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Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto ([email protected]) Jakarta, June 2010

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Page 1: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Young Moslem Leaders and Social AccountabilityBy: Wijayanto ([email protected])

Jakarta, June 2010

http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com

www.ifpc.co.uk/

http://www.7junipers.com/images/sea/bali-rice-farmer.jpg

Youthlab

Page 2: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 2

Moslem Nations and the World:

A Challenging World

Page 3: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 3

GDP Per-capita: Top 30

Source: IMF 2009

Rank Country USD

1 Luxembourg 104,512 2 Norway 79,085 3 Qatar 68,872 4 Switzerland 67,560 5 Denmark 56,115 6 Ireland 51,356 7 Netherlands 48,223 8 United Arab Emirates 46,857 9 United States 46,381

10 Austria 45,989 11 Australia 45,587 12 Finland 44,492 13 Sweden 43,986 14 Belgium 43,533 15 France 42,747

Rank Country USD

16 Germany 40,875 17 Japan 39,731 18 Canada 39,669 19 Iceland 37,977 20 Singapore 37,293 21 Italy 35,435 22 United Kingdom 35,334 23 Spain 31,946 24 Kuwait 31,482 25 Greece 29,635 26 Cyprus 29,620 27 New Zealand 27,259 28 Israel 26,797 29 Brunei 26,325 30 Slovenia 24,417

Page 4: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 4

GDP Per-capita: Moslem Countries

Source: IMF 2009

Rank Country USD

8 United Arab Emirates 46,857 24 Kuwait 31,482 29 Brunei 26,325 33 Bahrain 19,455 41 Saudi Arabia 14,486 53 Libya 9,529 57 Turkey 8,723 58 Lebanon 8,707 66 Kazakhstan 7,019 67 Malaysia 6,897 85 Iran 4,460 91 Algeria 4,027 95 Tunisia 3,852

102 Turkmenistan 3,242

Rank Country USD

107 Armenia 2,668 111 Syria 2,579 117 Indonesia 2,329 118 Iraq 2,108 126 Sudan 1,398 131 Uzbekistan 1,176 133 Nigeria 1,142 136 Yemen 1,061 140 Pakistan 1,017 146 Kyrgyzstan 851 149 Tajikistan 767 156 Bangladesh 574 162 Afghanistan 486

Page 5: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 5

Human Development Index (HDI): 30

Source: UNDP 2007

Rank Country Score

1 Norway 0.971 2 Australia 0.970 3 Iceland 0.969 4 Canada 0.966 5 Ireland 0.965 6 Netherlands 0.964 7 Sweden 0.963 8 France 0.961 9 Switzerland 0.960

10 Japan 0.960 11 Luxembourg 0.960 12 Finland 0.959 13 United States 0.956 14 Austria 0.955 15 Spain 0.955

Rank Country Score

16 Denmark 0.955 17 Belgium 0.953 18 Italy 0.951 19 Liechtenstein 0.951 20 New Zealand 0.950 21 United Kingdom 0.947 22 Germany 0.947 23 Singapore 0.944 24 Hong Kong 0.944 25 Greece 0.942 26 South Korea 0.937 27 Israel 0.935 28 Andorra 0.934 29 Slovenia 0.929 30 Brunei 0.920

Page 6: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 6

HDI: Moslem Countries

Source: UNDP, 2007

Rank Country Score

30 Brunei 0.920 31 Kuwait 0.916 33 Qatar 0.910 35 United Arab Emirates ▲0.903 39 Bahrain 0.895 56 Oman 0.846 59 Saudi Arabia 0.843 66 Malaysia 0.829 79 Turkey 0.806 82 Kazakhstan 0.804 83 Lebanon 0.803 86 Azerbaijan 0.787 88 Iran 0.782 96 Jordan 0.770

104 Algeria 0.754

Rank Country Score

107 Syria 0.742 109 Turkmenistan 0.739 110 Palestinian Authority 0.737 111 Indonesia 0.734 119 Uzbekistan 0.710 120 Kyrgyzstan 0.710 123 Egypt 0.703 127 Tajikistan 0.688 130 Morocco 0.654 140 Yemen 0.575 141 Pakistan 0.572 146 Bangladesh 0.543 150 Sudan 0.531 158 Nigeria 0.511 181 Afghanistan 0.352

Page 7: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 7

Corruption Score: Top 30

Source: Corruption Perception Index 2009, Score range: 0 (worst) – 10 (best), Transparency International

Rank Countries Score

1 New Zealand 9.4 2 Denmark 9.3 3 Singapore 9.2 3 Sweden 9.2 5 Switzerland 9.0 6 Finland 8.9 6 Netherlands 8.9 8 Australia 8.7 8 Canada 8.7 8 Iceland 8.7 11 Norway 8.6 12 Hong Kong 8.2 12 Luxembourg 8.2 14 Germany 8.0 14 Ireland 8.0

