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    CHAPTER 1 SURVEYING AND LEVELLING 2ND EDITION[OUP/

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    CHAPTER 1 SURVEYING AND LEVELLING 2ND EDITION[OUP/

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    CHAPTER 1

    INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

    Objective

     A!!"eci#te t$e i%!&"t#'ce &( )"ve*i'+

    St#te t$e &bjective &( )"ve*i'+

    E,!-#i' t$e b#ic !"i'ci!-e &( )"ve*i'+C-#i(* )"ve* #cc&".i'+ t& i't")%e't

    %et$&. !)"!&e #'. !-#ce

    E,!-#i' t$e c&'t")cti&' #'. &"i'+ &( .i((e"e't

    t*!e &( c#-eE,!-#i' t$e !)"!&e !#"t #'. &"i'+ &(te-ec&!e #'. !i"it -eve-

    Lit t$e t*!e &( e""&" e'c&)'te"e. i' )"ve* &"

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    CHAPTER 1 SURVEYING AND LEVELLING 2ND EDITION[OUP/

    AGENDA

    Objective &( S)"ve*i'+

    3#ic P"i'ci!-e

    3#ic Te"%i'&-&+*

    C-#i(ic#ti&' &( S)"ve*

    Ge'e"#-

    P-#' #'. 4#!

    Sc#-e

    Te-ec&!e

    S!i"it Leve-

    E""&"

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    OBJECTIVES OF SURVEY

    C&--ect #'. "ec&". .#t# &( !&i't &' t$e

    )"(#ce &( t$e e#"t$

    C&%!)te #"e# #'. v&-)%eP"e!#"e !-#' #'. %#!

    L#* &)t e'+i'ee"i'+ &" )i'+ )"ve*

    .#t#C$ec t$e #cc)"#c* &( -#i. &)t &"

     

    3AC6

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    CHAPTER 1 SURVEYING AND LEVELLING 2ND EDITION[OUP/

    ;

    BASIC PRINCIPLES

    < L&c#ti'+ !&i't b* i'.e!e'.e't%e#)"e%e't

     

    3AC6

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    CHAPTER 1 SURVEYING AND LEVELLING 2ND EDITION[OUP/

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    BASIC DEFINITIONS

    G"e#t ci"c-e #'. !$e"ic#- T"i#'+-e

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    BASIC DEFINITIONS

    Leve- -i'e $&"i?&'t#- -i'e #'. !-)%b -i'e

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    BASIC DEFINITIONS

    E#"t$@ 4#+'eti%

     

    3AC6

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    CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYS

    I't")%e't b#e. S)"ve*< C$#i' )"ve*< C&%!# )"ve*

    < P-#'e T#b-e S)"ve*< T$e&.&-ite S)"ve*< Leve--i'+< T#c$e&%et"*

    < ED4 )"ve*< T&t#- St#ti&' S)"ve*< Re%&te e'i'+ S#te--iteb#e. S)"ve*

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    CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYS

    4et$&.b#e. S)"ve*

    < T"i#'+)-#ti&'

    < T"i-#te"#ti&'< T"#ve"i'+

    < Leve--i'+

    < T#c$e&%et"*< T"i+&'&%et"ic Leve--i'+

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    1:

    CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYS

    P)"!&eb#e. )"ve*

    < Rec&''#i#'ce

    < P"e-i%i'#"* S)"ve*< E'+i'ee"i'+ S)"ve*

    < Ge&+"#!$ic#- S)"ve*

    < 4i'e S)"ve*< R&)te S)"ve*

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    CHAPTER 1 SURVEYING AND LEVELLING 2ND EDITION[OUP/

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    SURVEY INSTRUMENTS

    S)"ve* i't")%e't #"e .e-ic#te #'. e'itive8

    C#"e i' )i'+ i't")%e't

    < &--& %#')(#ct)"e"@ i't")cti&'

    < 6ee! i't")%e't i' t$e b&, &" c&ve" !"&!e"-*

    < P"&tect ("&% )' #'. "#i'

