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Page 1: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Carbon sequestration via CO mineralizationCarbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization

Presenters

May 6, 2011

ScientistsPresentersStephanie Greene Edward LeeAntoine Queval Mike Perez

Scientists Ronald Zuckermann and Chun-Long ChenLawrence Berkeley National Lab

Page 2: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Introduction and Overview

Technology Applications Feasibilityg

• Peptoids

Peptoid as

• Replace Carbon Capture

• Technical feasibility

• Peptoid as catalyst: CO2into calcium carbonate

Capture

• Sell “carbon negative”

• Costs

• Competitorsoutput

• Geologic Sequestration

• Regulation

Sequestration

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Page 3: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Carbon sequestration via mineralization has many benefits

Stability and Safety Avoid pipeline development costs (and CO2 transport)( 2 p )

Potential for“carbon-negative” products

Bypasses geologic constraints for ‘siting’

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Page 4: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Our technology and considerationsgy

Technology OverviewTechnology Overview

Potential ApplicationsPotential Applications

O ti i tOperating environment

Conclusions

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Page 5: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Peptoid Technology makes “designer” polymer chains with unique propertiespolymer chains with unique properties

Library of molecules are used as building blocks WIDE VARIETY OFas building blocks

=

WIDE VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS

• Inhibitors• Antimicrobial agents• Cancer therapeutics

Blocks are put together to make a sequence-specific

polymer (“peptoid”)

Cancer therapeutics• Catalysts

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Page 6: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Peptoid technology used as catalyst to t CO i t l i b tsequester CO2 into calcium carbonate

C l i Process:

PEPTOIDS

Calcium ions

CO2

Calcium Carbonate

(C CO )

23-times faster growth rate of crystal

Can use dilute inputsAlkalinity

(CaCO3)

Inputs OutputCatalyst

Can use dilute inputs and catalyst

Reusable catalystInputs OutputCatalyst

Output: Produces the most

b d t f fabundant form of CaCO3 (calcite)

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Reaction: CaCl2 + CO2 + 2NaOH CaCO3 + 2 NaCl + H2O

Page 7: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Overall energy balance is a game-t b t P t id b d t dstopper, but Peptoids can be adapted

Carbon Mineralization Technologies

Turn CO2 into Mineralsu CO2 to e a s

PEPTOID CATALYST

Our current reaction:

PEPTOID CATALYST

Recommended reaction (example):Our current reaction:

CaCl2 + CO2 + 2NaOH CaCO3 + 2 NaCl + H2O

Recommended reaction (example):

Mg2SiO4 + 2CO2 2MgCO3 + SiO2

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Net CO2 sequestration Net CO2 emissions

Page 8: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Applications of our technologypp gy

Technology OverviewTechnology Overview

Potential ApplicationsPotential Applications

O ti i tOperating environment

Conclusions

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Page 9: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Carbon Mineralization Has Promising Commercial ApplicationsCommercial Applications

Bypass Carbon Capture

Above Ground:Alternative to Above Ground:Alternative to

Capture

Sell Output

Geologic SequestrationGeologic Sequestration

Replace Sequestration Only

Below Ground:Below Ground:Complement GeologicSequestration

Complement GeologicSequestration

Complement Sequestration

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Sequestration Sequestration

Page 10: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Promising Opportunitieso s g Oppo tu t es

1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE

Value PropositionAvoid costs from capture step- Avoid costs from capture step

- Sequestration on site- Avoid CO2 transport

Key Challenges

2 SELL C CO OUTPUT

Above Ground: Alternative to

Above Ground: Alternative to

Key Challenges- Alkalinity source- Cost

Future: 1-2 GT CO2/YrFuture: 1-2 GT CO2/Yr

2. SELL CaCO3 OUTPUTAlternative to Geologic Sequestration

Alternative to Geologic Sequestration Value Proposition

- “Carbon-negative” productsCarbon negative products

Key Challenges- Alkalinity source

C t

Future: 1-2 GT CO2/YrFuture: 1-2 GT CO2/Yr

~85 M tons CaCO3/ Yr~85 M tons CaCO3/ Yr

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- Cost - Purity and Size of Output

Page 11: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Combining Capture with Selling our t t dd l k toutput can address a large market

85 Million Tons CaCO3/year; over $650B total industry size

#1 Largest User of C CO

#2 Largest User of C CO

Paper/Pulp Plastics

CaCO3

$327 B/yearCaCO3

$246 B/year5% f l b l

Cement #3 largest user of

Paint 5% of global

CO2

80-90% of input is

user of CaCO3

$85 B/ year

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input is CaCO3

Page 12: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Complementing Geologic Sequestration is th ibl k tanother possible market

Future: 1-2 GT CO2/YrFuture: 1-2 GT CO2/Yr

Today: 45 M tons CO2/Yr

Today: 45 M tons CO2/Yr

COMPLEMENT SEQUESTRATION

Value Proposition- Speed, Stability, Safety- Avoid Monitoring

Below Ground: Complement

Below Ground: Complement Key Challenges

- Cost- Regulation-dependent

ComplementGeologicSequestration

ComplementGeologicSequestration

g- Small Market

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Page 13: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Replacing sequestration is much more tt ti th l ti itattractive than complementing it