Rank Countries Score

16 Austria 7.9 17 Japan 7.7 17 United Kingdom 7.7 19 United States 7.5 20 Barbados 7.4 21 Belgium 7.1 22 Qatar 7.0 22 Saint Lucia 7.0 24 France 6.9 25 Chile 6.7 25 Uruguay 6.7 27 Cyprus 6.6 27 Estonia 6.6 27 Slovenia 6.6 30 United Arab Emirates 6.5

Page 8: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 8

Corruption: Moslem Countries

Source: Corruption Perception Index 2009, Score range: 0 (worst) – 10 (best), Transparency International

Rank Countries Score

30 United Arab Emirates 6.5 39 Brunei Darussalam 5.5 39 Oman 5.5 56 Malaysia 4.5 61 Turkey 4.4 63 Saudi Arabia 4.3 65 Tunisia 4.2 66 Kuwait 4.1 89 Morocco 3.3 111 Algeria 2.8 111 Egypt 2.8 111 Indonesia 2.8 120 Kazakhstan 2.7 126 Syria 2.6 130 Lebanon 2.5 130 Libya 2.5

Rank Countries Score

130 Nigeria 2.5 139 Bangladesh 2.4 139 Pakistan 2.4 143 Azerbaijan 2.3 154 Yemen 2.1 158 Tajikistan 2.0 162 Kyrgyzstan 1.9 168 Iran 1.8 168 Turkmenistan 1.8 174 Uzbekistan 1.7 175 Chad 1.6 176 Iraq 1.5 176 Sudan 1.5 179 Afghanistan 1.3 180 Somalia 1.1

Average Moslem Countries Score: 2.8Average Global Score: 4.0

Page 9: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 9

The Causes of Extreme Poverty....

Corrupt Govern-

ment

Prolong Civil war

Unstable Land lockcountries

Huge Natural

resources• It creates

dependency; Instead of developing industry, people fighting for access to the resources;

• Dutch disease;

• Being land-locked has made a country rely too much to its neighbor;

• Conflict in the neighboring country can easily impact a country;

• Caused huge material and non material loss;

• Reconciliation is a tough undertaking;

• Weapon is more important than food and book;

• Create inefficient resources allocation;

• Development is directed for the benefit of a certain group only;

Source: The Bottom One Billion, Paul Collier

Page 10: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 10

Some National Issues:

The Windy Road Ahead

Page 11: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 11

Corruption in Indonesia

Source: Corruption Perception Index 2009, Transparency International

Corruption Perception Index ,Indonesia (1995 – 2009)

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

2.75

3.00

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Highest Score: 2.80

Average Score: 2.17

Lowest Score: 1.65

Improvement has been made. However, 2.8 is far from enough;The recent development (i.e. KPK issue) has put additional challenge;

Page 12: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 12Source: PERC, Political Economic Risk Consultancy, Score: 0 (best) – 10 (worst)

Based on various perception surveys, Indonesia is known as a corrupt country.

PERC survey put Indonesia as one of the most corrupt country in Asia (14 countries).

Despite a long list of question concerning the validity and accuracy of perception survey, significant improvement is needed.

Rank Country 2009 2008 2007

1 Singapore 1.20 1.13 1.07 2 Hong Kong 1.87 1.80 1.89 3 Australia 2.40 4 USA 2.89 5 Japan 2.10 2.25 3.99 6 South Korea 6.30 5.65 4.64 7 Macau 5.18 3.30 5.84 8 China 6.29 7.98 6.16 9 Taiwan 6.23 6.55 6.47

10 Malaysia 6.25 6.37 6.70 11 Philippines 9.40 9.00 7.00 12 Vietnam 7.54 7.75 7.11 13 India 7.54 7.25 7.21 14 Cambodia 7.25 15 Thailand 8.03 8.00 7.63 16 Indonesia 8.03 7.98 8.32

Average 5.84 5.77 5.41

2007 2008 2009Corruption in Indonesia

Page 13: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 13

Corruption in Indonesia

Source: Global Corruption Barometer, Transparency International

Most Corrupt Institution in Indonesia

Rank Institution 2005 2006 2007

1 Kepolisiian 4.0 4.2 4.2 2 Legislatif 4.0 4.2 4.1 3 Lembaga Peradilan 3.8 4.2 4.1 4 Partai Politik 4.2 4.1 4.0 5 Lembaga Perijinan 3.5 3.6 3.8 6 Otoritas Pajak 3.8 3.4 3.6 7 Bisnis/swasta 3.5 3.6 3.1 8 Lembaga Utilitas 3.0 2.9 3.1 9 Tentara 2.9 3.3 3.0

10 Lembaga Pendidikan 3.0 3.3 3.0 11 LSM 2.4 2.9 2.8 12 Pelayanan Kesehatan 2.7 3.0 2.8 13 Media 2.4 2.8 2.5 14 Lembaga Keagamaan 2.1 2.3 2.2

Four most important pillars to mitigate corruption are among the most corrupt institutions;

Alternatives strategy is needed, the role of civil society and the people is very crucial

Page 14: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 14

Fact and Perception......

