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Breakup, War, and Reconciliation in the Former Yugoslavia Created By: Sam Wanous for history day 2008.
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Page 1: Yugoslavia With Commentary

Breakup, War, and Reconciliation in

the Former Yugoslavia

Created By: Sam Wanous for history day 2008.

Page 3: Yugoslavia With Commentary

Yugoslavian Ethnic Groups•Yugoslavia has many different ethnic groups, and minorities.•However most of the people are: Serbian, Croatian/Slovenian, or Muslim. •These groups come together in the middle of the Former Yugoslavia; which is now Bosnia.

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THE HISTORY OF YUGOSLAVIA

In the early 1900’s the Ottoman empire controlled the Balkan peninsula.

Yugoslavia was formed in 1918 after being ruled by many empires over the years.

In World War II German forces occupied the Balkan area they were pushed out of the area by Soviet troops.

Tito in comparison to the USSR he liberalized the economy, and gave many rights to the people; such as travel and trade with other countries.

He allowed people to practice their religions but outlawed extremism

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JOSIP BROZ TITOIn 1892 Josip Broz Tito was born in Zagreb, Croatia, which was part of Austria-Hungry then.

He was drafted into the Astro-Hungry army during World War.

In 1915 he was wounded, and captured by the Russians.

During the Russian revolution he helped the communists.

He became part of the communist party, and was placed in Yugoslavia before World War 2 as the head of the communist party there.

Tito led formed a opposition army against the Axis.

When the Allies drove the Axis out of Yugoslavia he was recognized as the formal leader.

Page 6: Yugoslavia With Commentary

YUGOSLAVIA UNDER TITO

Under Tito Yugoslavia’s government was independent from the Soviet Union.

Joseph Stalin (then the Soviet Premier) did not approve of this, and even threatened to invade Yugoslavia.

However after Stalin died Nikita Khushchev apologized for Stalin’s actions.

He also allowed privatized businesses, and people to travel freely.

The government was also fair to all ethnic groups, which kept religious extremism down.

He also gave the provinces of Yugoslavia: Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Kosovo a lot of independence.

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THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER AFTER TITO’S DEATH

Tito died May of 1980.

After Tito’s death, the leaders of each 9 provinces had a “collective presidency, and elected a president of the group who was the leader of the “collective presidency”, which led the country.

Many people were pushing for a more unified Yugoslavia.

In 1989 Sloaban Milošević got into the Communist party and became president of Yugoslavia after Milošević changed the government dramatically, by taking away many of the rights of Yugoslav citizens.

He also favored Orthodox Serbs, and into his presidency used “Ethnic Cleansing” to push people of other ethnic backgrounds out of their homes.

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•Slobodan Milošević was born on August 29, 1941; In Pozarveac, Serbia.•He became part of the communist party in Serbia, and was elected the Serbian president in 1989.•Milošević wanted a unified nation controlled by Serbs.•In the late 1980’s he led Serbs into Kosovo to make it part of Serbia.•He Seized control of Serbia, and Kosovo.•He got rid of anyone in the government that didn’t support him.•Non-Serb ethnic groups opposed him, and he viewed them as threats.

Slobodan Milošević

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Yugoslavia Dissolves

• In 1991, due to the problems in the 80’s and the communist party dissolving, Yugoslavia broke-up into 5 smaller countries.

• Milošević disliked this and tried to get Yugoslavia back together by going to war with Bosnia and Croatia.

• His policies of ethnic cleansing and Yugoslav unification went into full effect and when executed were war crimes and crimes against humanity.

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Milošević and His Policies.

• In 1991, when Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia broke away from Yugoslavia, and the war started he ordered that other ethnic were eliminated, because they opposed him.

• He terrorized the people who either did not believe as he did or were of different ethnic background.

• This is called “Ethnic Cleansing”.• It was a tragedy in history because many

innocent people were killed.• His men forced people out of their homes

and then looted their homes.

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The Roots of the Conflict

• In 1991 Yugoslavia dissolved into 5 countries; Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia.•He favored serbs and used “Ethnic Cleansing” to push out Albanians (They are mostly Muslims) and Croats (Mostly Roman Catholics) from Serbia. •Serbia’s president Slobodan Milošević’s changed the government, and got rid of most human rights made many people angry.•he wanted to bring all the countries from the former Yugoslavia back under his rule. •Serbian forces went into Bosnia, and Croatia to unify Yugoslavia again.

