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Page 1: 01A- Fundamentals - Self Study - Gen Rations

Computer

• Computer “ comes from the word Compute which means to calculate

• Calculating Device which can be perform arithmetic operation with speed

• Fast Calculating Machine

• Non-mathematical & Non- numerical

• Computer can store, process& retrieve data when desired

• “Data Processor”

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CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

• Speed

• Accuracy

• Diligence :- tiredness

• Versatility :- Multitasking, (e.g. result, CV, Software Development)

• Power of remembering

• No I.Q

• NO Feeling

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THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

• Computers as we know are very relatively new devices.

• This presentation shows the progression from primitive mechanical calculators to modern PCs.

• The history of computers is commonly divided into generations.

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GENERATION 0 : MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1642-1945)

• The first computing devices were invented during this period.

• The German inventor Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635) built the first working calculator in 1623 (on fire).

• 1642 the french scientist Blaise

Pascal (1623-1662) built a

mechanical calculator which only

can add or subtract.

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GENERATION 0 : MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1642-1945)

• Pascal’s Calculator

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GENERATION 0 : MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1642-1945)

• PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES – Jacquard’s loom

• 1801 The Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard

(1752-1834) invented a programmable loom, in

which removable punch cards were used to

represent patterns.

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Jacquard loom

It was not until the beginning of the 19th century (1800’s) that the ideas automatic computing machines began to evolve. The first was developed by a French textile manufacturer called Joseph Jacquard. He invented a punch card system for programming the designs on a carpet making loom. First he used single cards to control the pattern of the threads. On later machines the cards were joined together to form repeating patterns. This idea of punch cards was adopted for use with musical instruments, such as the barrel organ. Here a sequence of valves were opened and closed controlling air flow into various organ pipes. Tunes could be programmed and loaded into the machine.

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History of Computers - Long, Long Ago

• beads on rods to count and calculate

• still widely used in Asia!

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History of Computers - Way Back When

• Slide Rule 1630

• based on Napier’s rules for logarithms

• used until 1970s

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History of Computers - 19th Century

• first stored program - metal cards

• first computer manufacturing

• still in use today!

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Charles Babbage - 1792-1871

• Difference Engine c.1822 – huge calculator, never finished

• Analytical Engine 1833– could store numbers– calculating “mill” used punched

metal cards for instructions– powered by steam!– accurate to six decimal places

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BABBAGE difference engine

In the 1820’s Charles Babbage designed a mechanical machine called the Difference engine. The purpose of this machine was to calculate and print out tables for the Admiralty. (ie, tides, tables and planetary positions for navigation). The machine consisted of cog wheels that could be set in keyed positions, these turned as the computations were performed. Due to the limitations of mechanical engineering in this period, and lack of money, the machine was never completed.

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BABBAGE’S analytical engine

Babbage laid down the foundations for moderncomputing. He stated that an automatic computingmachine must have:-

1) A store for the numbers, we now call this memory.2) A device for performing arithmetic operations, he

called this a mill, we now call this the arithmetic unit or central processor unit (CPU).

3) A device for causing the operations of the machine, for example transferring numbers from one place to another. This is now referred to as the control unit.

4) An input and output device. Such as card reader or printer. Today this would also include screen, mouse and keyboard.

A mechanical computer that can solve any mathematical problem. It used punch-cards similar to those used by the Jacquard loom and can perform simple conditional operations.

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THE MARK –I COMPUTER(1937-44)

Howord A. Aikan of Harvard University & I.B.M. designed first fully automatic calculating Machine

Size of computer is 50 feet long 8 feet high

23 decimal digits can be used in the machineTHE ATANSOFF –BERRY COMPUTER

(1939-42)

Dr. John Atanasoff was developed Electronic Machine for mathematical equations

Atansoff –Berry Computer or ABC

45 vacuum tubes for internal logic & capacitors for storage

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THE MARK –I COMPUTER(1937-44)

THE ATANSOFF –BERRY COMPUTER

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HARVARD MARK I and II

In 1945, LTJG Grace Murray was working on the Harvard University Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator.  While testing Mark II due to a malfunction, a moth was found trapped between the points of a Relay.  The operators removed and affixed the moth to the computer log, with the entry:  "First actual case of bug being found."  They put out the word that they had "debugged" the machine, thus introducing the term "debugging a computer program."

