Canadian & World Politicswww.CraigMarlatt.com/school

Types of World

Systems

Types of World Systems

1. Non-Governmental Organizations

2. International Alliances

3. United Nations

4. Decision Making in Different Sectors

Non-Governmental Organizations

• What is the role of NGOs?

• Suggested Strategies:– Provide a coordinated, situation-specific, rapid

response. – Build technical and operational capacity for the

long-term. – Ensure educational services to all.

International Alliances

• Key Alliances– North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - nato.int– Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) -

aseansec.org– African Union (AU) - africa-union.org– Organization of American States (OAS) - oas.org– Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) -

apecsec.org.sg

The United Nations

United Nations Structure

• Six main “organs” of the UN– General Assembly– Security Council– Secretariat– International Court of Justice– Economic & Social Council– Trusteeship Council

• Many other agencies & organizations within the UN system

UNHQ – “New York City”

Secretariat (& Secretary-General)

• Secretariat is the “business”• Secretary-General acts as a

diplomat, advocate, civil servant, and CEO

• Spokesman for the interests of the world’s peoples, in particular the poor and vulnerable

• H.E. Ban Ki-moon of Korea (2007-)

General Assembly

Security Council

Economic & Social Council

Trusteeship Council (to 1994)

International Court of Justice - The Hague

UN European HQ – Geneva

• Former HQ of the League of Nations

UN Office at Vienna

• UNHCR, Space, Drugs

UN Office at Nairobi

• UNEP, UNHABITAT

Purpose of the UN

• Maintain international peace & security

• Achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural, & humanitarian problems

• Promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms

• Be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining common goals

UN Priorities:Conflict Resolution

• Peaceful Settlement of Differences

• International Court of Justice

• Economic Sanctions

• Peacekeeping Force

• Regular Military Force– Must be made available by all member states on an

individual basis

UN Priorities:Human Rights

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• High Commission for Human Rights– Will be replaced by the Human Rights Council on

June 16th, 2006

• Refugees

• High Commission for Refugees

UN Priorities:Sustainable Development

• “Programs that improve people’s quality of life without impairing future generations’ ability to improve their quality of life”

• UN Conference on Human Environment

• The Earth Summit

• United Nations Environment Program

UN Priorities:The Middle East

• Whereas many other conflicts were resolved in a relatively short time….

• Palestine & Israel Conflict dominated the Security Council agenda for decades

• Palestine to Israel; Palestine & Israel?!

• Wars: 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973

• Problems still exist today

UN Priorities:Other Major Issues

• Women

• Child Labour

• Colonies (success!)

• Apartheid (success!)

• Population

• Development (including the HDI)

• Health

UN Millennium Development Goals

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development

Canada & the United Nations

H.E. Guillermo Rishchynski

• Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations

• Veteran Trade Commissioner, Ambassador, and executive for the Canadian International Development Agency

The Rt. Hon. Lester B. Pearson

• Invented the concept of peacekeeping

• President of the General Assembly 1952-1953

• Won the Nobel Peace Prize for efforts to resolve the Suez Crisis of 1956

• Canadian Prime Minister 1963-1968

Ms. Louise Frechette

• Appointed first ever UN Deputy Secretary-General 1998 - 2007

• Helped manage Secretariat operations

• Canadian UN Ambassador 1992-1995

Mrs. Louise Arbour

• Was the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

• Former Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada

• Former Chief Prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda

H.E. Stephen Lewis

• Was the UN Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa

• Former Deputy Director of UNICEF

• Former Canadian UN Ambassador

• Former MPP and Leader of the Ontario NDP

General Maurice Baril

• Was a United Nations Headquarters Military Advisor - Senior military advisor to the Secretary-General

• Former Canadian Chief of Defence Staff (Canada’s top soldier)

LGen The Hon. Roméo Dallaire

• Was a Commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda

• Author of Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda

• Canadian Senator

MGen Lewis Mackenzie

• Was a Commander of the United Nations Protection Force in Yugoslavia

• Author of Peacekeeper, Road to Sarajevo

Canada’s Financial Contributions to the UN

• 7th leading contributor to the UN – 2.5% of the UN’s budget (US $34.5 million)… more than China or Russia!

• Canada has a perfect payment record – always in full, on time, and without conditions

• In addition, Canada contributes $77 million annually for UN peacekeeping

Canada andInternational Development

• Canada spent US $4.73 billion in 2008 on Official Development Assistance (ODA) – 9th largest in the world– 0.32% of our Gross National Income (GNI) or

approximately $100 from every Canadian

– UN “target” is 0.7% GNI (originally set by Pearson in 1969, but repeatedly affirmed as an appropriate goal)

– 5 countries are there already; others have made firm commitments to get there before 2017

Canada and Children

• Canada played a key role in creating the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of a Child

• Canada Co-Chaired the 1990 World Summit for Children

• Canada hosted the 2000 International Conference on War Affected Children

Canada and Development in Africa

• Canada dropped its tariffs and quotas on nearly all imports from least-developed countries in 2003

• Canada led the G8 Africa Action Plan that helped African nations launch the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)

• Canada added another $500 million in aid through the Canada Fund for Africa

Canadian Missions to the UN

• Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations in New York (UNHQ)

• Geneva Mission, Vienna Mission

• Delegation to UNESCO in Paris

• Mission UN HABITAT in Nairobi

• Mission to UNEP in Nairobi

• Mission to FAO in Rome

• Mission to ICAO in Montreal

Questions About the UN?

• www.un.org

• www.un.int/canada– Michael Kovrig – [email protected]

• www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/canada_un

• www.unac.org

• www.unicef.ca

• www.canimun.org

Decision Making in Different Sectors

• Corporations, Humanitarian Organizations, International Organizations

– Whose interests are at heart when decisions are being made?

– Who makes decisions in each organization or corporation?

– What are the primary concerns or objectives of the organization or corporation?

– Where does the organization or corporation get its funding from?

– What does the organization or corporation do with its money?

Decision Making in Different Sectors

• Nike

• Shell

• Doctors without Borders

• Canadian Red Cross

• Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

• World Bank