge University, used forundergraduate science lectures, commemorates his time at the university.• British Rail named a locomotive after him in the 1990s as part of a program of naming locomotives after famous

and significant scientists.• The University of Plymouth commemorates Charles Babbage with the Babbage building, the University's school

of computing is based here.• The IT Service of Cambridgeshire County Council was based in Babbage House on the Castle Park office

complex up until December 2011, Cambridge.• Also, in Monk's Walk School, there is a block called "Babbage " to commemorate his work in the world of

science.• In Chessington, in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, a road in a new housing development has been

named Charles Babbage Close.• The Babbage programming language for GEC 4000 series minicomputers is named after him.• Charles Babbage appears as a Great Thinker in the 2008 strategy video game Civilization Revolution.[53]

• Babbage frequently appears in steampunk works (the enumeration of which would be an exhausting effort), wherehe does build the Difference Engine, spurring on computer science in the Victorian Era.

• There is a Babbage Room at Totnes Museum, in Totnes where Babbage spent his youth.• There is a green plaque commemorating the 40 years he spent at 1 Dorset St, London.[54]

• The Economist's Science and Technology blog [55] takes its name, 'Babbage', from the "Victorian mathematicianand engineer who designed a mechanical computer".

Page 8: Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage 8

Publications• Babbage, Charles (1826). A Comparative View of the Various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives [56]. London:

J. Mawman.• Babbage, Charles (1830). Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes [57].

London: B. Fellowes.• Babbage, Charles (1835). On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures [58] (4 ed.). London: Charles Knight.• Babbage, Charles (1837). The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, a Fragment [59]. London: John Murray. (reissued by

Cambridge University Press 2009, ISBN 978-1-108-00000-0)• Babbage, Charles (1841). Table of the Logarithms of the Natural Numbers from 1 to 108000 [60]. London:

William Clowes and Sons. (the LOCOMAT [61] site contains a reconstruction of this table)• Babbage, Charles (1851). The Exposition of 1851 [62]. London: John Murray.• Babbage, Charles (1864). Passages from the Life of a Philosopher [63]. London: Longman.• Babbage, Charles (1989). Hyman, Anthony. ed. Science and Reform: Selected Works of Charles Babbage [64].

Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34311-4.

References[1][1] GRO Register of Deaths: December 1871 1a 383 MARYLEBONE: Charles Babbage, aged 79[2] Tanenbaum, Andrew (2007). Modern Operating Systems. Prentice Hall. p. 7. ISBN 0-13-600663-9.[3] Halacy, Daniel Stephen (1970). Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer. Crowell-Collier Press. ISBN 0-02-741370-5.[4] Swade, Doron (2000). The Difference Engine: Charles Babbage and the Quest to Build the First Computer. Penguin. pp. 84–87.

ISBN 01420.01449.[5] "SCI/TECH | Babbage printer finally runs" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 710950. stm). BBC News. 2000-04-13. .

Retrieved 2012-04-27.[6] 1140 Plaque # 1140 on Open Plaques (http:/ / openplaques. org/ plaques/ ).[7][7] Hyman 1982, p. 5[8] Moseley, Maboth (1964). Irascible Genius, The Life of Charles Babbage (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=ELAMAQAAIAAJ).

Chicago: Henry Regnery. p. 29. .[9] "The Late Mr. Charles Babbage, F.R.S". The Times (UK).[10] Hook, Diana H.; Jeremy M. Norman, Michael R. Williams (2002). Origins of cyberspace: a library on the history of computing, networking,

and telecommunications (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=fsICrp9shVIC& pg=PA165). Norman Publishing. pp. 161, 165.ISBN 0-930405-85-4. .

[11][11] Moseley 1964, p. 39[12] Venn, J.; Venn, J. A., eds. (1922–1958). " Babbage, Charles (http:/ / venn. lib. cam. ac. uk/ cgi-bin/ search. pl?sur=& suro=c& fir=&

firo=c& cit=& cito=c& c=all& tex=BBG810C& sye=& eye=& col=all& maxcount=50)". Alumni Cantabrigienses (10 vols) (online ed.).Cambridge University Press.

