English for Writing Research Papers Five guidelines to massively improve your chances of publication Adrian Wallwork ENGLISH Adrian Wallwork for Writing Research Papers English for Writing Research Papers Wallwork Adrian Wallwork English for Writing Research Papers Good writing skills are key to a successful career in academia. English for Writing Research Papers was written specically for researchers and professors of all disciplines whose rst language is not English and who wish to have their work published in an international journal. With easy-to-follow rules and tips, and with examples taken from real papers, the book covers how to: • prepare and structure a manuscript that will be recommended by referees for publication • use a reader-oriented style • write each section of a paper • highlight the most important ndings • write concisely and without ambiguity • avoid plagiarism • choose the correct verb forms The book also includes around useful phrases for use in any kind of research paper. Adrian Wallwork is the author of more than ELT and EAP textbooks. He has trained several thousand PhD students and researchers from countries to write research papers. rough his editing agency, he and his partners have been revising and editing research papers since . is guide is thus also highly recommended for providers of editing services, proofreaders, and trainers in English for Academic Purposes. Other books in the series: • English for Presentations at International Conferences • English for Academic Correspondence and Socializing • English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar 1 Education ISBN 978-1-4419-7921-6 ENGLISH Adrian Wallwork for Writing Research Papers English for Writing Research Papers Wallwork Adrian Wallwork English for Writing Research Papers Good writing skills are key to a successful career in academia. English for Writing Research Papers was written specically for researchers and professors of all disciplines whose rst language is not English and who wish to have their work published in an international journal. With easy-to-follow rules and tips, and with examples taken from real papers, the book covers how to: • prepare and structure a manuscript that will be recommended by referees for publication • use a reader-oriented style • write each section of a paper • highlight the most important ndings • write concisely and without ambiguity • avoid plagiarism • choose the correct verb forms The book also includes around useful phrases for use in any kind of research paper. Adrian Wallwork is the author of more than ELT and EAP textbooks. He has trained several thousand PhD students and researchers from countries to write research papers. rough his editing agency, he and his partners have been revising and editing research papers since . is guide is thus also highly recommended for providers of editing services, proofreaders, and trainers in English for Academic Purposes. Other books in the series: • English for Presentations at International Conferences • English for Academic Correspondence and Socializing • English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar 1 Education ISBN 978-1-4419-7921-6
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Writing research articles in English, by Adrian Wallwork
Lecture. MedSouk. University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum. By Adrian Wallwork, author of the Springer books "English for Writing Research Papers", "English for Presentations at International Conferences", "English for Academic Correspondence and Socializing", "English for Academic Research: Grammar Exercises" y "English for Academic Research: Vocabulary Exercises".
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English for Writing Research Papers
Five guidelines to massively
improve your chances of publication
Adrian
Wallwork ENGLISH
Adrian Wallwork
for WritingResearch Papers
English for Writing Research Papers
Wallwork
Adrian WallworkEnglish for Writing Research Papers
Good writing skills are key to a successful career in academia. English for Writing Research Papers was written speci!cally for researchers and professors of all disciplines whose !rst language is not English and who wish to have their work published in an international journal.
With easy-to-follow rules and tips, and with examples taken from real papers, the book covers how to: • prepare and structure a manuscript that will be recommended by referees
for publication • use a reader-oriented style • write each section of a paper • highlight the most important !ndings • write concisely and without ambiguity • avoid plagiarism • choose the correct verb forms
The book also includes around "## useful phrases for use in any kind of research paper.
Adrian Wallwork is the author of more than $# ELT and EAP textbooks. He has trained several thousand PhD students and researchers from %& countries to write research papers. 'rough his editing agency, he and his partners have been revising and editing research papers since ()*&. 'is guide is thus also highly recommended for providers of editing services, proofreaders, and trainers in English for Academic Purposes.
Other books in the series: • English for Presentations at International Conferences • English for Academic Correspondence and Socializing • English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar
1
Education
ISBN 978-1-4419-7921-6
ENGLISHAdrian Wallwork
for WritingResearch Papers
English for Writing Research Papers
Wallwork
Adrian WallworkEnglish for Writing Research Papers
Good writing skills are key to a successful career in academia. English for Writing Research Papers was written speci!cally for researchers and professors of all disciplines whose !rst language is not English and who wish to have their work published in an international journal.