Assuming oil price: USD 84/barrel, coal price: USD 80/ton and gas price: USD 3.9 /MMBTU Source: British Petroleum Statistic and Wijayanto Analysis

Natural Endowment Value (based on coal, oil & gas proven reserve)

Rank (USD bn) Rank (USD)

Russia 1 25,802 142.50 13 181,070 Saudi Arabia 2 23,171 24.74 4 936,763 USA 3 23,061 302.76 19 76,167 Iran 4 15,422 71.21 12 216,574 Iraq 5 10,096 28.99 8 348,236 China 6 10,864 1,320.11 49 8,230 UEA 7 9,050 4.38 3 2,066,123 Kuwait 8 8,771 2.85 2 3,076,483 India 9 8,022 1,169.00 52 6,862 Venezuela 10 7,353 27.66 10 265,878 Australia 11 6,994 21.06 9 332,148 Qatar 13 4,769 0.84 1 5,670,436 Nigeria 14 3,760 148.09 30 25,388 Indonesia 22 1,121 231.63 56 4,840 Norway 23 1,112 20.00 21 55,603 Malaysia 27 694 27.20 29 25,523

Value per-capita Population (million)

Total Value

The common perception....We are very rich;

In fact.....We are not; Based on Coal, Natural Gas

and Oil proven reserved, our natural endowment value reach USD 1,121 billion.

Rank 22 in term of total value, and rank 56 in term of value per-capita.

Long term economic sustainability is in question.

Page 15: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 15

CAFTA: Challenge or Opportunity?

Source: Various Sources and “The Emerging Market of the ASEAN – Dr. Bernando M. Villegas

Since tariff reduction began in 2005, Indonesia’s export to China increase by 70%, driven by nearly tripling mineral export. (World Bank);

Import of energy efficient lamp from China will reach 136 million in 2010, (68% market share), while domestic industry run at 20% utilization rate. (Tempo, 24 March 2010);

Batik from China has market share of close to 50% at Pasar Tanah Abang. (Bisnis Indonesia);

Marie Pangestu: “Our product is pretty similar with its of China. Products that have strong competitiveness are CPO, coal, mineral and gas, in which around 80% of our export to China consist of those commodities. (Bisnis Indonesia, April 30, 2010);

CAFTA is agreat opportunity. It connect us with a market of 1.7 billion people, with combined export of USD 4.3 trillion (13.3% of global trade);

Free Trade will increase international trade and will create specialization;

The question is, what product we will specialized on?

Page 16: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 16

Some Interesting Facts:

The Opportunity

Page 17: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 17

Messy but Keep Growing......Corruption • The most corrupt in

Asia Pacific (PERC)• Rank 126 of 180 (TI)

Human Capital • Rank 111 out of 183 countries (UNDP)

Ease of Doing Business

• Rank 122 out of 183 countries (World Bank)

2

1

3

InfrastructureQuality

• Discouraging road/port condition

• Unreliable electricity supply

4

But...(1) GDP grows at encouraging rate;

(2) Inflation under control;(3) Poverty level decrease continuously;(4) etc....

Source: World Bank

-

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Chin

a

Sing

apor

e

Indi

a

Indo

nesi

a

Viet

nam

Thai

land

Mal

aysi

a

Phili

ppin

es

2010 2011

Page 18: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 18

Demographic Bonus.......

-1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00

Nig

erAf

ghan

ista

nPa

kist

anSa

udi A

rabi

aPh

ilipp

ines

Egyp

tBa

ngla

desh

Indi

aM

alay

sia

Wor

ldIn

done

sia

Viet

nam

Uni

ted

Stat

esFr

ance

Thai

land

Uni

ted

King

dom

Aust

ralia

Chin

aN

ethe

rland

sCa

nada

Ger

man

yRu

ssia

Japa

nSi

ngap

ore

Sout

h Ko

rea

Fertility Rate(Average no of child per-woman)

Replacement Rate = 2

Aging Population

DemographicBonus

Extreme HighGrowth

Page 19: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 19

At Least....The Glass is Half Full

Source: IMF, New Economics Foundation, Wijayanto’s Analysis

The ultimate goal of our existence is to be prosperous and happy;

As a nation, we are in the middle of our journey to realize that goal;

Now...the glass is half-full.....

