YOU ARE DOWNLOADING DOCUMENT

Please tick the box to continue:

Transcript
  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    1/73

    Adopting and referencing IEC International

    Standards for use in technical regulations

    Abridged course for IEC National Committees

    and Affiliate Countries

    by

    Graham Holloway

    Independent consultant

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    2/73

    Adopting and referencing IEC InternationalStandards, their use in regulation, and theinfluence of the WTO

    A model of a WTO-compliant regulatory system

    ISO/IEC Guide 21 rules for adopting

    International Standards Interactions with regulators

    2

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    3/73

    IS can be adopted By companies, consortia Nationally Regionally

    IS can be referred to In company procedures, marketing literature In other standards (national, regional, international) In technical regulations

    In some countries IS can be used directly

    In others, they may not be used unless first adopted asnational standards

    3

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    4/73

    Technical regulations are needed to support policies ofgovernments, regulators at all levels

    Q: How much regulation is necessary?

    Q: Shouldnt everything be regulated?

    Market system and when it breaks down

    Technical regulations are MANDATORY (Compulsory)

    Technical regulations contain technical and administrative provisions

    The technical provisions can most conveniently be provided by theuse of standards

    4

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    5/73

    Technical regulations are established and administered by avariety of bodies, often in the public sector

    Need is to adopt or refer to IS within a technical regulation but how?

    What about the WTO Agreements?

    Most research is done in the private sector

    Need for consensus of EXPERTS (BUT the regulator has

    the right to set regulations WITHOUT expert opinion!) Need to update regularly

    Technical regulations are legal documents, but lawyers usuallyarent technical experts!

    5

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    6/73

    National technical regulations, conformity assessment proceduresand standards should not constitute unnecessary barriers tointernational trade (CA includes inspection, testing, certification )

    Need for balance between Members legitimate right to regulate; and Threat posed by unnecessary TBTs

    Use IS, guides and recommendations, or relevant parts of them, asthe basis for national regulations and conformity assessmentprocedures (there are some exceptions to this )

    Play a full part, within the limits of resources, in preparing IS, guidesand recommendations

    For example by taking part in IEC Technical Committees!

    6

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    7/73

    Free market system The theory:

    Bad products or unsafe services (not fit for purpose, notconforming to standards) automatically rejected byknowledgeable consumers

    Market advantage for producers of good products/services No incentive to produce bad or unsafe products

    Product standards and quality systems play a role

    Competition in all markets

    Prices forced down by healthy competition Only efficient producers survive (economies of scale)

    Everybody is happy!

    7

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    8/73

    Free market system The reality:

    For most products or services the system works well

    Competition and price pressure can lead to lower quality inthe long run

    Question: What happens when quality comes down to levelsof fitness for purpose?

    Answer: Low cost, low quality producers gain market share,but price pressure continues

    Therefore the temptation exists for producers to start tosupply sub-standard products/services to stay in business

    Not everyone is so happy any more

    8

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    9/73

    In many societies, consumers are not well informed, andhave little control over what is on the market

    International Standards are part of the answer, but astandards and quality culture needs to exist

    Governments cannot be expected to predict where allquality problems will arise; market surveillance istherefore lacking

    Even if conformity assessment providers (test labs,

    certification bodies etc.) exist There is need to be laws to prevent bad (unsafe,

    poisonous, damaging ) products from being sold

    9

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    10/73

    When health and safety, or the environment are affected,the free market system breaks down, and the populationbecomes vocal:

    Governments therefore need to act decisively

    Put in place a technical regulation system

    10

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    11/73

    Yes, especially where trade with other members isaffected

    Notifications have to be made of all proposed technical

    regulations BUT: where urgent problems arise or threaten to arise:

    Safety, health, environmental protection, national security even the quality of exports:

    Certain steps may be relaxed or omitted They still have to be notified later

    There are other relaxations for developing countries

    11

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    12/73

    12

    A model of a technical regulatory system

    Government

    Legislation

    Regulator

    Technical

    regulations /Standards

    ConformityAssessment Sanctions

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    13/73

    Applies to all levels of government:

    National, provincial (state), municipal

    Covers products, services and actions

    For which compulsory provisions are needed

    Over and above the free market system

    Private contracts are not regulations

    National government is the supreme regulator in itsterritory

    Although it has to respect its commitments underinternational agreements

    13

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    14/73

    14

    A model of a technical regulatory system

    Government

    Legislation

    Regulator

    Technical

    regulations /Standards

    ConformityAssessment Sanctions

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    15/73

    Must be established by law

    Must be a legal persona juristic person in the country

    Powers must be made known (and their limitations)