[13] Wilkes (2002) p.355[14] Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1979, 2000). Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid. Penguin Books. p. 726.[15] "Charles Babbage'S Computer Engines" (http:/ / www. allsands. com/ history/ objects/ history/ objects/ babbagecomputer_yy_gn. htm). .

Retrieved 13 March 2012.[16] "Attraction information for Dudmaston Hall" (http:/ / www. visitbritain. co. uk/ Attraction/ Bridgnorth/ Historic-House-or-Palace/ 157092/

Dudmaston-Hall. htm). VisitBritain. . Retrieved 29 January 2009.[17] Valerie Bavidge-Richardson. "Babbage Family Tree 2005" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071013194355/ http:/ / bavidge. co. uk/

Babbage+ Family+ Tree+ 2005,+ InternetTree/ wc03/ wc03_074. htm). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. bavidge. co. uk/ BabbageFamily Tree 2005, InternetTree/ wc03/ wc03_074. htm) on 13 October 2007. . Retrieved 22 October 2007.

[18] Horsley, Victor (1909). "Description of the Brain of Mr. Charles Babbage, F.R.S" (http:/ / journals. royalsociety. org/ content/xl7210623532p738/ ?p=daaddfe06dca444eafad36aab95177ea& pi=1). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B,Containing Papers of a Biological Character 200 (262–273): 117–32. doi:10.1098/rstb.1909.0003. . Retrieved 7 December 2007.Subscription required.

[19] Babbage, Neville (June 1991). "Autopsy Report on the Body of Charles Babbage ( "the father of the computer ")". Medical Journal ofAustralia 154 (11): 758–9. PMID 2046574.

[20] Williams, Michael R. (1998). "The "Last Word " on Charles Babbage" (http:/ / www2. computer. org/ portal/ web/ csdl/ doi/ 10. 1109/ 85.728225). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 20 (4): 10–4. doi:10.1109/85.728225. .(Subscription required)

[21] "Postmortem report by John Gregory Smith, F.R.C.S. (anatomist)" (http:/ / www. scienceandsociety. co. uk/ results. asp?X9=BABBAGE,CHARLES). Science and society.co.UK. . Retrieved 29 January 2009.

Page 9: Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage 9

[22] "Babbage's brain" (http:/ / www. danyey. co. uk/ london. php). www.DanYEY.co.uk. . Retrieved 29 January 2009.[23] "Visit the museum, Galleries, Computing, Overview" (http:/ / www. sciencemuseum. org. uk/ visitmuseum/ galleries/ computing. aspx).

Science Museam. . Retrieved 25 October 2010.[24] "Henry Prevost Babbage – The Babbage Engine" (http:/ / www. computerhistory. org/ babbage/ henrybabbage/ ). Computer History

Museum. . Retrieved 29 January 2009.[25] "Henry Babbage's Analytical Engine Mill, 1910" (http:/ / www. sciencemuseum. org. uk/ objects/ computing_and_data_processing/

1896-58. aspx). Science Museum. 16 January 2007. . Retrieved 29 January 2009.[26] Gleick, J. (2011). The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood. London: Fourth Estate. p. 104.[27] Roegel, Denis (April–June 2009). "Prototype Fragments from Babbage's First Difference Engine". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing

31 (2): 70–5. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2009.31[28] "Overview – The Babbage Engine" (http:/ / www. computerhistory. org/ babbage/ ). Computer History Museum. . Retrieved 29 January

2009.[29] Shiels, Maggie (10 May 2008). "Victorian 'supercomputer' is reborn" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ technology/ 7391593. stm). BBC

News. . Retrieved 11 May 2008.[30] Fuegi J, Francis J (October–December 2003). "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'". Annals of the History of

Computing 25 (4): 16–26. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887. See pages 19, 25[31] "It Started Digital Wheels Turning" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 11/ 08/ science/

computer-experts-building-1830s-babbage-analytical-engine. html?_r=1/ ). New York Times. . Retrieved 10 November 2011.[32] "Babbage Analytical Engine designs to be digitised" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ technology-15001514). BBC News. 2011-09-21. .