....we need to work harder to make it full.

Page 20: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 20

The Youth Important Role:

Strengthening Social Accountability

Page 21: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 21

Why Indonesian Moslem Youth?

Source: Various sources

Islam

The face of Islam & Indonesia

Size and Influence

Future Responsi-

bility• Moslem youth

activists are Indonesia’s future leaders;

• The future is belong to young generation;

• The old generation is not able to change;

• 85% of Indonesians is Moslem;

• Demographically, most Indonesia’s are young;

• Moslem youth is a key component for change;

• Indonesia represent the face of Islam in the global arena;

• Prosperous, democratic and peaceful Indonesia will play an important role;

• The principle of accountability is embedded in Islam teaching;

• Leadership principle; public participation; freedom of speech;

Page 22: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 22

Social Accountability

Source: Various sources

To Define To Measure To Manage

The obligation of power-holders to account for or take responsibility for their action;

The Basic Tenet.....

The Definition....

Accountability

Approach toward the building of accountability that rely on citizens and/or civil society that participate directly or indirectly;

Social Accountability

o Shidiq (honest)o Amanah (trusted)o Tabligh (spread

out correct info)o Fathanah

(intellectual & pro-the people)

Leadership Character in Islam

Page 23: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 23

Public Integrity vs. Accountability

Stakeholder or Citizen

Government orAgents

Policy Implementation

Ideas Ideas

Justice and equity to promote public interest;

Transparency & Openness;

Accountability Efficiency;

Four Core Values ofIntegrity:

Integrity is beyond honesty. To be honest doesn’t always to be efficient, justice, and accountable.

1

2

34

Source: Component of Integrity: Data and Benchmark of Tracking Trend in the Government, Paper by OECD, May 2009

Transparency, accountability & integrity is codependent

Transparency without accountability is meaningless. Both, without integrity may not end up serving the interest of the public.

Page 24: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 24

Measurement“There is no specific accountability measurement available; However, Corruption Index could be used as a proxy to measure accountability level...”

C D M

Accountability: The obligation of power-holders to account for or

take responsibility for their action;

A

Corruption: The breach of public power for personal

benefit

Discretionary: The flexibility

to execute authority or

power

Monopoly: The lack of

competition from other

parties

Page 25: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 25

Accountability and Corruption“Indonesia’s high level of corruption, measured by various measurement, indicates the lack of accountability in..”

Index SkorSangat Korup

Sangat Bersih

Skor dalam skala 0 - 100%

GI Index 2008 69.00 0 100 69.0%CPI 2008 2.60 0 10 26.0%PERC 2009 8.32 10 0 16.8%GCB 2009 3.70 5 0 26.0%WGI Control of Corruption '08 (0.64) -2.5 2.5 37.2%

Indonesia’s score is relatively low (average: 35%) measured by various indicators; except for GI Index, which is an INPUT INDICATOR.

Page 26: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 26

Social Accountability: The Impact

Source: Social Accountability: An Introduction to the Concept and Emerging Practice, Carmen Malena et al.

SocialAccountability

Improve Governance Improve Development Effectiveness

Improve People Empowerment

Promote good governance and democracy;

Complement the weaknesses of vertical accountability (election) and horizontal accountability (internal mechanism)

Improve public service delivery;

Reduce information asymmetry and promote transparency;

Create well informed policy design;

Empower the poor, by enabling the poor to express their concern;

Empower various vulnerable and disadvantages group;

Page 27: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 27

Social Accountability: Building Blocks

Source: Social Accountability: An Introduction to the Concept and Emerging Practice, Carmen Malena et al.

Mobilizing around an entry point

Building information / evident base

Going public

Rallying support and building coalition

Advocating and negotiating change

1

2

3

4

5

Identification of problem (i.e. education budget allocation) and development of strategy (i.e. tracking of education budget)

Supply side data (data from the government) and Demand side data (data from survey or score-card)

Communicate the finding to the public and media or communicate with stakeholder;

Building coalition with relevant parties or institution;

Negotiate with the govt. create public pressure etc.

Page 28: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 28

Example: Budget Accountability

Source: Social Accountability: An Introduction to the Concept and Emerging Practice, Carmen Malena et al.

Monitoring and evaluation

Policy/budget implementation

Policy/budget analysis

Policy/budget preparation

Stages in Policy and Budget Cycle

Social Accountability Application and Tools

Direct citizen participation (through CSO, etc) to formulate public policy and budget. (i.e. project proposal and budget allocation); Citizen could also prepare alternative program or budget;1

2

3

4

Measuring whether the budget allocation match with government social commitment, this may include to analyze the impact of budget allocation;

Analyze how the government actually spend the money. Are there any leakage or bottleneck?

