Research ArticleAssociation between Nine Types of TCM Constitution andFive Chronic Diseases A Correspondence Analysis Based ona Sample of 2660 Participants

Yanbo Zhu1 Huimei Shi2 Qi Wang2 YangyangWang1 Xiaohan Yu2 Jie Di1

Xiaomei Zhang1 Yanni Li1 Tong Li1 and Hui Yan1

1School of Management Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 100029 China2School of Preclinical Medicine Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 100029 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Yanbo Zhu yanbo0722sinacom and Qi Wang wangqi710126com

Received 17 January 2017 Revised 11 March 2017 Accepted 8 May 2017 Published 1 June 2017

Academic Editor Yoshiki Mukudai

Copyright copy 2017 Yanbo Zhu et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

ObjectiveThepurpose of this studywas to explore the association of nine types of Traditional ChineseMedicine (TCM) constitutionwith the five chronic diseases hypertension hyperlipidemia diabetesmellitus heart disease and obesityMethods Chi-squared testwas performed to investigate the distribution characteristics of TCM constitutions in the participants with the five chronic diseasesin questionnaire Correspondence analysis was used to explore the correlation between them Results A total of 2660 participants(1400 males 1260 females) were included in this study The mean age was 5254 plusmn 1392 Of them 600 were of gentleness typeaccounting for 2256 Proportions of gentleness type in the chronic diseases (1600sim2370) were less than that in generalpopulation (3214) The gentleness type and yin-deficiency type were significantly correlated with hypertension and diabetesmellitus qi-deficiency type was correlated with heart disease phlegm-dampness type was associated with obesity and dampness-heat type was correlated with hyperlipidemia Conclusions The correlations between TCM constitution types and the five chronicdiseases were different This may have a significant implication for TCM practice and even the people with gentleness type shouldnot be ignored in health management

1 Introduction

Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease-heart dis-ease hypertension and stroke-cancer diabetes and chronicrespiratory disease are the main causes of death [1]The rapidgrowth of chronic diseases brings heavy burden on healthcareand society The major risk factors of these diseases comefrom tobacco smoking alcohol consumption unhealthy dietand lack of physical activity [1ndash3]

In terms of the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) TCM constitution depending on the intrinsic char-acteristics of human body is innate and influenced by theenvironment It integrates the morphological structure andphysiological functionwith psychological state Although rel-atively stable TCMconstitutionmay also develop and changeso as to adapt to the changes in the environment throughout

a human bodyrsquos life [4] The TCM constitutions are classifiedinto nine categories gentleness type qi-deficiency type yang-deficiency type yin-deficiency type phlegm-dampness typedampness-heat type blood-stasis type qi-depression typeand special diathesis type The classification is defined interms of physical features common manifestations psycho-logical characteristics susceptibility to certain diseases andadaptability to the environment [5]

Previous studies have shown that unhealthy status [6 7]or diseases like diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseaseswere correlated with specific constitution types [8ndash12] Ithas been found that more likely to suffer from anginapectoris are the constitutions of dampness-heat type phlegm-dampness type and blood-stasis type commonly found inLingnan area in the southern part of China [12] It also hasbeen demonstrated that some health conditions and disease

HindawiEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2017 Article ID 9439682 7 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520179439682

2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

status can be improved by the interventions according toTCM constitution [13ndash16] These findings suggest that theconstitution types found in people with chronic diseasesmay provide valuable information for disease preventionand treatment [17] However the correlation between TCMconstitution types and chronic diseases was still unclear

Number of cases and its proportion as well as binarylogistic regression were often used to evaluate the correlationbetween TCM constitution types and some diseases [810 11] However when analyzing categorical variables likethe nine types of TCM constitution and the five chronicdiseases these methods are difficult to reveal the correlationbetween them In this study amultivariate statisticalmethod-correspondence analysis (CA) was applied to investigate thecorrelation of TCMconstitution types in participantswith thefive chronic diseases

2 Materials and Methods

21 Subjects The data of this study was obtained from across-sectional survey of 21218 subjects fromDecember 2005to January 2007 [18] By using purposive sampling methodnine provinces and municipalities in China (Jiangsu AnhuiGansu Qinghai Fujian Beijing Jilin Jiangxi and Henan)were selected In each province andmunicipality the subjectswere collected from communities health examination cen-ters or colleges Systemic samplingmethodwas used to selectsubjects All the participants signed an informed consentform