Retrieved 2012-03-19.[33] "Electronics Times: Micro-machines are fit for space" (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0WVI/ is_1999_Oct_11/ ai_56912203/

print). Findarticles.com. 11 October 1999. . Retrieved 29 January 2009.[34] "Babbage's Last Laugh" (http:/ / www. economist. com/ node/ 324654?story_id=E1_PNQGVQ). The Economist. 9 September 1999. .[35] "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (http:/ / www. amacad. org/ publications/ BookofMembers/ ChapterB. pdf). American

Academy of Arts and Sciences. . Retrieved 28 April 2011.[36] Kahn, David L. (1996). The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-83130-5.[37] Lee, John A. N. (1995). International biographical dictionary of computer pioneers. Taylor & Francis US. p. 60.[38] Babbage 1864, pp. 317–8[39] "Babbage, Benjamin Herschel" (http:/ / www. asap. unimelb. edu. au/ bsparcs/ biogs/ P000074b. htm). Bright Sparcs Biographical entry. .

Retrieved 15 May 2008.[40] "Medical Discoveries, Ophthalmoscope" (http:/ / www. discoveriesinmedicine. com/ Ni-Ra/ Ophthalmoscope. html).

Discoveriesinmedicine.com. . Retrieved 29 January 2009.[41] Crowther, J. G. (1968). Scientific Types. London: Barrie & Rockliff. p. 266. ISBN 0-248-99729-7.[42] Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage, Pioneer of the Computer. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 82–7.

ISBN 0-691-08303-7.[43] Moseley 1964, pp. 120–1- Note some confusion as to the dates.[44] Babbage, Charles (1857). "Table of the Relative Frequency of Occurrence of the Causes of Breaking of Plate Glass Windows". Mechanics

Magazine 66: 82.[45] Babbage, Charles (1989). Martin Campbell-Kelly. ed. The Works of Charles Babbage. V. London: William Pickering. p. 137.

ISBN 1-85196-005-8.[46] The insurance cyclopeadia: being a ... – Google Books (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=cScKAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA417& lpg=PA417&

dq=Table+ of+ the+ Relative+ Frequency+ of+ the+ Causes+ of+ Breakage+ of+ Plate+ Glass+ Windows). Google Books. 1878. . Retrieved22 February 2011.

[47] Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Babbage, Charles (1994). "Ch 26". Passages from the Life of a Philosopher. Pickering & Chatto Publishers. p. 342.ISBN 1-85196-040-6.

[48][48] Babbage 1864, p. 360[49] Hansard's parliamentary debates. THIRD SERIES COMMENCING WITH THE ACCESSION OF WILLIAM IV. 27° & 28° VICTORIA,

1864. VOL. CLXXVI. COMPRISING THE PERIOD FROM THE TWENTY-FIRST DAY OF JUNE 1864, TO THE TWENTY-NINTHDAY OF JULY 1864. Parliament, Thomas Curson Hansard "Street Music (Metropolis) Bill "; V4, p471 (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=dugT3_K-1ZIC& pg=PA469& dq=hoop+ trundling+ nuisance& num=50& cd=38#v=onepage& q=trundling& f=false)

[50] Ioan James (2010). Remarkable Engineers: From Riquet to Shannon (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=0bwb5bevubwC& pg=PA50&lpg=PA50& dq=babbage+ baronetcy& source=bl& ots=zAAIltkphu& sig=aL7tGth2t35frCKD88AgmgNQ2j0& hl=en& sa=X&ei=iSYxT6X9BMek0QXCzvCoBw& ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=babbage baronetcy& f=false). Cambridge University Press.p. 50. .

[51] Ganeri, Jonardon (2001). Indian logic: a reader. Routledge. p. vii. ISBN 0-7007-1306-9.[52] Boole, Mary Everest (1931). "Indian Thought and Western Science in the Nineteenth Century" (http:/ / books. google. com. au/

books?id=-5wyxULAKpsC). In Cobham, E.M.; Dummer, E.S.. Boole, Mary Everest "Collected Works". London: Daniel. pp. 947–967. .[53] 03:04 pm (20 July 2008). "Civilization Revolution: Great People: "CivFanatics" Retrieved on 3 September 2009" (http:/ / www. civfanatics.

com/ civrev/ great_people). Civfanatics.com. . Retrieved 22 February 2011.