    < T#e c#"e &( &!tic#- !#"t

    < P"&!e" )e &( i't")%e't i' (ie-.8

    < P"&!e" ("e)e't #.j)t%e't8

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    QUALITIES OF GOOD

    SURVEYOR

    < S&)'. '&-e.+e &( t$e&"*

    < 6'&-e.+e &( i't")%e't -i%it &(!"ecii&' !&ib-e e""&" #'. %#i'te'#'ce

    < ie-. !"#ctice !"&(icie'c* #cc)"#c* #'. j).+%e't

    < Le#.e"$i! )#-itie

    < G&&. !"&(ei&'#- c&'.)ct 

    3AC6

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    CHAPTER 1 SURVEYING AND LEVELLING 2ND EDITION[OUP/

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    COORDINATE SYSTEMS

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    COORDINATE SYSTEMS

    Rect#'+)-#" c&&".i'#te

    I' !-#'e b* , * c&&".i'#te

    I' !#ce b* , * ? c&&".i'#te *te%8P&-#" c&&".i'#te

    3* " t$e "#.i#- .it#'ce ("&% &"i+i' #'.

    #'+-e 8

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    2:

    COORDINATE SYSTEMS

    &" -&c#ti'+ !&i't &' t$e )"(#ce &( t$e e#"t$ t$e

    "e(e"e'ce %e"i.i#' i t$e %e"i.i#' !#i'+

    t$"&)+$ G"ee'ic$ E'+-#'.8

    P&i't t& t$e e#t &( t$i %e"i.i#' $#ve e#t-&'+it).e #'. !&i't t&#". t$e et $#ve et

    -&'+it).e8

    P&i't #b&ve e)#t&"i#- !-#'e $#ve '&"t$ -#tit).e#'. !&i't be-& $#ve &)t$ -#tit).e

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    2;

    COORDINATE SYSTEMS

    L#tit).e #'. L&'+it).e

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    PROJECTION SYSTEMS

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    PROJECTION SYSTEMS

    i A?i%)t$#- P"&jecti&' *te%

    T$e !"&jecti&' i &' t& # !-#'e $ic$ i

    t#'+e'ti#- t& t$e )"(#ce8 T$e !-#'e c#'

    be t#'+e'ti#- #'. $&"i?&'t#- ve"tic#- &"

    i'c-i'e.8

    ii T$e c&'ic#- !"&jecti&' )e # c&'ic#-

    )"(#ce t$e #,i &( $ic$ %#* be

    $&"i?&'t#- ve"tic#- &" i'c-i'e.8

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    PROJECTION SYSTEMS

    C*-i'."ic#- P"&jecti&'

    C*-i'."ic#- !"&jecti&' )e # c*-i'."ic#- )"(#ce8 T$e #,i &(t$e c*-i'.e" %#* be ve"tic#- $&"i?&'t#- &" i'c-i'e.8

     A-- t$e !"&jecti&' *te% i't"&.)ce &%e .it&"ti&' i' t$e!"&jecti&' &bt#i'e.8

     

    3AC6

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    SCALES

    Sc#-e "e!"ee't#ti&' i

    i # 1 c% K 10 %8

    ii A "e!"ee't#tive ("#cti&' 1/1000iii O" # +"#!$ic#- "e!"ee't#ti&'

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    PLAIN SCALE STANDARDS

    Dei+'#ti&' Sc#-e v#-)e R v#-)e

     A )-- i?e 70 c% t& 1 % 1/1 1/2

    3 50 c% K 1% 20 c% K

    1 %

    1/287 1/7

    C 10 c% K 1% 7 c% K 1%

    1/10 1/20

    D 2 c% K 1 % 1 c% K 1%

    1/70 1/100

    E 7 %% K 1% 2 %% K 1%

    1/200 1/700

    1 %% K 1% 087 %% K1%

    1/1000 1/2000

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    DIAGONAL SCALE

    C&'t")cti&' &( .i#+&'#- c#-e

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    DIAGONAL SCALE

    C&'t")cti&' &( Di#+&'#- c#-e

    I b#e. &' t$e !"i'ci!-e &( i%i-#" t"i#'+-e

    C#' %e#)"e t$"ee .i%e'i&' -ie )'itte't$ #'. $)'."e.t$8

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    DIAGONAL SCALE STANDARDS