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War in The Balkans

Once the war broke out the Serbs quickly advanced into Bosnia in 1991 and Kosovo in 1998.Serbia had most of the Yugoslav military so they

had an advantage. In the captured countries Albanians(Mostly

Muslims) were harassed and killed by Milosevic’s forces. Then the U.S. and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty

Organization) got involved.

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The International Community's Involvement

• In October 1995 NATO’s IFOR (Operation Joint Endeavor) went into Bosnia as a fighting force to get the Serbs out.

• In January of 1996 NATO’s SFOR (Stabilization Force)replaced IFOR, and they helped stabilized Bosnia.

• In 2005 the European Union’s EUFOR replaced SFOR, and continued their mission in Bosnia.

• European Union, and United Nations peace-keeping forces are still in Bosnia, and Croatia today.

http://www.flagguys.com/img/nato.gif

NATO’s flag

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What We Heard in The News About Serbia and

Bosnia• We heard a lot about serb atrocities

like in Srebrenica, and Hac where they killed many Muslims and Albanians in safe havens.

• In 1995 U.S., and NATO forces went into Bosnia to get Serbian forces out.

• The bombing of Belgrade, the Serb Capital, and many key bridges in the country in order to get them to withdraw from Kosovo.

• The arrest of Slobodan Miloševićhttp://www.axisglobe.com/article.asp?article=739

A Building in Serbia after the NATO bombings.

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Kosovo In The News

• However we heard the most about Kosovo.

• Serb Forces went into Kosovo and committed some of the worst atrocities since World War 2.

• The UN (United Nations) Went into Kosovo along with NATO’s KFOR to drive the Serbs out and give aid to the people of Kosovo.

http://www.migrbalkan.uniroma1.it/Map.htm

Kosovo

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Milošević is Replaced and Tried

In 2000 Milosevic was replaced by Zoran Živković who led an uprising in Belgrade that took Milosevic out of power, by arresting him.

On October 29 2001 Milosevic’s trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY).

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The Resolution and Today

After The NATO Bombings, Milošević was arrested, and the Serbs pulled out of Bosnia, and Kosovo.

NATO and the European Union are still there as aid but almost all fighting has stopped.

However there are still problems politically like corruption and bribes- When someone in a government position gets money to make a decision or uses their position to benefit them or a group.

The biggest problem is the economy which greatly suffered largely because of the war and government mismanagement under Milošević.

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Kosovo Declares Independence

Under the Former Yugoslavia Kosovo had lots of autonomy, however after Yugoslavia broke apart

Kosovo declared It’s independence on Sunday, February 17, 2008.

The Serbian government opposes Kosovo’s independence, and still believes that Kosovo is part of Serbia.

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The Growing Economy Even though the economy was destroyed, international aid programs, the local people and government are rebuilding, which is a triumph for the people of all the countries.

They are starting with agriculture which at this time is their strongest industry.

30% of Kosovo’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is Agriculture.

NATO, the European Union, and USIAD helping with teams of people and bonds.

One other goal of these organizations is to have more businesses in the former Yugoslavia since most things are imported at a high price.

Scrap steel is the one of the largest sources of revenue in Kosovo

Specialized industries are a very good start because a lot of people can have jobs and there isn’t a lot of competition.

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Rebuilding, and Compromising

•After so much conflict, the countries in the former Yugoslavia have suffered economically, and socially.•However with the help of the International community they are rebuilding, to do that though different ethnic groups have to compromise with each other. •Some people are reluctant to compromise with other ethnic groups however because they blame them for the conflict.•They know that that they need to, for the sake of their countries.

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Relationship Between Beliefs, Government

and Events I think this topic is very important to history since it represents two major turning points in the Balkan area in both government and beliefs; first the Tito form of Communist government. In this government extremism was subdued and everyone had basic rights. Also he tried to keep the economy from Collectivization, but still helped keep it stable. This contributed to a stable country where the people wouldn’t revolt against the government because they had say in it. Then Milosevic, greatly influenced by the belief of preeminence in government, religion and people. When he took their rights away and let the economy fall the people recognized he was not the right person to be in power, and saw how he lied and killed many non-Serbs for no reason. He used fear and the church to convey his ideas after the breakup; because the people were afraid of what would happen he became popular, but when the people found out, his own people (the Serbs) rose up against him.

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Thank You For Watching

Created by Sam Wanous for History Day 2007.

Special Thanks to USAID/KCBS