Page 10: Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage 10

[54] Plaque #3061 on Open Plaques (http:/ / openplaques. org/ plaques/ 3061).[55] http:/ / www. economist. com/ blogs/ babbage[56] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=teGjS4XfpbMC& printsec=frontcover& dq=charles+ babbage[57] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=3bgPAAAAMAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=charles+ babbage[58] http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=wUQeMa0MFnkC& printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_ge_summary_r& cad=0#v=onepage& q&

f=false[59] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=RlgEAAAAQAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=charles+ babbage[60] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=teMGAAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=charles+ babbage[61] http:/ / locomat. loria. fr[62] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=NZcBAAAAQAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=charles+ babbage[63] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=2T0AAAAAQAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=charles+ babbage[64] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=0gZ7Bo2NnzAC

External links• Babbage (http:/ / www. sciencemuseum. org. uk/ onlinestuff/ stories/ babbage. aspx) Science Museum, London.

Description of Babbage's calculating machine projects and the Science Museum's study of Babbage's works,including modern reconstruction and model-building projects

• The Babbage Engine (http:/ / www. computerhistory. org/ babbage/ ): Computer History Museum, MountainView CA, USA. Multi-page account of Babbage, his engines and his associates, including a video of theMuseum's functioning replica of the Difference Engine No 2 in action

• Charles Babbage (http:/ / www-groups. dcs. st-and. ac. uk/ ~history/ Mathematicians/ Babbage. html) A history atthe School of Mathematics and Statistics,University of St Andrews Scotland.

• Mr. Charles Babbage (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=0CMYAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA57& dq=charles+babbage& as_brr=1#PPA57,M2): obituary from The Times (1871)

• The Babbage Pages (http:/ / www. projects. ex. ac. uk/ babbage/ )• Works by Charles Babbage (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Charles_Babbage_(1792–1871)) at Project

Gutenberg• The Babbage Difference Engine (http:/ / www. satyam. com. ar/ Babbage/ en/ index. html): an overview of how it

works• "On a Method of Expressing by Signs the Action of Machinery" (http:/ / historical. library. cornell. edu/ kmoddl/

toc_babbage1. html), 1826. Original edition• P1076 Archival material relating to Charles Babbage (http:/ / www. nationalarchives. gov. uk/ nra/ searches/

subjectView. asp?ID=) listed at the UK National Register of Archives• Charles Babbage Institute (http:/ / www. cbi. umn. edu/ about/ babbage. html): pages on "Who Was Charles

Babbage?" including biographical note, description of Difference Engine No. 2, publications by Babbage,archival and published sources on Babbage, sources on Babbage and Ada Lovelace

• Babbage's Ballet by Ivor Guest, Ballet Magazine, 1997 (http:/ / www. ballet. co. uk/ old/history_js_babbages_ballet. htm)