$250

$200Sell

CaCO3output~$10/ton is

$150

outputsequestration, only 50 ¢/ton monitoring

$100Transport

CaptureOur

Catalyst80% of C t

$0

$50p Catalyst

TodayCosts are from Capture

13

$0

CCS Average Our Technology Average

Page 14: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Operating environment dynamicsp g y

Technology OverviewTechnology Overview

Potential ApplicationsPotential Applications

O ti i tOperating environment

Conclusions

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Page 15: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Nascent players in target segments

Competitor SegmentCarbon negative process produces: ‘Traditional’

productionCalcium b t

OtherC b t pcarbonate Carbonates

Key Players:Multinational

chemical producers

Stage of development: Moving towards commercialization

Moving towards commercialization

Commercial scaleproduction

NEW SKY ENERGY

commercialization commercialization production

Service / Product:

Carbon sequestration

Carbon capture

Sell CaC03 output

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Page 16: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Implications for technologyp gy

Carbon mineralization market appears ppopen

Demonstrated financial backingg

While cost equation remains important, little financial information on e a c a o a o ocompetitors exists

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Page 17: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Regulation: A Picture of C iFragmented Carbon Policy

I t ti l U it d St t Kyoto Protocol Tax Incentives

International United States

EU-ETS

NZ ETS

Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)

NZ ETS

GGAS / Tokyo Metropolitan

VERs

Carbon SequestrationMetropolitan Government

Carbon Sequestration Funds

Going Forward: It’s not “if” but “when.”

Page 18: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Technical and commercial conclusions

Technology OverviewTechnology Overview

Potential ApplicationsPotential Applications

O ti i tOperating environment

Conclusions

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Page 19: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Technological Challenges and Questions

Use of flue gas

Inputs Catalyst+ Output=

Use of flue gasas CO2 source

NaOH cost, Lower costs at

scale

Purity of CaCO3Number of times catalyst can be

d

aO cost,availability, and

energy use

reusedAvailability of CaCl2

Overall Energy Balance

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Overall Energy Balance

Page 20: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Overall energy balance is a game-t b t P t id b d t dstopper, but Peptoids can be adapted

Carbon Mineralization Technologies

Turn CO2 into Mineralsu CO2 to e a s

PEPTOID CATALYST

Our current reaction:

PEPTOID CATALYST

Recommended reaction (example):Our current reaction:

CaCl2 + CO2 + 2NaOH CaCO3 + 2 NaCl + H2O

Recommended reaction (example):

Mg2SiO4 + 2CO2 2MgCO3 + SiO2

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Net CO2 sequestration Net CO2 emissions

Page 21: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Commercial opportunity exists pp ywith some caveats

A potentialA potential alternative to

geological sequestration

Addressing technological

Changes to regulatory framework

challenges at scale

framework should make market more

attractive

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Page 22: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Immediate focus on technology gydevelopment…

Match technology gy

with a marketAddress concerns around

Explore commercial

opportunities

technology

opportunities

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Page 23: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Thank youy

Questions?Q

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Page 24: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

APPENDIX APPENDIX SLIDES

Page 25: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Our technology has a range of potential gy g pcosts, from $160 to $360/ton of CaCO3

400

300

350

200

250Alkalinity

Ca2+

100

150 CO2

Peptoids

CaCO3 market

0

50

CaCO3 spot Low-Peptoid High-Peptoid Low Peptoid High Peptoid

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market Cost Cost + Pay for Inputs

+ Pay for Inputs

Page 26: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

How much carbon is usable in chemical outputs?

- Global Top 100 chemicals production total = 0.5 Gt/year- CO2 emissions ~30Gt/Year

A CO2 ACO2 Th f li it d li f A d li it d l f

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- A+CO2 ACO2 Therefore limited supplies of A and limited sales of ACO2 constrain our opportunity.

Slide adapted from Berend Smit, LBNL

Page 27: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Market Exploration – Below Ground: Replace or Complement Geologic SequestrationTotal Annual Market: 45 Million Tons CO2 today:

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): 40

EOR & Sequestration:

Pure Sequestration:

Future Potential:

Costs of Current Geologic Sequestration: $5-$15/ton

(EOR): 40 million tons 2 million tons 3 million tons 1-2 GT

Costs of Current Geologic Sequestration: $5 $15/ton Regulatory Incentives exist today: tax incentives (up to

$30/ton) and state-led RPS (e.g., Illinois) Competitive Advantage of our Technology: Competitive Advantage of our Technology:

Avoid Transport Costs: Average of $25/ton, $1-2 M/mile for new pipelines.

Stable and safe form eliminates monitoring

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Page 28: Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Market Exploration – Above Ground: pCarbon Capture Only Current Technologies: Most typical is post-combustion

t t h l (MEA M th l i )capture – common technology (MEA – Mono-ethanol-amine)

Costs of Current Technology: $60-$110+/ton

Key Markets and Market Size: Total future market: 1-2 GT CO2/year Natural gas “cleaning” & small-scale pilots.

Gl b ll 1900 MW f i t ll d b t i Globally, 1900 MW of installed carbon capture in power plants in 2011.

Competitive Advantage of our Technology:p g gy Avoid transport costs to geologic sites Lower projected cost of capture

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