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Page 1: British rule

WELCOME TO MY PRESENTATION

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Prepared By ,Mehedi Hasan

MuradID: 120303018

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Prepared To,Md.Amzad Hossain

LecturerDepartment of

Sociology & Anthropology

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BRITISH RULE

1757-1947 India was British colony

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1498 – European arrival (Portugal)

Vasco da Gama Portugal

1500-1700s – Dutch, French, British follow

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End of Mughal Rule 1600s, the British East India Company set up trading posts at Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.

At first, India’s ruling Mughal Dynasty kept European traders under control.

By 1707, however, the Mughal Empire was collapsing. Dozens of small states, each headed by a ruler or maharajah, broke away from Mughal control.

MUGHAL EMPIRE

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The battle 0f plassey

Nawab siraj-ud-daulah

Robert Clive (1725-1774) The battle Opposing force :

British East India Company :950 Europeans, 2100 Indians,few guns.

Nawab of bengal :a total of 50,000 men with some heavy artillery. (arti

llery operated by about 40 French soilders) (16,000 men under Mir jafar

,others under Yar Latif and Raj Durlabh) (almost all the major comman -

ders were conspirators, except Mir Madan ) Only about 15,000 men from the nawab’s army participated in the battle.

The battle opened at 7:00 a.m. on 23 june 1757 the nawab soon become apprehensive as his generals were not participating Nawab force

mad some gains but finally losse because of betrayed of Mir jafar and british back attack on broking war rule………

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British East India Company A British company that basically ran India

Gained control after a decisive victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757

Controlled an area that included modern BD, most of southern

India, and nearly all the territory along the Ganges River in the north.

During the 1700’s and 1800’s the East India Company slowly

took control of India

As the Mughal Empire grew weak, the East India Company

grew in economic and political strength and began to build its

own military force

The military force mainly consisted of sepoys, Indian soldiers,

led by British commanders

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1600 – British East India Company

Cotton

Silk

Tea

Sir Warren Hastings

r. 1773 - 1784

Lord Cornwallis

r. 1786 - 1793

Lord Bentinck

r. 1828 - 1835

Lord Dalhousie

r. 1848 - 1856

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East India Company rule Became like a foreign gov’t.

Took more land

Forced Indian rulers to sign treaties granting it power

Collected taxes from Indians

Est. law code & courts

Robert Clive (1725-1774)

Traditional rivalries kept Indian rulers from uniting against the British.

The British encouraged disunity among Indian leaders

East India Company controlled some land directly, others indirectly

through local princes

East India Company earned the right to collect taxes, set up a law code, set

up a court system

Indians had many grievances against British rule.

British outlawed Hindu ritual suicide by widows

British imposed high taxes

Christian missionaries tried to convert Hindus

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The Sepoys• Ninety-six percent of the company's of army of 300,000 men in India were native to India

• British believed they were superior and looked down upon their dark-skinned compatriots

• In the military, Sepoys could not be promoted to high ranks and the pay was miserable.

• British did not respect Indian cultural or religious traditions and beliefs.

• The controversy over the use of the Enfield rifle

The Attack of Mutineers, July 30, 1857In 1857, new cartridges were issued to Indian troops of the British East

Indian Army. The cartridges were rumored to have been greased with

cow or pig grease; as such, they were forbidden to the Indian troops

because of their religious beliefs. Moslems believe that pigs are unholy,

and Hindus believe that it is unholy to kill a cow. The cartridges of this

time required a soldier to tear open the cartridge with his teeth, and pour

the powder & bullet down the barrel of the gun. This process would have

caused the Sepoys to get soul polluting grease directly into their bodies.

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After refusing to use the new cartrdiges, a whole regiment of Sepoy troops were imprisoned by the British. Other Sepoys attempted

to free these prisoners and it snowballed into a revolt across all of northern India. There were many massacres where hundreds Of

Europeans were killed by Sepoys who were bent on revenge and on kicking the British out of India.

1857 – Sepoy Rebellion

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The Results of the Sepoy RebellionThe mutiny marked a turning point in Indian history.

As a result of the mutiny, in 1858 the British government took direct command of India.

The part of India that was under direct British rule was called the Raj. The term Raj referred to British rule over India from 1757 until 1914.

Tie them to a cannon, and fire the cannon.

Treatment Of Indian Soldiers After The Sepoy Mutiny

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Resentment of British Rule second-class citizens in their own country.

Even Indians with a European education faced discrimination.

barred from top posts in the Indian Civil Service.

paid less than Europeans.

1858-1947 – British colonial rule

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BRITISH COLONY SET UP IN 1858British government took over India as a colony.

British ruled most of India directly but a third was still ruled by local princes who

signed treaties giving Britain control of foreign and military affairs.

Britain reformed the law code and set up its own court system.

Britain set up its own civil service, body of officials, to rule the colony.

The Britsh East India Company ruled India with little interference from the

British government.The company even had its own army, led by British officers

and staffed by sepoys, or Indian soldiers. Most of the company's troops were

Hindus or Muslims. About one in six was British. Yet, only the British could be

commissioned officers; no Indian could reach a higher rank than that of petty

officer.

So the British government decided that The East India Company had done a

bad job of ruling India. The government officially took over. Queen Victoria

officially became the Empress of India. You can see in this cartoon that she is

trading in her own crown for an even better one. The person giving it to her

is the prime minister of India. But he is dressed like a magician. I don’t know

what the expression on her face means. But she doesn’t seem too happy.

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Economic Restrictions

The British held much of the political and economic power. British policies called for India to produce raw materials for British

manufacturing and to buy British manufactured goods.