Monitor the impact and quality of government program and performance of public service. CSO could create its own measurement, such as citizen score card;

Page 29: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 29

Success Factors of Social Accountability

Strong Social Accountability

Policy context & culture

Access to information

The role of media

Civil society capacity

State capacity

State-civil society synergy

Institutionalization

Source: Social Accountability: An Introduction to the Concept and Emerging Practice, Carmen Malena et al.

Page 30: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 30

Alternative Relevant Topics....

Education

Health

Corrup-tion

Politic• Political and

campaign financing;• Regional election;• Policy making

process;• etc;

• Certain corruption case;

• Investigative report competition;

• KPK chairman selection process;

• Building anti-corruption awareness among the youth;

• Fund tracking;• Health services in the

remote areas;• Access of health

service for the poor;• Jamsostek services;• Drug availability;

• Education for the poor;

• Program design and fund tracking;

• Government scholarship program;

• Government research grants;

Page 31: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 31

Thank You

Thank You..............

Page 32: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 32

Attachment.......

Page 33: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Tiri Workshop on Legal Integrity Education

Anti-Corruption Course: The Indonesia’s Experience

By: Wijayanto ([email protected])

Kampala, Uganda, May 2010

http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com

www.ifpc.co.uk/

http://www.7junipers.com/images/sea/bali-rice-farmer.jpg

Youthlab

Page 34: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 34

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Source: PERC, Political Economic Risk Consultancy

Based on various perception surveys, Indonesia is known as a corrupt country.

PERC survey put Indonesia as one of the most corrupt country in Asia.

Despite a long list of question concerning the validity and accuracy of perception survey, significant improvement is needed.

Rank Country 2009 2008 2007

1 Singapore 1.20 1.13 1.07 2 Hong Kong 1.87 1.80 1.89 3 Australia 2.40 4 USA 2.89 5 Japan 2.10 2.25 3.99 6 South Korea 6.30 5.65 4.64 7 Macau 5.18 3.30 5.84 8 China 6.29 7.98 6.16 9 Taiwan 6.23 6.55 6.47

10 Malaysia 6.25 6.37 6.70 11 Philippines 9.40 9.00 7.00 12 Vietnam 7.54 7.75 7.11 13 India 7.54 7.25 7.21 14 Cambodia 7.25 15 Thailand 8.03 8.00 7.63 16 Indonesia 8.03 7.98 8.32

Average 5.84 5.77 5.41

2007 2008 2009The Background

Page 35: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 35

The Background

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Source: Global Corruption Barometer, TI

No Institution 2005 2006 2007

1 Police 4.0 4.2 4.2 2 Parlement 4.0 4.2 4.1 3 Judial 3.8 4.2 4.1 4 Political Parties 4.2 4.1 4.0 5 Licensing Institution 3.5 3.6 3.8 6 Tax Authority 3.8 3.4 3.6 7 Private Sector 3.5 3.6 3.1 8 Utility 3.0 2.9 3.1 9 Army 2.9 3.3 3.0

10 Education Institution 3.0 3.3 3.0 11 NGOs 2.4 2.9 2.8 12 Health 2.7 3.0 2.8 13 Media 2.4 2.8 2.5 14 Religious Institution 2.1 2.3 2.2

Four most important institutions to fight corruption are among the most corrupt.

New Approach is needed to address this national issues.

Page 36: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 36

Why Anti-Corruption Course?

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Source: Paramadina’s Corporate Profile

Paramadina aiming for creating layers of Indonesia’s future leaders and entrepreneurs who put ethic at a very high place.

The most crucial ethical problem in Indonesia is the prevalent corruption. This is the basis for Paramadina to teach Anti-corruption as an obligatory course for all students

LeadershipEntrepreneurshipEthics

Our Tagline

Page 37: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 37

Corruption: The Economics ModelSupply Demand Corruption1

Willingness Opportunity Corruption 2

People who need “service” from corrupt officer

Officer who willing to provide “services”

Willingness of the people to corrupt (character issue)

System that enable corruption to take

place

Cost* Benefit* Corruption 3

Social and monetary cost of

corruption act

Social and monetary benefit of corruption act

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

*) for corruptors

Page 38: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 38

Approaches to Strengthen Integrity

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Source: Korupsi Mengorupsi Indonesia and Various sources

Carrot approach for all;

Incentive for those who pass the test;

Incentive for good man, neutral for bad man;

Building awareness among the people;

Stick and Carrot approach for all;

The stick and carrot come from the society

Stick approach for all;

Creating law and enforce it;