    Should not have conflicts of interest with standards orconformity assessment bodies

    Implications for governance structure

    15

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    16/73

    16

    A model of a technical regulatory system

    Government

    Legislation

    Regulator

    Technical

    regulations /Standards

    ConformityAssessment Sanctions

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    17/73

    Regulator sets the regulations

    Public enquiry

    Impact assessment

    Backed by government

    Need to include

    Specific purpose, scope, who is affected

    Technical provisions that are to be complied with Administrative provisions: Rules for provision of samples,

    conformity assessment, costs, sanctions

    17

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    18/73

    WTO recommends

    The use of relevant International Standardsas a basis for their technical regulations,except

    when such International Standardswould be ineffective or inappropriate

    for instance because of fundamental

    climatic or geographical factors orfundamental technological problems

    18

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    19/73

    19

    A model of a technical regulatory system

    Government

    Legislation

    Regulator

    Technical

    regulations /Standards

    ConformityAssessment Sanctions

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    20/73

    Conformity assessment is a mechanism that can be usedto assess compliance with standards

    Conformity assessment is a separate subject in itself,and its application differs from sector to sector

    In electrotechnology, IEC has responded to industryneeds via 3 Conformity Assessment Systems

    For further information on IEC Conformity Assessment,contact the IEC Central Office, or visithttp://www.iec.ch/conformity

    20

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    21/73

    IECEESystem of Conformity

    Assessment Schemes for

    Electrotechnical Equipment

    and Components

    IECExSystem for Certifi cation to

    Standards Relating to

    Equipment for use in

    Explosive Atmospheres

    IECQQuality Assessment System

    for Electronic Components

    CAB - Conformity Assessment Board

    CB-FCS

    Scheme

    CB Scheme

    PV Programme

    E3 Energy

    Efficiency

    Hazardous

    Substances

    Ex Equipment

    Ex Services

    Ex Personnel

    Active &Passive

    components

    ProcessesHSPM

    Avionics

    21

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    22/73

    Obligations of WTO members:

    Use a standards and regulatory development processthat is open, transparent, and includes participants from

    all interested parties Have a conformity assessment system that upholds the

    principles of most-favoured nation treatment andnational treatment

    Publish proposed technical regulations and conformityassessment procedures

    22

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    23/73

    Based on International Standards, e.g. ISO/IEC 17025,Guide 65 (soon to be ISO/IEC 17065, ISO/IEC 17020,etc.)

    Use accredited service providers and IEC CA Systems

    Mutual Recognition Agreements and MultilateralAgreements

    Define market surveillance as part of the ISO/IEC productcertification system 5

    3rd party CA and SDOCs

    Respect WTO rules

    Non-discrimination

    Transparency

    No more trade restrictive than necessary 23

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    24/73

    24

    A model of a technical regulatory system

    Government

    Legislation

    Regulator

    Technical

    regulations /Standards

    ConformityAssessment Sanctions

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    25/73

    Regulators powers are defined

    Entry of premises, samples, confiscation, disposal

    Fines

    Suspension, prohibition of trading

    but necessary to avoid protectionism

    Regional context (harmonization, FTAs reduce the needfor unnecessary regulation)

    25

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    26/73

    No perfect solution for all countries

    Different levels of governmental control,consumer pressure, conformity assessment

    WTO Compliance - OECD Recommendations: Transparent

    Accountable

    Proportionate to risk

    Consistent

    Targeted only where action is needed

    26

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    27/73

    No obligation to adopt an International Standard You could just leave it for interested parties to use as it

    is

    BUT:

    This might not be allowed bynational law

    There would be no easymechanism for clearly indicating(or changing) any national

    deviations Possible legal challenges

    They have a Standards Body / TC, so why was it not recognized

    as a national standard ?

    The Endorsement method = an adoption 27

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    28/73

    Already exists

    Will be updated automatically

    Reflects state of the art, international consensus Cheap, quick, easy to use

    Avoids lengthy process of drafting a newstandard that is unrecognized and could just be

    reinventing the wheel

    28

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    29/73

    Might not always be the best technical solutionfor the circumstances (but beware of creatinga unique standard that no one wants to follow)

    Current technology in the country is not yet at theright level ( but if you wait, what will be thesituation in 1, 2, 5 years time?)

    There might be a political imperative to use a

    regional standard (e.g. EN Standards but willthere soon be harmonization with IS anyway?)