With easy-to-follow rules and tips, and with examples taken from real papers, the book covers how to: • prepare and structure a manuscript that will be recommended by referees
for publication • use a reader-oriented style • write each section of a paper • highlight the most important !ndings • write concisely and without ambiguity • avoid plagiarism • choose the correct verb forms
The book also includes around "## useful phrases for use in any kind of research paper.
Adrian Wallwork is the author of more than $# ELT and EAP textbooks. He has trained several thousand PhD students and researchers from %& countries to write research papers. 'rough his editing agency, he and his partners have been revising and editing research papers since ()*&. 'is guide is thus also highly recommended for providers of editing services, proofreaders, and trainers in English for Academic Purposes.
Other books in the series: • English for Presentations at International Conferences • English for Academic Correspondence and Socializing • English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar
1
Education
ISBN 978-1-4419-7921-6
A PDF of this seminar will be on my blog: adrianwallwork.wordpress.com under English courses/downloads
GUIDELINE #1
Who should you have in mind when you
are writing your paper?
Who is the most important reader of your paper? The referee.
Spain’s record for publishing
3 Spanish ins>tutes in top 200 ins>tutes that have published papers in Nature (Portugal 0, Italy 1, France 5, Germany 17, UK 20)
Research has found that there is a correlation between
poor English and non-acceptance of articles.
Many top journals are based in US and GB.
List four things that you think represent ‘poor English’ and/or ‘poor writing skills’ that would cause
a paper to be rejected by a US or GB referee / reviewer.
REASONS FOR PAPERS TO BE REJECTED 1) “There are 80 words in this sentence – my brain
is going to explode”
3-4 badly constructed long sentences may make a whole article incomprehensible.
2) “Where are your findings?”
Referee cannot understand the importance of your findings / results because you have not highlighted them clearly.
3) “Whose are these findings – yours or another author’s?”
Referee cannot understand if you are referring to your findings or findings already established in the literature.
4) Ambiguity
If you take your dog in the car don't let him hang out of a window while driving. Like Maria, he had dark brown hair, with enormous black eyebrows, a moustache and a short beard.
What do Spanish Referees complain about the most?
Moral of the story
Papers are NOT normally rejected for a few grammar or vocabulary mistakes.
Papers ARE rejected for just two or three long
sentences / paragraphs
FIVE EASY GUIDELINES
• 1 Write from reader’s / referee’s point of view
• 2 Reduce word count to the minimum
• 3 Use short sentences
• 4 Avoid ambiguity
• 5 Highlight your findings and clearly
differentiate your findings from those already
in the literature
If you follow my five guidelines you will DOUBLE the chances of your manuscript
being accepted.
If you follow my five guidelines you will DOUBLE, even TRIPLE, the chances of your
manuscript being accepted.
If you follow my five guidelines you will QUADRUPLE
the chances of your manuscript being accepted.
OK, I am little optimistic perhaps!
What do you see?
We all have different perspectives
Trend today in English: seeing things from the reader’s point of view rather
than your point of view
Moral of the story In your papers, emails, presentation slides, and applications for jobs always think about the audience. Think in terms of them them them NOT me me me
What do they want to: • know? • read first? • hear first? How can I make it easier for them?
Guideline 1
Write for the referee / reader Guideline 2
Write short sentences
Very Simple Sentence One part only
English is oQen considered to be the simplest language.
Simple Sentence Two parts
Of all the languages in the world, English is oQen considered to be the simplest.
Complex Sentence Too many ideas
Of all the languages in the world, including those that are now dead languages, for example La>n and Sanskrit, English, which is now spoken by around 400 million na>ve speakers and 1.1 billion non-‐na>ve speakers, is considered by most people to be the simplest.
Where is key informa>on? In italics? Or normal script
English, which is the interna4onal language of communica4on, is now studied by 1.1 billion people. English, which is now studied by 1.1 billion people, is the interna>onal language of communica>on.
Rule for wri>ng a sentence
1 Subject in first part 2 Key info in second part
1) Subject 2) Key info
English, which is the interna4onal language of communica4on, is now studied by 1.1 billion people. English, which is now studied by 1.1 billion people, is the interna>onal language of communica>on.
