Artificial Intelligence
Do we stand in the way?
Brandon Bushong
April 21, 2006
Outline Goal for A.I. Defining Intelligence The Turing Test Moral Considerations Potential for A.I.
If you’re going to dream, dream big
Goal of A.I. Basic, yet optimistic criteria for an android
Union of linguistics and everyday knowledge Ability to interpret demeanor and speech Nonverbal communication
http://colegroup.com/images/0407-Android.jpg
Neuroscience Says to Keep Dreaming
Complexity of the brain Neural networks
100 billion neurons vs. 30 neurons ? vs. 30+ years and 15 research teams
http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/graphics/realneurons.gif
Defining Intelligence Requirements for thinking
A human body?
What is the unquestionable definition of intelligence? Objections (Psychological & Philosophical)?
Operational definition The Turing test—an imitation game
The Turing Test Test fundamentals
Three participants Segregation
Foundation for artificial sentience Key assumption
Humans think
http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/TheTuringTest.html
Moral Considerations Autonomy requires ethical and moral action
Due to interaction with humans
What is an unyielding definition of morality? Objections (Psychological & Philosophical)?
Operational definition The Moral Turing test
Restricts conversation to morality
http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/triads/morality.htm
The Requirements for an Autonomous Moral Agent Conversing is not enough
Understanding circumstances is essential Knowledge of the inner status of ethical
beings, communal procedure of creating accountability attributions, and customary morality
Distinguishing between data and information
Data vs. Information Computers process data
Surface-level form of information
Understanding a situation Requires information processing
Relating to the data being processed Example: Impending implosion of the Earth
How do you know 1 + 1 = 2? How do you know when you are in love?
http://www.restposten.de/fotos/1136289355AUT44.jpg
http://www.thefeltsource.com/My-First-Numbers-Large.jpg
Processing Information To be able to process information, a computer
would need to understand the information’s context Context affects interpretation
Farmer vs. Sandcastle builder Computers are at a disadvantage
Finite amount of storage Necessitates more than a pre-set procedure
Agree or disagree? Requires adaptation
Developed by a physical presence in the world Artificial beings are incapable of passing the
Moral Turing testhttp://facweb.cs.depaul.edu/yele/Course/IS421/S4/open%20road%20context%20solution.gif
Why an Artificial Being Cannot Pass the Turing Test The test does not actually measure intelligence
Examines human intelligence, as shaped by the environment
The use of subcognitive questions Probes a machine for the accumulation of human
experiences Use of the senses and processing the data obtained with
one’s senses Ex: Smells, tastes, etc.
Ability to explain a decision based on the use of the senses
http://www.corbinstreehouse.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/dadsyard_flowers_DSCF0027.JPG
http://www.supereggplant.com/archives/sugar%20cookies.JPG
Why an Artificial Being Cannot Pass the Turing Test
To pass the Turing test, an artificial being must live as a human To be intelligent, according to the Turing test, a
machine must be human
http://www.xensory.com/blogs/robotsnext/repliee.jpg
In Summary When humans act as the definition of
intelligence, there is no room for other sentient beings.
http://www.wbru.com/albums/warpedtour/crowd.sized.jpg
References Bernstein, J. (2001). A.I. The New Yorker, 295-300. Brackenbury, I, & Ravin, Y. (2002). Machine intelligence and the Turing
test. IBM Systems Journal, 41, 524-529. French, R. M. (2000). Peeking behind the screen: The unsuspected power
of the standard Turing test. Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 12, 331-340.
Jin, Z., & Bell, D. A. (2003). An experiment for showing some kind of artificial understanding. Expert Systems, 20, 100-107.
Proudfoot, D. (2004). The implications of an externalist theory of rule-following behavior for robot cognition. Minds and Machines, 14, 283-308.
Stahl, B. C. (2004). Information, ethics, and computers: The problem of autonomous moral agents. Minds and Machines, 14, 67-83.
Zimmer, C. (2001). Alternative life styles. Natural History, 110, 42-45.