    Dei+'#ti&' Le'+t$ R

     A 170 c% 1/1

    3 100 c% 1/100000 1/270001/27000

    C 70 c% 1/100000 1/70000

    1/27000

    D 170 c% 1/100000 1/=000 1/5000

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    CHORD SCALE

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    CHORD SCALE

    Setti'+ #' A'+-e

    T& et #' #'+-e &( 50M

    4e#)"e t$e :0 -e'+t$ ("&% t$e c#-e &( c$&".8

    D"# -i'e A3 #'. %#" t$i -e'+t$ t& +et A389it$ A # ce't"e #'. A3 # "#.i) ."# #' #"c8

    4e#)"e t$e 50 c$&". -e'+t$8 9it$ 3 # ce't"e."# #' #"c t& %eet t$e !"evi&) #"c #t C8

    &i' AC8 A'+-e 3AC i 50 .e+"ee8

     

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    CHORD SCALE

    T& %e#)"e # +ive' #'+-e

    Let 3AC be t$e +ive' #'+-e8

    4#" AD # c$&". -e'+t$ (&" :0 .e+"ee89it$ A # ce't"e ."# #' #"c &( "#.i) AD

    t& c)t AC #t !&i't E8

    &i' DE #'. %e#)"e it -e'+t$8P-#ce t$i -e'+t$ #-&'+ t$e c$&". c#-e #'.

    "e#. t$e #'+-e8

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    VERNIER SCALE

    Ve"'ie" Sc#-e

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    VERNIER SCALE

    Ve"'ie" i -i.i'+ c#-e

    S-i.e #-&'+ t$e %#i' c#-e

    Ve"'ie" c#-e $e-! t& "e#. %#--e" t$#' t$e%#i' c#-e .ivii&'

    4#'* )"ve* i't")%e't -ie t$e&.&-ite$#ve ci"c)-#" ve"'ie" c#-e8

    Ve"'ie" &" &' t$e #bi-it* &( t$e e*e t&"e#. c&i'ci.e'ce &( -i'e &' t& c#-e8

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    VERNIER SCALE

    http://by.all.biz/img/by/catalog/111956.jpeg

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    VERNIER SCALE

    4#i' c#-e #'. ve"'ie" c#-e

    ' B 1 %#i' c#-e .ivii&' #"e t#e' #'.

    .ivi.e. i't& ' .ivii&' i' t$e ve"'ie"8

    Le#t c&)'t &( ve"'ie" K V#-)e &( &'e %#i'

    c#-e .ivii&' v#-)e &( &'e ve"'ie" c#-e

    .ivii&'8

    Le#t c&)'t K v#-)e &( %#i' c#-e .ivii&'/

    ')%be" &( .ivii&' &' ve"'ie" c#-e

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    MICROMETER

    4ic"&%ete" %ic"&c&!e i )e. (&" (i'e""e#.i'+

     

    3AC6

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    TELESCOPE

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    TELESCOPE

    O!tic#- .i#+"#% &( S)"ve*&"@ te-ec&!e

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    5=

    TELESCOPE

    4#i' P#"t

    18 Objective -e' B i # c&'c#ve -e' b)t+e'e"#--* # c&%!&)'. -e'8

    28 E*e !iece B i #-& # c&%!&ite -e'

    8 Di#!$"#+% B i # ci"c)-#" +-# it$c"& $#i" etc$e.8

    58 &c)i'+ '&b B i (&" (&c)i'+ #'. t&b"i'+ t$e i%#+e &' t$e .i#!$"#+%8

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    OBJECTIVE LENS

    Objective -e' i #

    c&'ve, -e' (&"