Do NOT separate the subject from the key informa4on
English, which owes its origins to the Anglo Saxons (a tribe who lived in what is now Denmark and Northern Germany) and is the interna>onal language of communica>on, in part due to the importance of the USA, rather than the Queen of England, is now studied by 1.1 billion people.
Don’t hide the subject in the middle of the phrase
Owing its origins to the Anglo Saxons (a tribe who lived in what is now Denmark and Northern Germany), English is the interna>onal language of commun-‐ica>on, in part due to the importance of the USA, rather than the Queen of England, and is now studied by 1.1 billion people.
Think how you could divide up this sentence into four short sentences.
Owing its origins to the Anglo Saxons (a tribe who lived in what is now Denmark and Northern Germany), English is the interna>onal language of commun-‐ica>on, in part due to the importance of the USA, rather than the Queen of England, and is now studied by 1.1 billion people.
Solu>on
English owes its origins to the Anglo Saxons, who were a tribe from what is now Denmark and Northern Germany. // It has become the interna>onal language of communica>on. // This is in part due to the importance of the USA, rather than the Queen of England. // English is now studied by 1.1 billion people.
English, which owes its origins to the Anglo Saxons, is …
English owes its origins to the Anglo Saxons.
Remove relaCve clauses
English, which owes its origins to the Anglo Saxons (a tribe who lived in what is now Denmark and Northern Germany)
English owes its origins to the Anglo Saxons.
Remove brackets (and consider removing content of brackets)
…. a tribe who lived in what is now Denmark and northern Germany) and is the international language of communication,
…a tribe from what is now Denmark and northern Germany. English has become the international language of communication.
Remove linker * and begin a new sentence. Don’t worry about repeaCng the same word twice.
* A linker is a connecting word: moreover, in particular, consequently
… is the international language of communi- cation, in part due to the importance of the USA, rather than the Queen of England, is now studied by 1.1 billion people.
… is the interna>onal language of communica>on. This is in part due to the importance of the USA, rather than the Queen of England. English is now studied by 1.1 billion people.
Remove comma (,) and begin a new sentence
Having shorter sentences also makes it easier to change their order
English owes its origins to the Anglo Saxons, who were a tribe from what is now Denmark and Northern Germany. // It has become the international language of communication. // This is in part due to the importance of the USA, rather than the Queen of England. // English is now studied by 1.1 billion people.
English is now studied by 1.1 billion people. It owes its origins to the Anglo Saxons, who were a tribe from what is now Denmark and Northern Germany. // It has become the interna>onal language of communica>on. // This is in part due to the importance of the USA, rather than the Queen of England.
Summary: How to make short sentences from a very long sentence. Start a new sentence if there are/is:
• brackets • which • and • more than two commas • a link word (in addi4on, furthermore)
Guideline 1
Write for the referee Guideline 2
Write short sentences Guideline 3
Minimum number of words (avoid redundancy)
Researchers vs Normal People
Imagine you ask a researcher the question
“What time is it?”
A typical researcher will say: "On the basis of the consideration that the sun would appear to be at its highest peak in the sky, it would be reasonable, given such circumstances, to hypothesize, all other things being equal, that the time, with respect to Greenwich, is midday."
A normal person would say:
“12 o’clock”
Which style of writing is easier to understand and more enjoyable to
READ?
a) “12 o’clock” b) "On the basis of the consideration that the sun would appear to be at its highest peak in
the sky …”
Which style do you use? Why?
a) “12 o’clock”
b) "On the basis of the consideration that the sun would appear to be at its highest peak in
the sky …”
In a survey at Stanford
University, 86.4% of students admitted they used complicated language in
their papers to make themselves sound more
intelligent.
Remove the fog: cut redundant words
It was yellow in colour and round in shape.
Remove the fog: cut redundant words
1. It was yellow in colour and round in shape.
2. This will be done in the month of December.
3. The research activity carried out in our department.
4. The activity aimed at the extrapolation of X is not trivial.
5. We did X. This choice meant that …
6. The summary statements presented above represent the authors’ current perceptions in relation to the results. Since the work is ongoing, these statements should only be viewed as conclusions to the extent that it is the author’s intention and aim to embellish them in the light of subsequent events.