The modern computer era commenced with the first large-scale automatic digital computer, which was developed between 1939 and 1944. The Harvard Mark I and II was the invention of Howard Aiken. The machines were constructed out of switches, relays and rotating shafts.

                                    

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THE ENIAC(1943-46)THE ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATED AND CALCULATOR

In U.S.A. at Moor School of Engineering of University of Pennsylvania team of Prf. J. Presper & John Machly constructed an electronic computer

Result of military need

20 x 40 sq. ft. room & 18,000 Vacuum Tubes

Limited amount information ,

Difficult to detect the errors & change the programme

THE EDVAC(1946-52)THE ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE AUTOMATIC COMPUTER

Stored Program

Developed by Dr. John Von Neumann

Binary System

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THE ENIAC(1943-46)

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THE EDVAC(1946-52)

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THE EDSAC (1947-49)THE ELECTRONIC DELAY STORAGE AUTOMATIC

CALCULTOR

May 1949(Britisher)

Developed by group of scientists headed by Pof. Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University

Add 1500 mic. Sec. Mult. 4000 mic. sec

MANCHESTER MARK -I(1948)Storage Purpose

Designed Prof. Neumann & Scientists.

of Manchester University Group

32 words 31 digit

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THE EDSAC

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THE UNIVAC (1951)THE UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER

In 1951 ( Digital Computer)

Census Bureau

701 Commercial Computer (IBM )

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UNIVAC - 1951

• first fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S.

• Created at the University of Pennsylvania

• ENIAC weighed 30 tons

• contained 18,000 vacuum tubes

• Cost a paltry $487,000

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THE UNIVAC

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GENERATION 1 : VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)

• 1940s Computers designers began to replace electromagnetic relays with Vacuum tubes, small glass tubes from which all or most of the gas has been removed.

• Since vacuum tubes have no moving parts, they enable switching of electrical signals at speeds far exceeding those of relays.

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GENERATION 1 : VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)

• Computing and World War II – COLOSSUS

• With the ideas of Alan Turing (1912-1954), the British Government built the first electronic computer COLOSUS, to decode encrypted Nazi comunications. Its contained more than 2300 vacuum tubes.

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GENERATION 1 : VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)

– ENIAC• Since Colossus was classified, the first publicly

known electronic computer was ENIAC (1946),developed at USA to compute ballistics tables for the US army.

• Consisted of 18000 vacuum tubes.• It was less advanced than its predecessors but

could perform more complex calculations than the Mark I could and operated up to 500 times faster.

• Another advantage of Eniac was that it was programmable.

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GENERATION 1 : VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)

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GENERATION 1 : VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)

• The von Neumann Architecture– John Von Neumann (1903-1957), was a

scientist involved in the Eniac project.– He design an alternative computer

architecture in which programs could be

stored in memory along with data.– He also introduced the used of binary

representation (base 2 0,1).

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COMPUTER GENRATIONS

FIRST GENERATION (1942-1955)Vacuum Tube ,

ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC

ADVANTAGES

Electronic Components

Electronic digital Computer

Fastest Calculating Device

DISADVANTAGES

Bulky in Size , Unreliable, Large amount of heat

Air conditioning required

Hardware failures

Maintenance required

Manual assembly ,

Commercial production was difficult & Costly

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Second Generation – 1965-1963

• 1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors

• Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors

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First Transistor

• Uses Silicon

• developed in 1948

• won a Nobel prize

• on-off switch

• Second Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956

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GENERATION 2 : TRANSISTORS (1954-1963)

• Transistors are pieces of silicon whose conductivity can be turned on and off using an electric current.

• Since transistors were smaller, cheaper and more energy-efficient than vacuum tubes, they allowed for the production of more powerful yet inexpensive computers.