Page 11: Charles Babbage

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsCharles Babbage  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=492208102  Contributors: 1800Allen, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, 7, 9258fahsflkh917fas, 99DBSIMLR, A little insignificant, Antv, A8UDI, AGoon, AHMartin, AVand, Abce2, Acroterion, Adambro, Adashiel, Addisonbr, Aeilry, Aerithfan86, Afterwriting, Ahoerstemeier, Ahsanbaig555, Akasanof, Alansohn, Alba, Aldie,Alexav8, Alexius08, Allstarecho, Allymad, Amirdeen, Andycjp, Angela, Angrytoast, Annagaz, Anonymous editor, Antiuser, Aofrancis, Arno, Ashokagrawal, Astrochemist, Atomician, Attucks,Austboss, Australopithecus2, Awesomeboy7410, AxelBoldt, AzaToth, Baba987654, Babbage, Babbage8, Bact, Badgernet, Banes, BanyanTree, Bashereyre, Bcshell, Beastie44, Ben davison,Ben-Zin, Bender235, Beoram, Bevo, Bhadani, Bigmac31, Bihco, Bjh21, Blobblob96, Bob Burkhardt, Bobblewik, Bobby D. Bryant, Bobet, Bobo192, Bogdangiusca, Boing! said Zebedee,Bookinvestor, Bookuser, BostonMA, Breawycker, Brequinda, BrianGV, Broken2k6, Bruchochnea, Bsacks14, Bumm13, Burntsauce, Byorgey, C J Cowie, C.Fred, CALR, CLC Editorial, CWii,Cactus.man, Cagers23, Calabe1992, Calfan5, Caltas, Calvin 1998, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanisRufus, Canley, Capricorn42, Captainbeefart, CardinalDan, Carmine1234567890,Cassknights, Casull, Causa sui, Ccare, Celestra, Charles Matthews, Chauve-souris, Chiswick Chap, ChrisGualtieri, Chuunen Baka, Cirt, Ck lostsword, Clarityfiend, CliffC, Cobi, Colonies Chris,Cometstyles, Computerhistory, ConfuciusOrnis, Connormah, Conversion script, Cool3, CopperMurdoch, Coughinink, Courcelles, Craig 0123, CryptoDerk, Cst17, Curps, Cutesme, Cutler, Cyan,Cybercobra, Cyde, Cyfal, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DFG94, DJ Clayworth, DLSNCL61, DRTllbrg, DVdm, Damian Yerrick, Damien Vryce, Danbub, Daniel.pearce, DanielCristofani, Dave souza,Dave420, David Guest, DavidFarmbrough, DavyCrockettJones, Dbabbage, DeadEyeArrow, Deathseth, Decltype, Delldot, Delta759, Demerzel7, Denisarona, Deor, DerHexer, Derek Ross,Destinystumpf, DevaSatyam, Dgrant, Dialectric, Diannaa, Dirac1933, Discospinster, Djdiamond, Dlohcierekim, Dmnyc, Dmoews, Docu, Dogcow, DonSiano, Donfbreed, DopefishJustin, Dori,DoubleBlue, Doug butler, Douglas Wilhelm Harder, DougsTech, Download, Dr Madrigal, Dr.K., Draga, Dream Focus, Dsp13, Dundas plc, Dunganb, Dungodung, Dweinberger, Dylan Lake, EWing, Earthlyreason, Ebehn, Edgar181, Edgecliff89, Edison, Edwardx, Egmontaz, Ejosse1, Element sean, Ellmist, Elwell, Emerson7, EmiOfBrie, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Esin0420, Eskimospy,Eugenwpg, Everyking, Evilandi, Evilpowder, Excirial, Exert, Ezrdr, F. Cosoleto, FF2010, Famousdog, Fang Aili, Fayenatic london, FeanorStar7, Feitclub, Fieldday-sunday, FisherQueen, Flewis,Flyguy649, FlyingToaster, Fnorp, Fogster, Fojxl, Fonzy, Francisco Tevez, Frank, Frecklefoot, Fred Gandt, Fredrik, FreeKresge, G00dg0d, Gaius Cornelius, GarethGilson, Gbairy, GcSwRhIc,Gcolive, George The Dragon, Getonyourfeet, Ghepeu, Ghiraddje, Giftlite, Gilliam, Ginsengbomb, Glum Muffin, Gogo Dodo, Good Olfactory, Goodvac, GrahamColm, GrandPoohBah, GregorB,Grendelkhan, Gscshoyru, Gunter, Guoguo12, Gwernol, HJ Mitchell, Habbit, Hadal, Haiduc, Hairy