In our study the eligible subjects were the participantswith self-reported chronic diseases hypertension hyperlipi-demia diabetes mellitus heart disease and obesity A num-ber of 2660 participants (1400males and 1260 females) wereincluded in this study and 18558 individuals who have noneof the five chronic diseases were excluded

22 Measurement of TCM Constitution TCM constitu-tions were measured and classified with Constitution inChinese Medicine Questionnaire (CCMQ) [19ndash21] CCMQis a self-rating scale with good reliability and validityIt has 60 items which contains nine subscales gentle-ness qi-deficiency yang-deficiency yin-deficiency phlegm-dampness dampness-heat blood-stasis qi-depression andspecial diathesis Score of each subscale is standardized from0 to 100 Gentleness type is a balanced one with higherscore indicating a better constitution status while the othereight types are pathological typeswith higher score indicatingworse constitution status

Discrimination analysis was applied to determine theconstitution type of each subject based on the data from542 subjects with typical constitutions diagnosed by TCMconstitution experts [22]

23 Correspondence Analysis It is a statistical method toanalyze two-way and multiway category data that are trans-formed into cross tables [23ndash26] In CA the relationshipbetween the categories of the same variable and the corre-spondence among different variables can be revealed Theresults of CA are demonstrated graphically in a biplot with

rows and columns as points and the interpretation is basedupon proximities between points The procedure of biplotanalysis is as follows [27] First the proximity of each categoryof the same variable on horizontal and vertical axes of thebiplot should be compared If they are in close proximity onhorizontal or vertical axis it means there are little differencesamong them on that axis Second the proximity amongcategories of different variables should be compared If thecategories are in close proximity they are associatedwith eachother The closer the proximity the stronger the association

24 Statistical Methods Chi-squared test and CA wereperformed to identify the relationship between nine TCMconstitution types and the five chronic diseases Data analysiswas conducted with SPSS 170 (SPSS Inc released 2008 SPSSforWindows Version 170 Chicago IL USA) and the criticalvalue of statistical significance was set as 005

3 Results

31 Clinical Characteristics of the Participants Totally2660 participants (5263 males and 4737 females) wereincluded in this study The mean age was 5254 plusmn 1392years and 1188 (4466) participants were 55 years andabove Of the 2660 participants 600 were in gentlenesstype accounting for 2256 the numbers of participantswith hypertension hyperlipidemia diabetes mellitus heartdisease and obesity were 1466 (5511) 911 (3425)412 (1549) 650 (2444) and 351 (1320) respectively(Table 1)

32 Distribution of TCM Constitution Types among the Par-ticipants with the Five Chronic Diseases There were differ-ences among the distributions of TCM constitution types indifferent chronic diseases (1205942 = 13831 119875 lt 0001) Theproportions of gentleness type in the chronic diseases variedfrom 1600 to 2370 which were less than that in generalpopulation (3214) [22] the proportions of special diathesistype for each chronic disease were less than the others andthe proportions of qi-deficiency type were higher than theothers in chronic diseases except obesity (Table 2)

The top three pathological constitution types in thefive chronic diseases were qi-deficiency type (1900)phlegm-dampness type (1090) and yin-deficiency type(910) in hypertension participants qi-deficiency type(1730) phlegm-dampness type (1470) and dampness-heat type (1020) in hyperlipidemia participants qi-deficiency type (1920) dampness-heat type (1190) andphlegm-dampness type (1140) in diabetes mellitus par-ticipants qi-deficiency type (3080) yang-deficiency type(1110) and blood-stasis type (940) in heart diseaseparticipants phlegm-dampness type (1990) qi-deficiencytype (1570) and dampness-heat type (1110) in obesityparticipants (Table 2)

33 Correspondence Analysis Theresults of CA are presentedin Tables 3 and 4 and Figure 1 From Table 3 the singularvalue indicates the correlation between the row and columnprofiles The eigenvalues of dimension 1 and dimension 2

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of 2660 patients

Characteristic Classification 119899 Percentage ()

Gender Male 1400 5263Female 1260 4737

Age (years)

15ndash24 85 32025ndash34 190 71435ndash44 495 186145ndash54 702 263955ndash64 573 2154ge65 615 2312

EducationPrimary school 324 1218Middle school 1267 4763

College degree and above 1069 4019

Constitutiontypes

Gentleness type 600 2256Qi-deficiency type 508 1910Yang-deficiency type 230 865Yin-deficiency type 225 846

