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Page 1: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Grammar BookAmelia Olton

Page 2: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Semester 1- Table of Contents1) Nationalities2) Stem Changing3) Para4) Indirect Object Pronouns5) Pronoun Placement6) Gustar7) Affirmative/ Negative Words8) Superlatives9) Reflexives10) Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement11) Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement12) Sequencing events13) Preterite14) Trigger Words15) Car, gar, zar16) Deber+infinitive17) Modal verbs18) Present Progressives19) Adverbs

Page 3: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.
Page 4: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Stem Changing

Boot verbs change only inside the boot. There are 4 kinds of boot verbs.

o-ue e-ie e-i u-ue

The endings remain the same for ar, er and ir verbs.

Nosotros and vosotros will not change in the stem.

Page 5: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Para

Used for The purpose of/ in order to▪ Para bailar la salsa…

For the benefit of/ directed to▪ Es para ello.

In the direction of/ specific placce▪ Voy para Georgia

Specfic times▪ Me despierto en la noche.

Page 6: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Indirect Object Pronouns

Are nouns that tell to whom or for whom.

Comes before the verb.

Ex. Bob me compra un regalo.

le

te

me

les

os

nos

Page 7: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Pronoun Placement

1) Attach the pronoun to the infinitive.2) Attach the pronoun to a progressive

tense.3) Attach the pronoun to an affirmative

command.4) Place the pronoun before a

conjugated verb.

Page 8: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Gustar

The gusta is conjugated to the thing being gusta-ed

Me gustas tu.

Le gusta• Te gusta• Me gusta

Les gusta• Os gusta• Nos gusta

Page 9: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Affirmative/ Negative Words• somethingAlgo• someoneAlguien

• someAlgún/alguno(a)• alwaysSiempre• alsoTambién

• nothingNada

• no oneNadie

• none, not anyNingún/ninguno(a)

• neverNunca

• Neither, eitherTampoco

Page 10: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Superlatives

To add emphasis, add –ísimo on the end Fantasiquísimo, grandísimo

If the word ends in _ change to _ ↓

c• qu

q• gu

z• C

n or r• Add

cisimo

Page 11: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Reflexives Used when the subject recieves the action Usually has –se at the end to show reflexiveness

Ducharse – to shower one’s self When congugated, the pronoun goes to the

beginning and congugates Me ducho- I shower myself

Se

Te

Me

Se

Os

Nos

Page 12: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement

Drop the “s”

DiHazVePonSalSéTenVen

The pronoun goes after the command

Eat it! !Cómelo!

Have it! !Tienelo!

Page 13: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement

1. Put into yo form2. Change vowel3. Add “s”

The pronoun has to be put before the command because it is not affirmative.

TenerVenir

Dar/decirIrSerHacerEstarSaber

No tengasNo vengas

No dé/ digasNo voyas

No seasNo hagasNo estés

No sepas

Page 14: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Sequencing Events

Segundo

Primero

Second

First

Tercero Third

Entonces

Then

Luego/después

AfterAntes de/ después

deBefore/ after

Por fin

Finally

Por la mañana/ tarde/ noche

In/ during the …

Los lunes, etc.On Monday,

etc.

Page 15: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Preterite

e

asteoamos

aron

i

isteio

imos

ieron

AR ER/IR

Page 16: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Trigger Words

Un día Una vez Ayer A noche Hace un año Ya El mes pasado Anteayer Por una hora Por fin A las ocho El cinco de febrero Dos veces

Page 17: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

-Car, -Gar, -Zar

When the ending of a verb (yo form) is all messed up change the ending like this.