    29

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    30/73

    ISO/IEC Guide 21:2005

    Regional or national adoption of International Standards

    Part 1: Adoption of International Standards

    Part 2: Adoption of International Deliverables other than International

    Standards

    30

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    31/73

    Provides methods to adopt

    Defines a system for indicatingcorrespondence

    Promotes coherence in the way you adopt

    Greater uniformity when indicating deviations

    Helps communication avoids confusion(trade)

    31

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    32/73

    The publication of a regional or national normativedocument

    Based on an International Standard

    Has the same status as a national standard or othernormative document

    Can have deviations

    32

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    33/73

    When:

    Identical in technical content, structure & wording

    It is an identical translation

    Minimal editorial changes

    The vice versa principle is fulfilled

    33

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    34/73

    When:

    Deviations are identified & explained.

    The national standard reflects the structure.

    Changes to the structure are permitted

    if an easy comparison is possible.

    34

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    35/73

    When the regional or national standard:

    contains less than

    contains more than

    changes parts of

    provides an alternative choice to

    the IEC International Standard.

    35

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    36/73

    For transparency & traceability:

    Adopt one IS as one national standard

    If, however, several ISs are adopted in one nationalstandard

    Provide an easy comparison of the content

    36

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    37/73

    A national standard is considered not equivalent:

    When it is not equivalent in technical content

    When changes have not been clearly identified

    Where only a minority of the international provisions remain

    This is not really an adoption!

    37

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    38/73

    NOTE Under the IEC Affiliate Country Programme, only identicaladoptions are possible.

    Degrees: Identical Modif ied Not equivalent

    Adoption: Yes Yes No

    Identifiers: IDT MOD NEQ

    38

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    39/73

    ANY technical deviationsNOT Identical (MOD)

    The nature of the deviations and the rationale should begiven in a national (or regional) foreword

    If the changes are not clearly identified

    the national or regional standard is NOT Equivalent(NEQ) to the International Standard

    NOTE: Under the IEC Affiliate Country Programme, a national forewordmay be added, but the IEC foreword shall remain.

    39

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    40/73

    Endorsement method:

    notice stating the publication has the status of a nationalor regional standard

    Re-publication:

    reprinting

    translation

    redrafting

    40

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    41/73

    The National Standards Body issues an endorsementnotice:

    Stating the IS has the status of national standard

    Referring to only one international publication

    Allocating a unique reference number to each endorsement

    Using the reference number of the IS

    41

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    42/73

    Print as national standard by direct reproduction:

    May include some additional content e.g.

    Foreword, introduction

    A translation

    A different cover page / title

    Amendments (to the international publication)

    Editorial changes or technical deviations

    42

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    43/73

    Based on the International Standard:

    Bilingual or monolingual form

    Introduction or foreword usually included

    Where declared identical the vice versa principleapplies

    Consider binding the original with the translation

    Bilingual editions - state the validity of the translation

    43

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    44/73

    Not recommended!

    Important technical deviations may be overlooked

    Comparison is difficult

    Degree of correspondence is difficult to check

    44

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    45/73

    Member Countries should, as the first and preferred option,consider adopting the relevant IS when preparing new nationalstandards or revising existing standards

    Harmonization of the existing national standards and adoption of

    IS into new national standards should be based on the ISO/IECGuide 21

    Whenever modifications of content and structure of the relevantInternational Standards are necessary to fulfill legitimateobjectives, Member countries should ensure an easy comparison

    of the content and structure of their national standards with thereferenced International Standards and provide information toexplain the reason for such modifications while avoiding thecreation of any unnecessary technical barrier to trade

    45

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    46/73

    If a technical regulation is foreseen, get regulatorsinvolved early

    Regulators have a right to participate

    Language used can facilitate or make regulation difficult Standards development process doesnt change

    Consensus

    Public enquiry

    Appeals

    Regulators can always use an existing publishedstandard

    46

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    47/73

    National TC secretariats need to keep watch oninternational activities and propose TC actions

    Database of dates of approval of different versions

    Dates of entry into force as technical regulations

    Need to keep historical records and standards in case ofdispute

    IEC Members and Affiliates have to report to IEC CentralOffice (For updating of the IEC adoption database)

    47

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    48/73

    1. The regional or national standards should include:

    an explanation in a regional or national introduction, preface orforeword and, where appropriate

    An annex describing any editorial changes and/or technicaldeviations which have been made, why they have been made,and how they are identified in the text

    2. Where technical deviations (and reasons for them) oreditorial changes are few, they may be placed in theregional or national introduction, preface or foreword