Phlegm-dampness type 295 1109Dampness-heat type 248 932Blood-stasis type 216 812Qi-depression type 194 729Special diathesis type 144 541

Chronicdiseases

Hypertension 1466 5511Hyperlipidemia 911 3425Diabetes mellitus 412 1549Heart disease 650 2444

Obesity 351 1320

were 0778 and 0139 respectively and 9170 of the variancewas represented well in the first two dimensions (Table 3)

The factor loading matrix of constitution types andchronic diseases on dimension 1 and dimension 2was showedin Table 4 and it was also graphically showed in a biplot (Fig-ure 1) Since dimension 1 (7780) revealedmuchmore infor-mation than dimension 2 (1390) we can only see the resultson dimension 1 (horizontal axis of Figure 1) On dimension1 of Figure 1 the nine TCM constitution types fell into twocategories (1) 1 (gentleness type) 5 (phlegm-dampness type)6 (dampness-heat type) 8 (qi-depression type) and 9 (specialdiathesis type) (2) 2 (qi-deficiency type) 3 (yang-deficiencytype) 4 (yin-deficiency type) and 7 (blood-stasis type) Thefive chronic diseases were also divided into two categories (1)A (hypertension) B (hyperlipidemia) C (diabetes mellitus)and E (obesity) (2) D (heart disease) According to the spatialdistribution of variables gentleness type and yin-deficiencytype were correlated with hypertension and diabetes mellitusqi-deficiency type was associated with heart disease phlegm-dampness type was correlated with obesity and dampness-heat type was correlated with hyperlipidemia

4 Discussion

Different chronic diseases have different distribution of TCMconstitutions according to the constituent ratios But it is

difficult to clearly explain the distribution of TCM constitu-tion types in chronic diseases CA is a multivariate statisticalanalysis method used to explore the relationship betweenseveral variables It is based on the analysis of the contingencytable through the row and columnprofiles to present a uniquegraphical display showing the relationship among variables[28] Therefore on the basis of constituent ratios CA wasused to reveal the relationship between chronic diseases andTCM constitutions

Results showed that hypertension and diabetes mellituswere related to yin-deficiency type Hypertension is recog-nized as dizziness headache liver yang and liver wind inTCM The main characteristics of yin-deficiency type arethe consumption of body fluids essence and blood and thedeficiency of internal heat [5] It is recognized in InternalCanon of Huangdi that deficiency of kidney essence andhyperactivity of liver yang may lead to dizziness Meanwhilesome study [29] has found that in hypertension partici-pants with yin-deficiency and yang hyperactivity the reninangiotensin II and serum lipid peroxidation significantlyincreased and plasmanitric oxide and atrial natriuretic factorsignificantly decreased which may relate to the developmentof hypertension

The diabetes mellitus is recognized as consumptive thirstin TCM It is documented in Jingyue Quanshu ∙ Zazhengmo ∙Xuezheng that all blood syndromes result from insufficiencyof fluids leading to fire flaring up regardless of zang-organs Itismore likely to suffer from consumptive thirst with excessivefire flaring up due to insufficiency of yin for a long time

Interestingly we found that gentleness type was alsorelated to hypertension The characteristics of gentlenesstype are moderate posture shiny and glossy complexionand vigorous and good function of zang-fu organs In thisresearch the mean age of the participants was 5254 andabout half of them were 55 years old and above Onepossible explanation was that hypertensive participants withgentleness type may have a better survival rate which mayjustify the association of gentleness type with hypertensionAnother possible explanationwas that people with gentlenesstype believe that they are in good physical condition andpay no attention to their unhealthy behavior and habits likedrinking and smoking [30] which increases hypertensionprevalence in the gentleness type participants

In addition we found that obesity was related to phlegm-dampness type and hyperlipidemia was related to dampness-heat type Phlegm-dampness type resulted from accumu-lation of phlegm due to internal retention of dampnessPrevious study has indicated that phlegm-dampness type andqi-deficiency type are the main constitution risk factors ofoverweight or obesity [31] Dampness-heat type is a constitu-tion type of internal retention of dampness-heat which is animportant pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia according to bothTCM traditional literatures and modern studies [32] Studieshave also found that dampness-heat type is associated withmetabolic syndrome [33 34]

Our findings also show that qi-deficiency was related toheart disease In TCM heart disease is recognized as heartpain which is due to qi blockage in the chestThroughout theprocess of qi blockage in the chest heart qi is deficient [35]