Car-que Dar-gue Zar-ce

Page 18: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Deber + Infinitive

Debe

• Debes• Debo

Deben

• -• Debemos

should, ought to add infinitive after to say what

someone ought to do

Page 19: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Modal Verbs

When verbs are used in modal verb combinations, the 2nd verb is not conhugated, but rather left in the infinitive form

Deber, Desear(desire), necesitar, poder, querer, saber, soler(usually,used to)

Page 20: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Present Proggresive

Estar

Present progres

sive verb(infinitive)

Page 21: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Adverbs

Add –mente and make feminine Cuidadmente, especialmente,

facilmente, felizmente, frecuentemente, lentamente, normalmente, rapidamente, recientemente, tranquilamente

Page 22: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Table of Contents -2

1) Preterite2) Demonstratives w/ Pronouns3) Ordinal Numbers4) Prepositions5) Future6) Imperfect7) Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns8) Reflexives

Page 23: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Preterite

Cucaracha Andar > anduv___ Estar > estuv___ Poder > pud___ Poner > pus___ Querer > quis___ Saber > sup___ Tener > tuv___ Venir > vin___ Conducir > conduj___ Producir > produj___ Traducir > traduj___ Decir > dij___ Traer > traj___

Car, Gar, Zar When the ending of a

verb (yo form) is all messed up change the ending like this.

Car-que Dar-gue Zar-ce

Trigger Words Un día Una vez Ayer A noche Hace un año Ya El mes pasado Anteayer Por una hora Por fin A las ocho El cinco de febrero Dos veces

Spock Verbs Hacer

• Hice• Hiciste• Hizo• Hicimos• Hicieron

Dar/Ver• d/v i• d/v iste• d/v io• d/v imos• d/v ieron

Ir/Ser• Fui• Fuiste• Fue• Fuimos• Fueron

Snake/Snakey Snake verbs change

the 3rd person to the conjugated form.

Dormir

• Dormi• Dormimos• Dormiste• Durmio• Durmieron

Snakey verbs change the i to a y

Leer

• Lei• Leimos• Leiste• Leyo• Leyeron

Page 24: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Demonstratives with PronounsAdjectives Singular

MasculanPluralMasculan

SingularFeminine

PluralFeminine

Aqui Este Estos Esta Estas

Alli Ese Esos Esa Esas

Alla Aquel Aquellos Aquella Aquellas

Put an accent on the first e to make a pronoun If it is an unknown gender, then change the e or a to an o

• This is called a neuter

Page 25: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Ordinal Numbers

primerofirst

segundosecond

tercerothird

cuartofourth

quintofifth

sextosixth

séptimoseventh

octavoeighth

novenoninth

décimotenth

Page 26: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Prepositions

Abajo Down

Arriba Up

Debajo de Beneath

Dentro de Within

Encima de Above

Fuera de Outside

Page 27: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Future

Add on to the infinitive form -é -ás -á -emos -án.

caberyo cabré

haberyo habré

poderyo podré

quereryo querré

saberyo sabréponeryo pondré

saliryo saldré

teneryo tendré

valeryo valdré

veniryo vendrédeciryo diré

haceryo haré

Page 28: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Imperfect

abaabasabaábamosabaisaban

íaíasíaíamosíaisían

ser ver ir

eraeraseraéramoseraiseran

veíaveíasveíaveíamosveíaisveían

ibaibasibaíbamosibaisiban

IRREGULAR

Shows a future that is not specific

Page 29: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns mine

el mío / la míalos míos / las mías

yours (familiar)el tuyo / la tuyalos tuyos / las tuyas

yours (formal)el suyo / la suyalos suyos / las suyas

oursel nuestro / la nuestralos nuestros / las nuestras

yours (familiar)el vuestro / la vuestralos vuestros / las vuestras

yours (formal)el suyo / la suyalos suyos / las suyas

mi(s)my

tu(s)your (familiar)

su(s)his, her, your (formal), their

nuestro(-a, -os, -as)our

vuestro(-a, -os, -as)your (fam. pl.)

Page 30: Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

Reflexives Used when the subject recieves the action Usually has –se at the end to show reflexiveness

Ducharse – to shower one’s self When congugated, the pronoun goes to the

beginning and congugates Me ducho- I shower myself

Se

Te

Me

Se

Os

Nos


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