Cut redundant words
1. It was yellow in colour and round in shape.
2. This will be done in the month of December.
3. The research activity carried out in our department.
4. The activity aimed at the extrapolation of X is not trivial.
5. We did X. This choice meant that …
6. The summary statements presented above represent the authors’ current perceptions in relation to the results. Since the work is ongoing, these statements should only be viewed as conclusions to the extent that it is the author’s intention and aim to embellish them in the light of subsequent events.
Why is eliminating redundant words useful?
It was yellow in colour and round in shape / form. We did X. This choice / choose meant that … The activity aimed at / to the extrapolation of X is not trivial.
Why is eliminating redundant words useful?
It was yellow in colour and round in shape / form. We did X. This choice / choose meant that … The activity aimed at / to the extrapolation of X is not trivial.
Why cut redundant words?
It was yellow in colour and round in shape / form. We did X. This choice / choose meant that … The activity aimed at / to the extrapolation of X is not trivial.
• If you cut redundant words it is impossible make mistakes with them!
• They add no value for the reader. • They are not concrete.
Which is correct?
1a) We found useful to consider the cases separately.
1b) We found it useful to consider ...
2a) It is worth to note that x = y. 2b) It is worth noting that x = y.
Which is correct?
We found useful to consider … We found it useful to consider ...
It is worth to note that x = y. It is worth noting that x = y.
Are you 100% sure???!!!
Are the sentences in blue correct?
We found useful to consider … We found it useful to consider √ We considered ...
It is worth to note that x = y. It is worth noting that x = y. √ Note that x = y.
Eliminating words Reduces the number of choices you have to make, thus reduces the time you have to spend thinking.
Reduces the chances of you making mistakes, thus reduces correction time.
Saves the reader time and reduces possible boredom.
Using simple constructions does not mean you have a low intelligence quota!
Prefer verbs to nouns
X was used in the calculation of Y. X was used to calculate Y.
All sentences in red are examples of BAD English
Prefer a verb to a verb + noun construction
This allows the analysis of X to be performed. This allows you to analyse X. This allows X to be analysed. A comparison was made between X and Y. X and Y were compared. X showed a better performance than Y. X performed better than Y.
Why is using verbs a good idea?
A comparison was made / done / effected / carried out between X and Y.
X and Y were compared.
Be concise in the title of your paper but not too concise
After reading a title of a paper only 1 in 500
people … ?
So you think they are going to read your paper?
1 in 3 Americans read gossip on blog websites 1 in 6 people read 12 or more books a year 1 in 100 people read a newspaper ONLY 1 in 500 people read a paper after reading the title
1 in 10,000 people read poetry
What is the problem with this title?
An innovative Spanish PhD student scientific English
didactic methodology
When you start reading it, it seems to have one meaning. But when you
finish it, it has another meaning.
An innovative Spanish PhD student …
It is a string of :
adjectives + nouns that act as adjectives + nouns
An innovative Spanish PhD student scientific English
didactic methodology
Rewrite the title. Include some prepositions and a verb.
An innovative Spanish PhD student scientific English
didactic methodology
Good titles have a verb and some prepositions.
An innovative Italian PhD student scientific English
didactic methodology
An innovative methodology for teaching scientific English
to Spanish PhD students
Good titles put the adjective next to the noun it
refers to.
NO! An innovative Spanish PhD student scientific English didactic
methodology
YES! An innovative methodology for teaching scientific English to Spanish
PhD students
Moral of the story
If readers can’t understand your title, there is a 98.76532% chance they won’t
read your paper.
Using Google to check your English
Google: summary
This word or exact phrasing: these informa>ons are Language: English Domain: .ac, .edu Author (Google Scholar only): Smith
Being concise: Summary Remove redundant words (and even whole sentences, paragraphs, sections) For a period of six months For six months Reduce number of words This gives us the possibility to do x This allows us to do x Use verbs instead of nouns We made an analysis of x We analysed x
Why be concise? Abstracts
CVs Applications for grants
Research proposals Emails
Slides in presentations Posters at conferences
Twitter
Learning to be concise is not an option, it is essential.
You will not write like a child!
Being concise does not mean that you cannot be expressive or cannot be eloquent.