• IBM began marketing transistor-based computers to private businesses. They introduced the first high-level programming language (FORTRAN), with a higher level of abstraction and simplifying the task of programming.

• LISP, BASIC, COBOL.

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SECOND GENERATION (1955-1964)

ADVANTAGES

Smaller in size

Reliable, Less amount of heat

Hardware failures are less

Commercial useDISADVANTAGES

Air conditioning required

Maintenance required

Manual assembly ,

Commercial production was difficult & Costly

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Third Generation – 1964-1971

• 1964-1971

• Integrated Circuit

• Operating System

• Getting smaller, cheaper

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Integrated Circuits

• Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips).

• Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”

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Operating System

• Software – Instructions for Computer

• Operating system is set of instructions loaded each time a computer is started

• Program is instructions loaded when needed

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THIRD GENERATION (1964-1975)

Microelectronic Technology

Integrated Circuits (IC)

ADVANTAGES

Smaller in size, reliable, HeatHardware failures are lessLess Maintenance requiredCommercial production

DISADVANTAGES

Air-conditions requirements

IC Chips

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GENERATION 3 : INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1963-1973)

• Large Scale Integration– Moore’s law predicts that the number of transistors that can

fit on a chip will double every 12 to 18 months.– Microprocessor Single chip that contains all of the circuitry

for a computing device, such as a calculator or computer (Intel 4004).

• Computing for businesses– The development of integrated circuits facilitated the

constructions of even faster and cheaper computers more and more people needed to interact with computers making computers accessible to nontechnical users Operating system, keyboards, monitors…

– Pascal teaching programming skills.– C used in development of UNIX and operating system.

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FOURTH GENERATION (1975 ONWORD)

Small Scale Integration

Medium Scale Integration

Large Scale Integration

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GENERATION 4 : VLSI (1973-1985)

• Advances in manufacturing technology led to the very large scale integration (VLSI) of hundreds of thousands and eventually millions of transistors on an IC chip.

• The Personal Computer Revolution– The cost of the computers dropped to the point

where individuals could afford them.

– 1975 Altair 8800 (first pc).

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GENERATION 4 : VLSI (1973-1985)

– 1977 Apple II, personal computer that

included keyboard,colour monitor, sound,

and graphics.

– 1980 IBM introduced the IBM PC.

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GENERATION 4 : VLSI (1973-1985)

– AS more and more people began using computers for business and pleasure, the software industry grew and adapted.

– Bill Gates (1955) and Paul Allen wrote the first commercial software for personal computers and interpreter for the BASIC programming language that ran on the Altair.

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GENERATION 4 : VLSI (1973-1985)

– They founded Microsoft in 1975, that one of his initial success was MS-DOS Operating System as well as aplications programs such as word processor.

– In the 1990’s appear Microsoft Windows, the succesor of MS-DOS that had become the dominant operating system for desktop computers.

• Object-Oriented Programming– Object Orientarion is an approach to software

development in which the programmer models software components after real-world objects.

– 1980 Smalltalk and Ada.– 1985 C++.– 1995 JAVA.

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GENERATION 5 : PARALLEL PROCESSING AND NETWORKING (1985

- ??)

• Parallel processing refers to the integration of multiple processors in a single computer.

• Until the 1990s, most computers were stand alone devices.

• The first large-scale computer network was ARPAnet or INTERNET, but its use was initially limited to government and academic researchers.

• 1990s Development of the World Wide Web.

• In 2002, it is estimated than more than 160 million computers are connected to the Internet.

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The First Microprocessor – 1971

• The 4004 had 2,250 transistors

• four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)

• 108Khz

• Called “Microchip”

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Generation

Physical SizeCircuits

Density

Speed /Instruction

Memory Capacity

First Room SizeVacuum Tubes

One Hundreds Thousands

Second

Cupboard /Cabinet Size

Transistor

Hundreds

ThousandsTen Thousands

Third Desk Size I.C.Thousand

MillionsHundred Thousands

FourthDesk Top, Lap Top, Palm Top

V.L.S.IMillions

Ten Millions

Billion