No incentive for good man, punishment for the bad man

Carrot approach for winner;

Creating competitive environment;

Incentive for the winner, neutral for the loser;

Lawyer Approach

Businessman Approach

Economist Approach

Cultural Approach

Quick impact, high cost, challenge is on the implementation

Moderate cost, challenge is on determining the incentive for the good man. Often, the benefit of being selfish is too huge;

Low cost, take a long time to materialize, self sustain;

Rule Based Values Based

Page 39: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 39

Cultural Approach: The ImpactDemand Supply Corruption

Willingness Opportunity Corruption

Cost Benefit Corruption

Anti-Corruption Course would be able to reduce the demand of corrupt behavior since it create awareness on the risk & impact of corruption both to the corruptor as well as to the society. The moral aspect of the course would also minimize the willingness to corrupt.

Public awareness could also increase the cost of doing corruption for corruptor; it reduces the marginal cost of fighting corruption by the society.

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Page 40: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 40

Optimal Level of Corruption

MarginalBenefit (MB)

MarginalCost (MC2)

Additional Cost or Benefit

Quantityof Corruptionbeen Reduced

Q2

MarginalCost (MC1)

Q1

E1

E2

• Corruption mitigation will be done by the society.......

• .....until the level of marginal cost and marginal benefit of eradicating corruption reach the same level, end up corruption quantity been reduced at Q1;

• Cultural approach can reduce the marginal cost of fighting corruption, line MC1 shift to MC2...

• ....increasing corruption quantity been mitigated from Q1 to Q2;

MB>MC1 MB<MC1

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

MB>MC2

Page 41: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 41

Education on Anti-Corruption

Research,Theory & Case Study

Practice, Applied,Case Study

Creating Anti-corruption

experts

Reduce the Supplyof Corruptors

Level Component Main Goals

Elementary to High School

Under-graduate

Post-graduate

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Page 42: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 42

The Options Available....Obligatoryor Elective

Course?

Independent or Integrated

Course?

For All Students

or Selected Department?

Obligatory is more effective to create generation with anti-corruption attitude, while elective is better to create expert on anti-corruption

Program for all department is more effective to reduce the supply of corruptor, since corruptor come from various background

Even though integrated course is more practical, independent course provide content flexibility for more impact.

1

2 3

Paramadina Implements a Full-blown approach. OBLIGATORY & INDEPENDENT COURSE FOR ALL STUDENTS

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Page 43: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 43

The Main Challenge....

The Public

Internal campus & Lecturer

Teaching Material

1 2

3

The students

4 • Lack of awareness, corruption is normal;

• Permissiveness;• Making it obligatory

for all students and implement innovative and enjoyable teaching approach;

• Lack of references with Indonesia focus;

• Publishing book on corruption in Indonesia (1,100 pages);

• Lack of knowledge on corruption issue;

• The importance of credibility;

• Training for lecturer;• Engaging external

parties to teach;• Creating internal

integrity climate;

• Support and harsh criticism;

• Permissiveness;• PR activities and

involves more stakeholders;

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Page 44: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 44

Content & Approach

Theory, Discussion & Case Study

Stadium General

Investigative Report

1 2

3Corruption

Court (TIPIKOR)

Visit

4

Course’s Building Blocks • Students, in groups, create investigative report on various corruption in the society;

• They use recorder and handy-cam;• Book consist of 15-20 best report

will be published......• ......in collaboration with “Benny”

and “Mice” a famous cartoonist;

• Students attend corruption prosecution process and are required to write comprehensive report on the corruption case;

Based on our survey, “Investigative Report” and “TIPIKOR Visit” were their favorite activates

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Page 45: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 45

Studium GeneralWell-known figure is important, not only because of the knowledge they could share, but they also attract media to come and cover the program

1

2 4

3

Antazari Azhar (Corruption Eradication Commision, Chairman)

Jimly Asidiqie (Constitution Court Chairman)

Waluyo (Director of National Oil Company) Sandi Uno (Vice Chairman of Indonesia

Busiiness Chamber - KADIN)

1

243

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Page 46: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 46

Investigative Reports: The Theme Each Semester, ~400 students took “Anti-Corruption” course at Paramadina

University. Around 80 investigative reports were created each year; Students used voice recorder and handy-cam to support the investigation;

Fake Diploma and Transcript; Corruption in Police Department; Corruption at the Cemetery; Corruption at Traditional Market: Corrupted Scale; Mobile Phone Black Market; Bribery in the Train; Corruption in the hospital; Corruption by University Security Guard; Lack of Transparency in University Endowment

Fund Management;

Example of Investigative

Report’s Theme

Some student conduct the investigative in the campus, it helped the university to maintain internal integrity system

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Page 47: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 47