You can!
Are native English academics concise? Most are not.
But the difference between them and you is that they don’t make mistakes!
Believe me. You need to be concise
Just because it was not concise: “Must be rewritten completely”
Referees can be real bastards!
But the author could easily have been avoided the problem
Abstract Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a worldwide-‐culCvated vegetable crop which is affected by many viruses that cause significant economic losses. Therefore, Their detec>on and iden>fica>on is of cri>cal importance to plant virologists in general and, in parCcular, to scienCsts and others involved in plant protec>on acCviCes and quaran>ne and cer>fica>on programs.
Instead publication was delayed 3 months. Also, the author had to pay me €220 to revise his manuscript – when he could have done the revision HIMSELF before the first submission. P.S. Obviously, the author had NOT followed my English course!
Note also that this is an Abstract Abstract Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a worldwide-‐culCvated vegetable crop which is affected by many viruses that cause significant economic losses. Therefore, Their detec>on and iden>fica>on is of cri>cal importance to plant virologists in general and, in parCcular, to scienCsts and others involved in plant protec>on acCviCes and quaran>ne and cer>fica>on programs.
If the reader sees a lot of redundancy in the Abstract, then he/she will probably stop reading.
In your Abstract every word must add VALUE.
You do not have much space in an Abstract, so don’t waste a single word.
1) Write for the referee 2) Write short sentences 3) Avoid redundancy)
Guideline 4 Highlight your findings and
differenCate them from the literature
Guideline 5 Avoid ambiguity
Which part of the paper is the most
difficult to write? Why?
Abstract Introduction
Methodology (Materials and Method) Results
Discussion Conclusion
Which part of the paper is the most
difficult to write? Why?
Abstract Introduction
Methodology (Materials and Method) Results
Discussion Conclusion
With the person siSng next to you decide the main purposes of
the Discussion
In Discussion / Conclusions it is essential to:
1) be clear what you did and what
other authors have done
2) highlight your unique contribution
3) discuss limitations of your findings
4) state what the applications and implications of your research are
Differentiating yourself from other authors
NO!! It was found that …
• ?
• ? They found X. • They found X. • They found XThey
found X
They found X. We found X. Our findings show that ...
THEM YOU YOU
Use ACTIVE and WE to distinguish between you and other authors
1. We clearly indicates that you are referring to your own work.
2. The author is the subject of the verb, so it is clear to the reader.
3. The passive form means that the reader is not sure until the end of the sentence if it was you or another author. A long literature review full of passive sentences is very heavy for the reader.
4. This is ambiguous. Readers cannot know who made the suggestion unless they go to Ref. 25 and see if it was you or someone else.
5. There is no reference. Readers cannot be sure if you made the suggestion or someone else.
1. GOOD! In 2008, we confirmed that complex sentences aggravate the reader [25].
2. GOOD! In 2007, Carter suggested that complex sentences could also lead to high levels of stress for the reader [36].
3. OK! In 2007, it was suggested that complex sentences could also lead to high levels of stress for the reader [Carter, 36].
4. BAD! In 2007, it was suggested that complex sentences could also lead to high levels of stress for the reader [25].
5. DISASTER! In 2007, it was suggested that complex sentences could also lead to high levels of stress for the reader.
Not making the distinction clear between what YOU did and what OTHERS have done
causes more confusion for the reader than any grammatical or vocabulary mistake
For each verb in bold, try to understand if the verb refers to something Kim
(the author) did or found, or to something another author (AA) did or found.
Bilingual children (1) were found to show a greater adaptability to new
situa>ons (e.g. change of school, change of diet) and demonstrated a greater
ease in communica>ng confidently with adults [Simons, 1995]. As result of an
extensive search for bilingual children in ten European countries, 149 children
(2) were iden3fied (Table 1). It (3) has been found that those children with
parents of the same na>onality but who lived in a foreign country (for
example, a child with English parents living in Italy) (4) have a greater level of
adaptability than those children with parents of different na>onali>es living
in the na>ve country of one of the parents.
Original
Bilingual children were found to show a greater adaptability to new situations and
demonstrated a greater ease in communicating confidently with adults [Simons, 1995].
As result of an extensive search for bilingual children in ten European countries, 149
children were identified (Table 1).