    c&'ve"+i'+ t$e "#*

    c&%i'+ ("&% &)ti.e83&t$ &bjective #'. e*e

    !iece #"e '&t i'+-e

    -e'e b)t # et &(

    -e'e !-#ce.t&+et$e" t& e'$#'ce

    t$e )#-it* &( i%#+e8

    EXTERNAL FOCUSING

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    EXTERNAL FOCUSING

    TELESCOPE

     AN OLDER VERSION NOT 4UCH USED8

    ETERNAL OCUSING

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    ETERNAL OCUSING

    TELESCOPE

    18 T$e (&c)i'+ i b* t$e &)te" t)be -i.i'+

    &ve" t$e i''e" t)be8

    28 T$e te-ec&!e i -&'+e" i' -e'+t$8

    8 4&"e e#" #'. te#" .)e t& -i.i'+ t)be8

    58 T$e &)te" t)be $&-. t$e e*e !iece #'.

    t$e i''e" t)be $&-. t$e &bjective -e'8

    INTERNAL FOCUSING

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    INTERNAL FOCUSING

    TELESCOPE

    I c&%%&'-* )e. i' )"ve* i't")%e't

    INTERNAL FOCUSING

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    INTERNAL FOCUSING

    TELESCOPE

    18 I'te"'#- (&c)i'+ te-ec&!e )e #

    .&)b-e c&'c#ve -e' (&" (&c)i'+

    28 T$e te-ec&!e i c&%!#ct #'. $&"te" i'

    -e'+t$8

    8 S-i+$t "e.)cti&' i' b"i+$t'e .)e t&

    #..iti&'#- -e'8

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    EYE PIECE

    < E*e !iece i #

    c&%!&)'. -e' #'. &(

    %#'* t*!e B

    R#%.e'@ e*e!iecei c&%%&'-* )e.8

    R#%.e'

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    EYE PIECE

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    EYE PIECE

    R#%.e'@ H)*+e'@ E"ecti'+ E*e !iece

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    DIAPHRAGM

    Di#!$"#+% i # +-# !iece it$ c"& $#i"

    etc$e. &' it8

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    CROSS HAIRS

    C"& $#i" %#* be &( %#'* !#tte"'

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     QUALITIES OF TELESCOPE

    18 N& !$e"ic#- #be""#ti&'

    28 Ac$"&%#ti%

    8 De(i'iti&'

    58 3"i+$t'e

    78 Si?e &( (ie-.

    :8 4#+'i(ic#ti&'

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    QUALITIES OF TELESCOPE

     

    3AC6

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    SPIRIT LEVEL

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    SPIRIT LEVEL

    S!i"it -eve- i )e. i' %#'* i't")%e't t&

    ee! t$e i't")%e't -eve-8

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    SPIRIT LEVEL

    S!i"it -eve- c&'it &( #

    %et#- t)be it$ # +-#

    i'.&8

    T$e +-# t)be $#

    %#"i'+ ("&% t$e ce't"e&' b&t$ i.e8

     A.j)ti'+ c"e #"e

    !"&vi.e. &' &'e e'.8

    T$e t)be $# # c)"ve.)"(#ce &( -#"+e "#.i)

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    SENSITIVITY

    Se'itivit* &( t$e -eve- &" vi#- i t$e #'+)-#" v#-)e&( &'e .ivii&'8

    Se'itivit* K l /R &" /D' "#.i#'

      K 20:2:7/D' ec&'.9$e"e l  i t$e -e'+t$ &( &'e .ivii&'

      R i t$e "#.i) &( t$e b)bb-e t)be #"c

      i t$e .i((e"e'ce i' "e#.i'+ &' t#(( 

      D i t$e .it#'ce betee' -eve- #'. t#(( 

      ' i t$e ')%be" &( .ivii&'

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    SPIRIT LEVEL

    18 9$e' t$e b)bb-e i i' ce't"e t$e b)bb-e #,i

    +ive # $&"i?&'t#- -i'e

    28 T$e -&'+it).i'#- )"(#ce &( t)be i #' #"c &( #

    ci"c-e8 T$e b)bb-e #,i i t#'+e't t& t$e c)"ve #tit ce't"e8

    8 Se'itivit* &( t$e b)bb-e i t$e #bi-it* t& $&

    %#-- #'+)-#" v#"i#ti&'8

    58 T$e t)be i %#"e. &' eit$e" i.e &( t$e b)bb-e i'2 %% .ivii&'8

    3AC6

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    CHAPTER 1 SURVEYING AND LEVELLING 2ND EDITION[OUP/ ::

    ERRORS

    E""&" c#' be .)e t&

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    CHAPTER 1 SURVEYING AND LEVELLING 2ND EDITION[OUP/ :;

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    I't")%e't#- e""&"

    "e)e't-* c$ec t$e i't")%e't b*

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    CHAPTER 1 SURVEYING AND LEVELLING 2ND EDITION[OUP/ :=

    ELIMINATION OF ERRORS

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