4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Table2Distrib

utionof

nine

typeso

fTCM

constitutionin

fivec

hron

icdiseases

Chronic

diseases

119899Gentleness

type

Qi-

deficiency

type

Yang

-deficiency

type

Yin-

deficiency

type

Phleg

m-

dampn

ess

type

Dam

pness-

heat

type

Bloo

d-stasis

type

Qi-

depressio

ntype

Special

diathesis

type

A1466

348(2370)

279(19

00)

117(800)

134(910

)160(1090)

127(870)

121(830)

94(640)

86(590)

B911

206(2260)

158(173

0)65

(710)

61(670)

134(14

70)

93(1020)

73(800)

70(770)

51(560)

C412

85(2060)

79(19

20)

43(1040

)34

(830)

47(114

0)49

(119

0)30

(730)

24(580)

21(510

)D

650

104(1600)

200(3080)

72(1110)

52(800)

43(660)

40(620)

61(940)

49(750)

29(450)

E351

74(2110)

55(1570)

21(600)

28(800)

70(19

90)

39(1110)

18(510

)29

(830)

17(480)

Ahypertension

BhyperlipidemiaC

diabetesm

ellitusD

heartdiseaseandE

obesity

1205942=13831119875lt0001

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5

Table 3 Statistics summary of correspondence analysis

Singular value Inertia Proportion of inertiaAccounted for Cumulative

Dimension1 0168 0028 0778 07782 0071 0005 0139 09173 0046 0002 0057 09744 0031 0001 0026 1000

Total 0036 1000 1000

Table 4 Factor loading matrix of correspondence analysis

Variable Dimension 1 Dimension 2Constitution types

Gentleness type minus0230 0310

Qi-deficiency type 0566 minus0204

Yang-deficiency type 0423 minus0011

Yin-deficiency type 0059 0286

Phlegm-dampness type minus0685 minus0404

Dampness-heat type minus0391 minus0060

Blood-stasis type 0264 0181

Qi-depression type minus0032 minus0343

Special diathesis type minus0127 0295

Chronic diseasesHypertension minus0024 0293

Hyperlipidemia minus0289 minus0111

Diabetes mellitus minus0021 0031

Heart disease 0809 minus0249

Obesity minus0623 minus0513

Qi acts as the commander of blood while blood is themother of qi which means that qi manages the generationand circulation of blood and blood is the carrier of qi Thedeficiency of heart qi can result in heart disease due to slowor impeded flow of blood

There are some limitations in this study First this studywas based solely on cross-sectional data Longitudinal studiesshould be conducted to confirm the findings Second thechronic diseases were self-reported and only five chronicdiseases were involved in the study More chronic diseasesare recommended to be evaluated in further studies ThirdTCM constitution is also correlated with other factors likeeating habits geological locations and climates [36] It wouldbe better to recruit more participants in different areas and tofurther analyze the correlations between TCM constitutiontypes and chronic diseases in the future

5 Conclusions

In summary the associations of TCM constitution typesdiffer in the participants with the five different chronicdiseases Yin-deficiency type and gentleness type were asso-ciated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus phlegm-dampness type was correlated with obesity dampness-heat

1

2

3

4

5

7

8

9 A

BC

E

D

minus01

minus05

00

05

10

Dim

ensio

n 2

minus05 00minus01 05 10

Dimension 1

6

Figure 1 Correspondence analysis biplot of TCMconstitution typesand five chronic diseases I TCM constitution types 1 gentlenesstype 2 qi-deficiency type 3 yang-deficiency type 4 yin-deficiencytype 5 phlegm-dampness type 6 dampness-heat type 7 blood-stasis type 8 qi-depression type and 9 special diathesis type 998771chronic diseases A hypertension B hyperlipidemia C diabetesmellitus D heart disease and E obesity

type was associated with hyperlipidemia and qi-deficiencytype was correlated with heart disease Therefore differentinterventions based on the TCM constitution should beconducted for different chronic diseases preventions andinterventions At the same time people with gentleness typeshould not be ignored in health management

Disclosure

Huimei Shi is co-first author

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest

Authorsrsquo Contributions

Yanbo Zhu performed the study concept and design YanboZhu had full access to all of the data in the study and takesresponsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy ofthe data analysis Yanbo Zhu and Qi Wang were responsiblefor the acquisition of data Yanbo Zhu Yangyang Wang andHuimei Shi performed the analysis and interpretation of dataYanbo Zhu Huimei Shi and Yangyang Wang drafted themanuscript Yanbo Zhu Huimei Shi Qi Wang YangyangWang Xiaohan Yu Jie Di Xiaomei Zhang Yanni Li Tong LiandHui Yan performed critical revision of themanuscript for