Revised
Bilingual children show a greater adaptability to new situations and
demonstrated a greater ease in communicating confidently with adults
[Simons, 1995]. Simons investigated children from the US
and Canada. On the other hand, the focus of our study
was Europe and as a result of an extensive search for bilingual
children in ten European countries, 149 children were identified (Table
1).
impersonal forms vs we
Simons investigated children from the US and
Canada, whereas we studied children in Europe. We
conducted an extensive search for bilingual children
in ten European countries and identified 149 children
(Table 1). We found that those children with parents
…
Results: present simple vs simple past
present: to talk about established scientific fact
past: your findings that you
describe in your paper.
It is well known that if green is mixed with red, brown is produced. We found that when we mixed green and red, white was produced.
NO!!! We found that when we mixed green and red, white is produced.
Highlighting your findings
Telling
Show
Don’t tell
Show
Don’t tell
The large difference in mean size between X and Y is particularly interesting.
X showed a massive increase, almost ten times that of Y.
Interesting for who?
This is one ridiculously long paragraph containing all kinds of information about everything that you can possibly imagine and conceive. This is one ridiculously long paragraph containing all kinds of information about everything that you can possibly imagine and conceive. Here are my findings you will be lucky if you can see them here buried in the midst of this ridiculously long paragraph containing all kinds of information about everything that you can possibly imagine and conceive. And now I will continue with this ridiculously long paragraph containing all kinds of information about everything that you can possibly imagine and conceive. So here we go again with this ridiculously long paragraph containing all kinds of information about everything that you can possibly imagine and conceive. This is one ridiculously long paragraph containing all kinds of information about everything that you can possibly imagine and conceive.
This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. Here are my findings, which you can now see quite clearly. Note how this paragraph is also quite short. In fact, it is shorter than the previous and following paragraphs. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph. This is now a much shorter paragraph.
Highlighting your findings
" Begin a new paragraph " Use different language " Avoid too many ‘note that’, ‘interestingly’ – show rather than say
" If possible, use ‘we’ and active form " Use shorter than normal sentences " Keep the paragraph short
Do any of you drink Carlsberg?
Probably the best beer in the world
Probably the best beer in the world Early Carlsberg adverts had these slogans:
Lager at its best.�
Unrivalled quality and flavour.�The world’s best.�
Why did Carlsberg decide to use ‘probably’?
http://carlsberg.com/#/Commercials/historic+ads
Hedging and Sitting on the Fence
Emphasizing your contribution
Too modest Too arrogant
Too weak
It may be the case that these findings could possibly find an application in …
These findings would seem to suggest that in certain circumstances there might be a possiblity to ..
Too strong
These findings will certainly be useful for …
Our findings prove that ..
Other researchers should use these findings to …
The right balance
X would seem to indicate that …
We believe that these results show that …
To the best of our knowledge this is
the first time that …
We hope that other researchers will …
Our findings suggest
that ..
Other researchers may benefit from …
But don’t put ‘probably’ in front of every affirmation you make!
Level of certainty when discussing results
100% Must will (certainly) 90% should will probably 50% may could
0% will not cannot
There are no studies on ... Have you actually checked every single paper in the world?
The literature has not discussed ...
Are you 100% certain about this? This is the first time that this method has been applied
to ... What about that recent study in China?
Results often conflict with each other ...
Have you investigated all the results?
How can you be so sure about what you say?
As far as we know, there are no studies on ... To [the best of] our knowledge, the literature has not
discussed … We believe that this is the first time … Results often appear to conflict with each other ...
I want my paper published, so I am more modest and open to other
interpretations
Don’t offend anyone when describing their limitations
Don’t give the finger to another author: he/she might be the refereee
Describe the limitations of your research + all possible objections.
So, what does it all mean?
Summary
Write for the reader not for yourself
Simple, short, clear and unambigous
‘Sell’ your methods and results
Reduce what you’ve wrihen by 25%
How to end a seminar using boring scientific English
On the basis that I have now concluded everything that I wish to say on this particular occasion, and, moreover, due to the consideration that the time allocated to this particular session is drawing near to its scheduled completion, I believe, given all the above factors, that we have reached the point at which we can bring this seminar to a suitable and appropriate termination.