Dude, Harborsparrow, Harrysnooks, HexaChord, Heythereheyyouheybob, Hiberniantears,Hkreiger, HoekstraF, Homagetocatalonia, Hornandsoccer, Hornbreaker, Hornlitz, Hughsonj, Hurrahformilk, Hurricane111, Hux, Hydrogen Iodide, IPAddressConflict, IRP, IW.HG, Iain.dalton,Ian Dunster, Icairns, Icseaturtles, Ignatzmice, Independent2100, Infrogmation, Iridescent, Isaiahoxley, Iulianu, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JCSantos, JForget, JHMM13, JYolkowski, Jackfork, JackofOz,Jackol, Jacooks, Jake Larsen, James086, Jamesfulker, Jamesimim, Jan.Kamenicek, Jarble, Jaredadams321, Jba701, JeffreySteer, Jennavecia, Jesus764, Jhbuk, Jiggyful, Jim1138, JimD, Jjport,Jmc, Jmundo, Jobnikon, JodyB, Joe Schmedley, Joebillions, Joefromrandb, John Vandenberg, John.n-irl, Jojhutton, JoshieTV, Josiahsjenkins, Jossi, Jpbowen, Jumbuck, Justicedjcool, Justin Eiler,Jwaddell, Kaganer, Kaiwhakahaere, Kalathalan, Karanacs, Katieh5584, Kcordina, Keegan, Kei-clone, Keilana, Kelly Martin, KerathFreeman, KevinTR, Kilobytemangler, Kingpin13,Klilidiplomus, KnowledgeOfSelf, Koavf, Koyaanis Qatsi, Kralizec!, Krsmith, Kruglick, Ktownt., Kumioko (renamed), Kurtle, Kuru, Kvdveer, L Kensington, Lailsonbm, Lando Calrissian,Lankiveil, Lawsonstu, Leandrod, LeaveSleaves, Lectonar, Legotech, Leibniz, LenBudney, Leondumontfollower, Lepton6, Lesnail, Letdorf, Leuko, LibraryLion, Lick101, LiquidIce13, Lissajous,Lithoderm, Liujiang, LizardJr8, Looxix, Lord Sturm, Louisazhang2003, LovesMacs, Lozleader, Lquilter, Lucidish, Luna Santin, MBTA3247, MPerel, Macaually, Mackeriv, MagisterMathematicae, Magnus Manske, Mais oui!, Majorclanger, Majorly, Makeemlighter, Malcolmxl5, Mani1, Manishearth, Manway, Marcok, Marek69, MarkSutton, Markism07, Martarius,Martin451, Martinp23, Mashuu, Master2841, Matt.whitby, Matt4945, Mattcolville, Matthew Woodcraft, MattieTK, Mav, Maximus Rex, Maziotis, Mbroooks, McFarty, McSly, Meaghan, Mentis,Michael Hardy, Mifter, Mike Christie, Minna Sora no Shita, Mintguy, Missmarple, Misza13, Mo0, Mo4life, Monkeymanman, Moreschi, Mschlindwein, Myanw, Mydogategodshat, N5iln,NawlinWiki, Nealmcb, NewEnglandYankee, Nic bor, Nigel45, NigelR, Nikkimaria, Noformation, Noisy, Noodhoog, NorwegianBlue, Octane, Oda Mari, Odie5533, Ohconfucius, OlegAlexandrov, OllieFury, Omar Alarian, Omicronpersei8, Onco p53, Onorem, Onthegogo, Oore, Oosoom, Opapoep, Optimale, Orbst, OrgasGirl, OwenX, Oxford73, Oxguy3, Oxymoron83,Pakaran, Palthrow, Panairjdde, Pandacakes, Pandion auk, Parthibanmylswamy, PatrickFisher, Patrol110, Paul A, Paul August, PaulGarner, Pb30, Pcpcpc, Percyvear, Peripitus, Peter E. James,Peter Entwisle, Peter Maggs, Peterl, Phantomsteve, Phasmophage, Pheideaux, Phgao, Phileas, Philip Trueman, Phinnigan P. Serf, Piano non troppo, Plucas58, Pmlineditor, Pointillist, Polylerus,Poor Yorick, Ppapadeas, Prashanthns, Proofreader77, Proteus, Pyfan, Quadell, Quintote, QuiteUnusual, Qwaszxerdfcv, RCKamahele, RCX, RDBrown, RDBury, Racklever, Rada, RadiantRay,Radon210, RandomStringOfCharacters, Reach Out to the Truth, Recognizance, Recurring dreams, Red Rooster, Redvers, RegentsPark, Remy B, Renaissancee, Rett Mikhal, RexNL, Rhopkins8,Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Riddley, Risk one, Rizla, Rjwilmsi, RoNalDx24, Robertgreer, Roegel, Roge182, Ronsan, Rosser1954, Rovenhot, Rowanjohnas, RoyBoy,Rsabbatini, Rsreston, Rtaq, Ruddyflipper, Rune