6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

important intellectual content All authors read and approvedthe final manuscript

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the NationalProgram on Key Basic Research Project of China (973Program) (nos 2011CB505403 2005CB523501) and Scienceand Technology Basic Work of Science and Technology(2013FY114400-5)

References

[1] R Beaglehole J Epping-Jordan V Patel et al ldquoImproving theprevention and management of chronic disease in low-incomeand middle-income countries a priority for primary healthcarerdquoThe Lancet vol 372 no 964 pp 940ndash949 2008

[2] M Deacon-Crouch I Skinner M Connelly and J TuccildquoChronic disease medications and lifestyle perceptions from aregional Victorian Aboriginal communityrdquo Pharmacy Practicevol 14 no 3 p 798 2016

[3] W H Dietz C E Douglas and R C Brownson ldquoChronic dis-ease prevention and nutrition for a healthy startrdquo Journal of theAmerican Medical Association vol 316 no 16 pp 1ndash14 2016

[4] Q Wang Constitution Science of Traditional Chinese MedicinePeoplersquos Medical Publishing House Beijing China 2005

[5] Q Wang ldquoClassification and diagnosis basis of nine basic con-stitutions in chinese medicinerdquo Journal of Beijing University ofTraditional Chinese Medicine vol 28 no 4 pp 1ndash8 2005

[6] L Yi T Pan and W Zou ldquoRelationship between tradi-tional Chinesemedicine constitution typeswith chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients with breast canceran observational studyrdquo BMC Complementary amp AlternativeMedicine vol 16 no 1 p 451 2016

[7] T Wang J Chen X Sun et al ldquoEffects of TCMC on trans-formation of good health status to suboptimal health status anested case-control studyrdquo Evidence-based Complementary andAlternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 259727 8 pages 2015

[8] C H Lee T C Li and C I Tsai ldquoYang deficiency body con-stitution acts as a predictor of diabetic retinopathy in patientswith type 2 diabetes taichung diabetic body constitution studyrdquoEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol2015 Article ID 940898 8 pages 2015

[9] X Q Wu Y Y Luo J H Xu et al ldquoDiabetes mellitus patientsand its relationship with insulin resistance and insulin secre-tionrdquo Journal of Guangzhou University of Traditional ChineseMedicine vol 30 no 3 pp 312ndash315 2013

[10] J H Cheng Z X Wu Y H Zeng et al ldquoStudy on thedistribution of TCMconstitution types in patients with primarydyslipidemiardquo Journal of New Chinese Medicine vol 46 no 2pp 66ndash69 2014

[11] X H Yu Y B Zhu Q Wang et al ldquoLogistic regression analysison relationships between metabolic syndrome and constitutiontype of traditional Chinese medicine and related risk factorsrdquoChina Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacyvol 30 no 10 pp 3536ndash3539 2015

[12] LM Li S N Li andD LWei ldquoThe constitution distribution ofangina pectoris patients in lingnan areardquo Journal of TraditionalChinese Medicine vol 53 no 15 pp 1305ndash1307 2012

[13] S X Zhang C Zhang and X Ma ldquoTCM constitution iden-tification and intervention study in mild and moderate hyper-tension patients in communityrdquo Chinese Archives of TraditionalChinese Medicine vol 33 no 1 pp 110ndash112 2015

[14] J Wang and X J Wang ldquoEvaluation on the TCM constitutionand intervention effect among middle-aged elderly residents inNingbordquo Chinese Preventive Medicine vol 16 no 5 pp 346ndash350 2015

[15] X H Yu Y B Zhu Q Wang et al ldquoStudy on intervention ofhypertension patients by comprehensive methods about con-stitution of traditional Chinese medicinerdquo Tianjin Journal ofTraditional Chinese Medicine vol 32 no 8 pp 455ndash458 2015

[16] J H Cheng Z X Wu Y B Zhu et al ldquoEvaluation of inter-vention effect of TCM constitution health educationrdquo Journal ofBeijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine vol 39 no 6pp 511ndash515 2016

[17] Q Wang ldquoIndividualized medicine health medicine and con-stitutional theory in chinese medicinerdquo Frontiers of Medicine inChina vol 6 no 1 pp 1ndash7 2012