Course SyllabiNo Topic/Activity* Lecturer

1 Overview of the Course, Syllabi, Material, etc. Internal

2 Stadium General 1: Corruption in Indonesia and The Region

External

3 Definition and Type of Corruption, Corruption Measurement

Internal

4 Cause of Corruption & Mitigation Approach Internal

5 Investigative Technique KPK

6 Stadium General 2: Religion and Corruption External

7 Negative Effect of Corruption Internal

8 The History of Corruption in Indonesia Internal

9 The Prospect of Corruption Eradication in Indonesia Internal

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Page 48: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 48

Course Syllabi (cont’d)

No Topic/Activity* Lecturer

10 Stadium General 3: Corruption in Indonesia’s Business and Politic

External

11 Global War Against Corruption Internal

12 Class Presentation & Discussion (Investigative Report) Internal

13 Class Presentation & Discussion (Investigative Report) Internal

14 Corruption Court (TIPIKOR) Visit TIPIKOR

15 Best Investigative Report Selection. Internal

16 Final Exam Internal

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Page 49: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 49

attachment book and poster

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Page 50: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 50

The Main Text Book• Publish Date: January 2010;• Editor: Wijayanto & R. Zachrie;• Authors: 30 experts from various

background, including some expert from TIRI;

• Sponsor: TIRI and Recapital;• No of pages: 1,100 pages;

In addition comprehensive theory and various corruption measurement, the book covers various aspect of corruption in Indonesia, using various angle, including economic, politic, social and culture, religion, law, and international aspect.

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Page 51: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

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Poster on Investigative Report

“Come on......show us your best report!!”

We distribute this poster in our the campus; encouraging students to write their best report.

“....The best report will be published, in collaboration with Benny and Mice (a famous Indonesia’s cartoonists)....”

Legal Integrity Education - Uganda

Page 52: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Integrity for Youth [integrity 4Uth]

Jakarta, March, 2010

Page 53: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 53

Executive Summary• Youth, defined as those with age between 12 – 25, is a dominant component of world population;• In Indonesia, the number of youth reaches around 70 million, represents a third of total population; • If we intent to change the world....change the youth;• If we intent to create a new world in which integrity becomes part of people daily live....build integrity among the youth;• However, dealing with youth is a tough undertaking.......• .....since we don’t speak their language;• Integrity for Youth [integrity 4Uth] envisage to build awareness and attitude of integrity among the youth, using a new approach;• Paramadina Public Policy Institute, Youth Lab and Recapital Amanah Foundation hope that this program could outlay a sound base for anti-corruption awareness among the youth.

integrity 4Uth

Page 54: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 54

Interesting Fact: Friends

In average, Asian youth has:• 96 number in his/her mobile phone;• 87 instant message buddies;• 100 friends in social networks;• 4 social networking sites;

Source: MTV Music Mailers Research, 2008 (12 countries)

integrity 4Uth

Page 55: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

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Interesting Fact: Friends

Source: MTV Music Mailers Research, 2008 (12 countries)

11 21 13 15 11 9 14 14 15 9 9 12 13

93 94

60 83

55 48 46 39 39 41 34 30 55

66 54

66 41

48 39 30 33 31 30 31 27

41

Online FriendsOffline FriendsClose Friends

In average Indonesian youth has 33 online friends, 39 offline friends and 14 close friends;

Friends tend to have more influence than teachers, parents and siblings;

Number of Friends

integrity 4Uth

Page 56: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 56

Interesting Fact: Social Networks

Source: MTV Music Mailers Research, 2008 (12 countries)

Online Social Network becomes a lifestyle;

In Indonesia, six largest networks are:

Twitter; Facebook; Friendster; Flixter; Myspace; and Flicker;

8

54 4 4 4 4

3 3 3 32

Viet Indo China Phil Mal Twn HK Aust Thai Sing Korea India

Number of Online Social Networks

integrity 4Uth

Page 57: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 57

The Project: 20,000 Feet View Promoting awareness on anticorruption and integrity

among youth; Create a tested and an efficient model to engage youth in

the war against corruption...... ..... which could be multiplied in various places;

The Objective

Communication gaps between the youth and adult.....is a killing handicap;

The vast number of youth and the fact that peers are their main influencer has made traditional approaches to build integrity ineffective and too expensive;

The Challenge

The Strategy

Riding the wave of youth new lifestyle or trend......online social networks;

Let the youth do the job for us;

integrity 4Uth

Page 58: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 58

The Plan.....Recruiting

Agents

Kit design & production

Training forintegrity agent

Monitoring(on line & off line)

Reportpreparation & dissemination

Determine the parameter of integrity agents; Select 30 agents form 30 high schools and

universities representing Jakarta area;