In addition, Indian competition with British goods was prohibited. For example, India's own handloom textile industry was almost put

out of business by British textiles. Cheap cloth and ready-made clothes from England flooded the Indian market and drove out local

producers.

To pay for British imports, Indians had to raise cash crops such as tea, pepper, coffee, and cotton. As Indian farmers grew less food,

famines became frequent and widespread.

Also, under the imperial control of the East India Company, an increasing number of small Indian states were forced to pay dues to the

Company for military protection.

The lessening of Company profits and a need to recoup debts generated by military efforts, produced a need for higher revenues. Peasant

landowners, required to pay their taxes in cash, increasingly had to turn to moneylenders who seized much of this land for nonpayment

of loans.

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Amritsar Massacre, 1919

379 dead; over 1200 wounded!

Salt March, 1930

Making Salt

Indian weaving was ruined by the competition of British machine-made textiles!

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I’m going to play a clip from a popular 2000 Hindi film called Lagaan .In this scene the king of the area comes to the British captain who is in

charge of the region. He asks the king to forgive the tax for the farmers, because it has not rained, and they cannot pay this year. The Captain

agrees to forgive the tax, but on one condition. You will see what that condition is. Also notice the setting in which the discussion is taking

place. They are basically having an english tea party. You remember that picture that I showed you from before, with the women riding the

horses. The British tried to isolate themselves from everywhere else in India. Basically making a version of England in India. Which included

dressing up in fancy clothes, which are completely inappropriate for the Indian heat, and having tea parties. A couple of things to watch for.

Notice how the English captain talks about protecting the Indians with his army. He says that he is protecting the king from the neighboring

king, who also happens to be his cousin. Pay attention to the way the Captain tries to destroy the honor of the Hindu king. And remember.

The Hindu king rules in name only. He is allowed to stay because the British let him. The British are the ones who are in control.

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Positive Effects - India the world’s third largest railroad network was a major British achievement.

railroads enabled India to develop a modern economy and brought unity to the connected regions.

a modern road network, telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals

Sanitation and public health improved.

Schools and colleges were founded, and literacy increased.

British troops cleared central India of bandits

End to local warfare among competing local rulers.

Under the rule of the British, the laying of the world's third largest railroad network was accomplished.

The railroads allowed the British to transport raw materials from the interior to the ports and manufactured goods back again.

The majority of the raw materials were agricultural products produced on plantations. Plantation crops included tea, indigo, coffee,

cotton, and jute. Another crop was opium. The British shipped opium to China and exchanged it for tea, which they then sold in England.

Advancements In Transportation

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1815 print showing Hindu religious custom of sati

British officer: “This Custom tho ' shocking to humanity we still allow in consequence of the revenue it brings in, which is of importance. I have

also private reasons for not suppressing the burning system immediately.”

British bishop: “Why my Lord, with a view to [O]economy under existing circumstances it might be imprudent to press the

measure at present. Besides I think I feel also the private motives which actuates your Lordship.”

Sati (Su-thi , a.k.a. suttee) is the traditional Hindu practice of a widow throwing herself on her husband's funeral pyre.

Sati was prevalent among certain sects of the society in ancient India, who either took the vow or deemed it a great honor to die on the funeral pyres of their husbands.

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“Inoculation against Plague, Bombay,” postcard, early 20th c.

In India during the 1860s, marriage meant girls getting married below 8 or 9 years

old. It wasn’t until 1880 that child marriage as a problem became a public issue

in India and examples of young wives being killed and or raped by their

“husbands” brought the tradition to an end.

Child Marriages

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“Christmas in India,” 1881

Britain introduced changes that affected Indian society. Improved health care and sanitary conditions led to population growth.

The British set up schools and colleges to educate higher-caste Indians. The course of study stressed English language and culture.

Social Changes

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Negative Impact for India Harsh and racist actions against Indians British held much of the political and economic power. Restricted Indian-owned industries such as cotton textiles.

Conversion to cash crops reduced food production, causing famines in the late 1800s.

Loss of cultural practices and language

Famine victims, 1877

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Social changes in India during the British presence.Some good, some not so good

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“Apartheid” “In India every European, be he German, or Pole or Rumanian, is automatically a member of the ruling race. Railway carriages,

station retiring rooms, benches in parks, etc. are marked 'For Europeans Only.‘ This is bad enough in South Africa or elsewhere, but to

have to put up with it in one's own country is a humiliating and exasperating reminder of one's enslaved condition.” – Jawaharlal

Nehru, Indian nationalist and first Prime Minister

What did the British get?

To bring raw materials, especially cotton, to ports for shipment to England.

To bring manufactured goods from England for sale in an expanding Indian market.

British-owned Indian industry expanded from 1880 to 1914, but not Indian.

spread British language, customs and Christian religion

Took many artworks – sculpture, paintings and other Indian artifacts - that can be seen in many British museums today

What was negative for British?

Paid for infrastructure (roads, telephone, railroads, etc.) development

Paid for education improvement

Money spent on military and government in India

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The Indian National Congress 1885 The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay.

swaraj “independence.”

the goal of the movement.

1905 partition of Bengal based on religions and languages.

1906 creation of the Muslim League.

1876 - 1948

1869 - 1948

The Muslim League

1889 - 1964

Mohammed Ali Jinnah

Jawaharlal nehru

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

1856 - 1920

Young Mohandas K.Gandhi,1876

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Last Viceroy of India

Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Montbatten

Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Montbatten

The end of raj: August 15,1947

Pakista

n

India

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