Boomer, Rwwww, SJP, ST47, SameOldSameOld, Samuelsen, Sceptre, Schneelocke, Schutz, Schwilgue, Scwlong, Seahorseruler, Seaphoto,Semorrison, Sethoeph, Shadowjams, Shandrew, Sheogorath, Shinanigans, Shoessss, Sholto Maud, Shouran, SilkTork, Silly rabbit, Sionus, Skalskal, Skeptic2, Skiiks, Skintigh, Skomorokh,SkyMachine, Slapshotrbk, Slgrandson, Smalljim, Smallweed, Smiteri, Smsarmad, Solipsist, Solitude, Some jerk on the Internet, Sonitus, Sophie means wisdom, Sora12207, SpNeo,SpaceFlight89, Special-T, Sportsman1616, SpyMagician, SqueakBox, Srice13, Ssd, StaticGull, Stefanomione, Stephenb, SteveSims, StevenDH, Studerby, Stwalkerster, Suleyman Habeeb,Sumahoy, Sumergocognito, Sunshine4921, SusanLesch, Susato, Swtpc6800, T. Anthony, TBustah, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, TOC, Tablizer, Tagishsimon, Tangotango, Tbasherizer,Tbhotch, Teh roflmaoer, Tellyaddict, Tempodivalse, Tevildo, TexasAndroid, The Anome, The Firewall, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Wednesday Island, TheNewPhobia,Theoneintraining, Thepiper, Thingg, Think outside the box, Thumperward, Thunderbird2, Tide rolls, Tiggerjay, Tillman, Timsparks86, Tjdw, Tmk81, Toddst1, Tom harrison, Tommy2010, TonyHunter, Tony1, TonyW, Torla42, Tpbradbury, Tpk5010, Trevor MacInnis, Triwbe, Trollerhehe, Trusilver, Tsja, Twang, Txcmy, Tysto, Ulric1313, Uncle Milty, Urod, Vacio, Vanished 6551232,Vanished User 0001, Vary, Veesicle, Versus22, ViviXcore, Vjhamilton, Vojvodaen, Vortexrealm, Vulturell, Wackyvorlon, Wafulz, Waggers, Walton One, Ward3001, Warfieldian, Wer2,Wernher, Wertoy36, Westforsyth21, Wgungfu, Who.was.phone, Whoosher, WikHead, Wiki alf, WikiBren, WikiPuppies, Wikibofh, Wikipelli, Wildhartlivie, Witchzilla, WookieInHeat, Ww,Wysprgr2005, XJamRastafire, XP1, XXKareeshaxX, Xchbla423, Xxanthippe, Xxpor, Yamaguchi先 生, Yix toko xiy, Yunshui, Z3, Zeimusu, Ziddar, Zoe99, Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, Žiedas,Μάριος Ζηντίλης, Σ, 2248 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Charles Babbage - 1860.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charles_Babbage_-_1860.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Connormah, MaterialscientistFile:Charles Babbage Signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charles_Babbage_Signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Charles BabbageFile:Charles Babbage 1860.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charles_Babbage_1860.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Unknown staff artist for TheIllustrated London NewsFile:Babbage Charles grave.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Babbage_Charles_grave.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AstrochemistFile:BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:Photograph © Andrew Dunn, 5 November 2004. Website: http://www.andrewdunnphoto.com/File:Babbage Difference Engine.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Babbage_Difference_Engine.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: User:geniFile:Babbages Brain.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Babbages_Brain.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Alan Levine from Strawberry,United States

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/


Related Documents