    48

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    49/73

    3. If included within the text, any regional or nationalexplanatory notes, editorial changes and/or technicaldeviations made with reference to the InternationalStandard should be clearly highlighted in the text, for

    example by inclusion in a box immediately fol lowingthe clause to which they relate, or by a single verticalbar in the margin, or dotted underlining of the

    applicable text

    4. They should be introduced by the following titles: regional or national explanatory noteorregional or national

    explanation if their content is limited to editorial changes, and/or

    regional or national deviation if their content is not limited toeditorial changes

    49

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    50/73

    5.An alternative method of indicating explanatory notes,editorial changes or technical deviations, is to:

    Use a single vertical bar (|) in the margin, or dotted

    underlining, to indicate the applicable text of the International

    Standard which is to be changed, and

    The regional or national notes, changes and/or deviations arethen collected together in an annex at the end of thedocument. Each variation is cross-referenced to the clause,etc. of the International Standard, usually with normativedeviations in one annex, together with reasons for thedeviations, and informative notes and guidance in another

    50

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    51/73

    6. Often, when adopting an International Standard, thereare amendments and/or technical corrigenda:

    These may be incorporated into the text, or the amendments

    and/or technical corrigenda may be bound together at the end ofthe document. The changed text should be indicated in the mainbody of the standard by double marginal bars (||)

    This also has the advantage of distinguishing regional ornational requirements (single bars or dotted underlining) from

    the international changes

    51

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    52/73

    National technical Committee No. xyz Transformers hasapproved the adoption of IEC 61558-2-16:yyyyas a

    national standard .

    EITHER:with no technical deviations

    OR:with the following technical deviations:

    52

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    53/73

    Sample extract:

    In subclause 5.2, the permissible length of the fixing bolts has beenchanged from 19-21 mm to 18-22 mm to allow for local production

    capabilities. This will be kept under review by the Technical

    Committee.

    Important: National deviations do not have to be permanent!

    Deviations can be added or removed by means of an amendment

    53

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    54/73

    1. If an adopted International Standard makes normativereference to other International Standards:

    the references should be left unchanged within the text,

    regardless of the validity of those standards in the regional ornational adoption, or their status as regional or nationalstandards

    If other documents have to be substituted for those originallyreferenced, they should be identified in a regional or nationalnote. This is most conveniently done in the regional or nationalintroduction, preface or foreword

    54

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    55/73

    2. If the referenced International Standards have beenadopted as regional or national standards, this should bestated in the regional or national introduction, preface orforeword, and their regional or national reference

    numbers should be given

    Similarly, where there are no valid regional or national documents,this should also be indicated

    A convenient method of indicating these relationships is a list inthe introduction, preface or foreword showing the referencenumbers of the corresponding standards and their degree ofcorrespondence. The referenced documents should be quotedexactly as they appear in the International Standard

    55

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    56/73

    3. If some of the referenced International Standards have notbeen adopted as regional or national standards in theregion or country, then the regional or nationalintroduction, preface or foreword should:

    Identify the documents that are to be considered valid in theirstead, if reference to the International Standard is not consideredappropriate

    Give also information regarding any technical deviations in theregional or national documents from the International Standards

    replaced by them When a document other than an identical regional or national

    standard is substituted for a referenced International Standard, thereferencing standard is considered to contain a technical deviationand, therefore, to have modified correspondence

    56

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    57/73

    When adoptions are identical

    It should be evident immediately

    Two options

    Single numbering

    Dual numbering

    57

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    58/73

    Example: identical adoption of IEC 60669

    The acronym for the regional or national standard body isadded

    ABC IEC 60669:1998

    Note: Single numbering is recommended for Affiliates

    58

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    59/73

    Example: an identical adoption of IEC 60669

    The number is composed of two individual numbers

    The adoption number is followed by the original number

    of the International Standard:

    ABC 23429:1998 IEC 60669:1996

    or

    ABC 23429:1998

    IEC 60669:1996

    59

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    60/73

    Modified adoptionsshall only carry a national number & shallnot include the reference number of the adopted International

    Standard

    60

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    61/73

    Only important for identical:

    Option 1: Dating based on the year of publication of thenational standard:

    EXAMPLE XYZ IEC 60335:1998 (for an identical adoption ofIEC 60335:1996)

    Option 2: Dating based on the year of publication of theInternational Standard:

    EXAMPLE XYZ IEC 60335:1996 (for an identical adoption ofIEC 60335:1996)

    61

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    62/73

    Adoption of International Deliverables of IEC other than InternationalStandardsas regional or national deliverables

    Adoption of other deliverables than IS often includes a change in thetype of deliverable(e.g. IEC/PAS adopted as a national standard)

    Main difference between the 1999 and the new edition:

    2nd edition adoption: Identicality of the type of deliverable

    3rd edition adoption: Possibil ity of type-changes

    NOTE Under the terms of the Affiliate Country Programme, only IECInternational Standards and Technical Reports may be adopted free ofcharge.