[18] Y ZhuQWang G Pang et al ldquoAssociation between bodymassindex and health-related quality of life the lsquoobesity paradoxrsquo in21218 adults of the chinese general populationrdquo PLoS ONE vol10 no 6 Article ID e0130613 pp 1ndash13 2015

[19] Q Wang Y B Zhu H S Xue and S Li ldquoPrimary compilingof constitution in chinese medicine questionnairerdquo ChineseJournal of Clinical Rehabilitation vol 10 no 3 pp 12ndash14 2006

[20] Y B Zhu Q Wang H S Xue et al ldquoPreliminary assessmenton performance of constitution in chinese medicine question-nairerdquo Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation vol 10 no 3pp 15ndash17 2006

[21] Y B Zhu Q Wang and H Origasa ldquoEvaluation on reliabilityand validity of the constitution in chinese medicine question-naire (CCMQ)rdquo Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Sciencevol 16 no 7 pp 651ndash654 2007

[22] Q Wang and Y B Zhu ldquoEpidemiological investigation of con-stitution types of Chinese medicine in general population baseon 21 948 epidemiological investigation data of nine provincesin Chinardquo China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine andPharmacy vol 24 no 1 pp 7ndash12 2009

[23] M Zalewska K Furmanczyk S Jaworski W Niemiro and BSamolinski ldquoThe prevalence of asthma and declared asthma inpoland on the basis of ECAP survey using correspondence anal-ysisrdquo Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicinevol 2013 Article ID 597845 2013

[24] F Tekaia ldquoGenome data exploration using correspondenceanalysisrdquo Bioinformatics and Biology Insights vol 10 pp 59ndash722016

[25] M Grassi and S Visentin ldquoCorrespondence analysis applied togrouped cohort datardquo Statistics in Medicine vol 13 no 23-24pp 2407ndash2425 1994

[26] E S Gelsema M Hunink C E Queiros and T TimmersldquoThe use of correspondence analysis in the assessment of mor-phologic changes during carcinogenesisrdquo Cytometry vol 5 no5 pp 463ndash468 1984

[27] Y H Li ldquoThe application of the correspondence analysistechnique in the market researchrdquo Sci-Tech Information Devel-opment amp Economy vol 16 no 21 pp 164-165 2006

[28] K J Li A Y Wang and L Y Feng ldquoApplication of correspon-dence analysis in a study of the relationship between row andcolumn variables in a cross tablerdquo Chinese Journal of HealthStatistics vol 22 no 5 pp 281-282 2005

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7

[29] C W Dong and E X Gao ldquoReview of hypertension patientswith Yin deficiency with yang hyperactivityrdquo Journal of AnhuiTCM College vol 17 no 5 pp 59ndash61 1998

[30] Y Zhu Q Wang Z Dai et al ldquoCase-control study on the asso-ciations between lifestyle-behavioral risk factors and phlegm-wetness constitutionrdquo Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicinevol 34 no 3 pp 286ndash292 2014

[31] Y B Zhu Q Wang C Y Wu et al ldquoA logistic regressionanalysis relationship between traditional chinese medicinebody constitution type classification and oveweight and obesityin 18805 chinese adultsrdquo Journal of Chinese IntegrativeMedicinevol 8 no 11 pp 1023ndash1028 2010

[32] M Y Lu ldquoDampness-heat and coronary diseaserdquo Journal ofShandong University of TCM vol 27 no 1 pp 16ndash20 2003

[33] Y L Feng G Y Zheng and C Q Ling ldquoThe investigation of thecorrelation betweenmetabolic syndrome and chinese medicineconstitution types in senior retired military personnel of thepeoplersquos liberation armyrdquoChinese journal of integrativemedicinevol 18 no 7 pp 485ndash489 2012

[34] Y L Feng Q J Lv Y Wang et al ldquoRelationship betweenphlegm-dampness and metabolic syndrome in aged peoplerdquoChinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare vol 13 no 4 pp 345-3462010

[35] M Qu M X Zhang L Zhang et al ldquoConcerning lsquoheart-qideficiencyrsquo in the role of coronary heart disease (CHD)rsquos out-breakrdquoChinese Archives of Traditional ChineseMedicine vol 28no 2 pp 22ndash24 2010

[36] C T Low P C Lai and H D Li ldquoNeighbourhood effects onbody constitution-a case study of Hong Kongrdquo Social Science ampMedicine pp 158ndash161 2016

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