Create T-Shirt and bags with unique design; Agents wear the T-Shirt and bag for 30 days;

Provide agents with basic understanding on integrity and anticorruption;

Randomly monitor agents’ activities; Periodic coordination meeting with integrity agents;

Prepare comprehensive report, including video of integrity agents in action;

Publish result to maximize impact;

1

2

3

4

5

integrity 4Uth

Page 59: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 59

The Integrity Agents

Cool....very outgoing!! Active on online/offline Social

Network (min: 4 days posting on facebook & twitter);

Persuasive & Engaging; Min: 500 friends on facebook; Min: 300 followers on Twitter; Active on Kaskus & Kafe gaul; Talk about our message

through online/offline media for 30 days ;

Their criteria..........

integrity 4Uth

Page 60: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 60

The Places to Visit.....

Wearing specially design

T-Shirt, integrity agents visit these

places, to socialize and to

spread out integrity virus in

their community, using their own

approach

integrity 4Uth

Page 61: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 61

The Costume.....

sample only

Integrity agents are required to wear “Integrity T-Shirt” for 30 consecutive days....

.....no mater where they are: at campus, at shopping mall, at cafe, at mosque, at church, at home, even during dating;

Logo of Recapital, Paramadina & Youth Lab will be printed on the T-Shirt......

......together with eye-catching anticorruption or pro-integrity slogan.

integrity 4Uth

Page 62: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 62

The Three Fold Impact

On line Friends

Close Friends

Off line Friends

We expect that integrity agents could spread out our message to, at least, 420 close friends;

Through the off-line interaction, integrity agents would build awareness among, at least, 990 peers they meet at various places;

Awareness building among online friends is the main power of this project;

We expect that agents could create awareness among at least 15,000 youth,

.....maximum number is difficult to predict.

However, considering the trend, this number could be enormous

integrity 4Uth

Page 63: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 63

Impact : to Close Friends

No of agentsNo of close friends per

agent

No of youth persuaded

30 14* 420

no of close friends

persuaded

[420]

no of close friends per

youth

[14]

No of youth persuaded

5,880

Primary Impact

Secondary Impact

This situation can potentially create a kind ofspiral effect, which will end up with more

youth being aware of our message

integrity 4Uth

*) we believe that the integrity agents we recruit have more than 14 close friends.

1

Page 64: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 64

Impact : to Offline Friends

No of agentsNo of off line friends per

agent

No of youth persuaded

30 33* 990

No of off line friends

persuaded

[990]

No of off line friends per

youth

[33]

No of youth persuaded

32,670

Primary Impact

Secondary Impact

This situation can potentially create a kind ofspiral effect, which will end up with more

youth being aware of our message

integrity 4Uth

*) we believe that the integrity agents we recruit have more than 33 off line friends.

2

Page 65: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 65

Impact : to Online Friends

No of agentsSocial

Networks per -agents

Social friends per-agents, per social networks

30 5 100*

No of youth persuaded

[15,000]

Social networks per

youth

[5]No of social

friends/ youth/ social

networks

[????]

Primary Impact

Secondary Impact

This situation can potentially create a kind ofchain reaction, which will end up with moreyouth being aware of the message we deliver

No of youth persuaded

15,000

No of youth persuaded

[???]

integrity 4Uth

*) we recruit youth with more than 100 friends (our expectation is 500 or more) in each social networks they participate

3

Page 66: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 66

The Projected Outcome

integrity 4Uth

Impact to Worse CasePrimary Impact

Best CaseIncluding Secondary Impact

Integrity Agents 30 30

Close Friends 420 ??

Off Line Friends 990 ??

On Line Friends 15,000 ??

Total : 16,440* ??

Integrity 4Uth will build awareness to at least 15,000 youth..... ....with potential enormous secondary impact; Indonesia’s recent history has shown that social online network is a

powerful tool to build awareness and to mobilize support;

*) double counting may occur

Page 67: Young Moslem Leaders and Social Accountability By: Wijayanto (wijayanto@paramadina.ac.id) Jakarta, June 2010

Page 67

The Team Paramadina Public Policy Institute (“the Institute”) is an

independent, non-profit and non-partisan think-thank under the umbrella of Paramadina University.

The Institute envisage becoming a fountain of ideas for Indonesia, and have positioned ourselves as a critical but supportive partner of the government.

Website: http://policy.paramadina.ac.id

Youthlab is a think-thank, managed and established by students of Psychology Department, Univ. of Indonesia, who focus its research and activities on youth behavior.

Website: http://www.enterthelab.com

One of Indonesia’s leading investment firm. Through Recapital Amanah Foundation, Recapital would like to spread out it altruistic spirit all over Indonesia;

integrity 4Uth