    62

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    63/73

    International Standardsshall only be adopted asregional or national standardsand not by a deliverableof another type than a standard

    International Deliverables other than InternationalStandards(TS, PAS, guides, technical reports) may beadopted either through an identical regional or national

    deliverable or through another type of deliverable

    63

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    64/73

    The adoption process

    Input OutputProcess Adoption rules

    Int. Deliverables:

    IS

    TS

    PAS

    TR

    Guide

    etc.

    Nat/Reg.

    Deliverables:

    NS/RS

    Other

    national

    orregional

    deliverables

    64

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    65/73

    In IEC, there is a database of adopted IEC International Standards

    Members have to feed in their adoption data directly

    Participants in the IEC Affiliate Country Programme are entitled toadopt up to 200 IEC International Standards as national standards

    free

    Adoptions under the IEC Affiliate Country Programme are inaccordance with ISO/IEC Guide 21-1

    Affiliates are required to make a declaration that:

    The adoptions of IEC International Standards have been made inaccordance with ISO/IEC Guide 21 AND the Affiliate Adoption Procedure

    As such, under national law, such standards may be referred to innational laws or regulations

    Any translations have been done accurately

    65

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    66/73

    66

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    67/73

    For IEC National Committees: IEC Publications in MSWord format for national adoption

    Visit IEC website: http://std.iec.ch/iec-lib/revisablefile.nsf/welcome?readform

    Contact Central Office: Technical Information Support andServices [email protected]

    For IEC Affiliates:

    Visit Affiliate website on national adoption:

    http://www.iec.ch/affiliates/adoptions/procedure.htm

    Contact Affiliate Secretariat: [email protected]

    67

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    68/73

    Sales policy clause 5The inclusion of the text of International Standards in full or in part innational standards, is permitted in accordance with ISO/IEC Guide

    21-1 (2005)

    According to CB Decision 2001/008:

    "... sales of those national standards which contain the original IECPDF files should be subject to a royalty of 0% of IEC Catalogue

    Priceand a detailed report on the sale of all those specific national

    standards will be submitted to the CO on a quarterly basis."

    NOTE 1 The IEC sales policy on national adoptions applies to both

    the endorsement and republication methods (including translations).

    NOTE 2 The policy applies to IEC Full and Associate Members.Affiliates fall under the Affiliate adoption procedure they have norights to sell the free copies they receive but may use them forinternal purposes.

    68

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    69/73

    Legal systems differ

    The important aspect is the effect of the regulation

    Can refer to a whole standard or to just one of itsprovisions

    Best practice requires that products, services, etc. conformto relevant provisions of the standard

    State the circumstances when conformance is required(e.g. when used, when sold, when tested )

    69

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    70/73

    Early cooperation between regulator and standardsdevelopers renders the standards more suitable for usein regulation

    Early knowledge of the proposed CA regime assists in

    the development of the standard Know the clients needs up front

    Saving of time and money

    Standard is a consensus of expert opinion Better chance of a smooth passage through public

    enquiry and industry acceptance

    70

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    71/73

    IEC/CISPR (International special committee on radio interference)

    Covers the protection of radio services and promotes internationalagreements on aspects of radio interference

    Protection of radio reception from interference sources, such as electrical

    appliances of all types, ignition systems, electricity supply systems,industrial, scientific and electromedical radiofrequency, sound and televisionbroadcasting receivers and information technology equipment

    Membership: radio regulatory authorities, test houses, manufacturers,numerous IEC and ISO committee liaisons, international organizations suchas the CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications)and the ITU (International Telecommunications Union)

    The limits used in CISPR product standards are almost universally used insome form to ensure that products have emissions at acceptable levels

    Almost all CISPR standards are embodied in some form in nationallegislation in many of the worlds major markets

    71

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    72/73

    IS have broad geographical reach (Global relevancepolicy)

    IS are developed by experts in a multi-stakeholderenvironment

    IS are WTO-TBT compliant

    IS can be updated more easily than technical regulations

    Adoption of IS is easy, quick and cheap

    IS facilitate regulatory compliance IS facilitate growth in market access for developing

    economies

    72

  • 7/22/2019 Adopting Regulation

    73/73

    Developing countries need to better influence IS

    Need to kick-start economies and make improvementsin quality infrastructure

    Improved market access does not come overnight Developed countries are still competing

    WTO agreements are still causing division

    Consumerism and quality culture have to be developedfrom within


Related Documents