World War II. Causes of US entering WWII Military Support of Allies -Neutrality Act and Lend-Lease allow US to supply Britain with war goods German Sub.

World War IIWorld War II

Causes of US entering WWIICauses of US entering WWII

Military Support of Allies -Neutrality Act and Lend-Lease allow US to supply Britain with war goods

German Sub Attacks on US naval destroyers while escorting British ships

Japanese Imperialism – US economic sanctions against Japan to protest aggression

US Enters WWII December 8, 1941

December 7, 1941Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Allies v. Axis PowersAllies v. Axis Powers

► AlliesAllies Great BritainGreat Britain FranceFrance Soviet Union (after Soviet Union (after

6/1941)6/1941) U.S. (after 12/1941)U.S. (after 12/1941) Plus many smaller Plus many smaller

European nationsEuropean nations

► Axis PowersAxis Powers GermanyGermany ItalyItaly JapanJapan

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor              ►       Japan was working on expanding empire Japan was working on expanding empire

throughout the Pacificthroughout the Pacific

► The U.S. had a trade embargo on Japan to try and The U.S. had a trade embargo on Japan to try and deter Japan from invading countriesdeter Japan from invading countries

  ► U.S. was able to intercept and break Japan's secret U.S. was able to intercept and break Japan's secret

codescodes  ► Intercepted the code about Pearl Harbor - sent the Intercepted the code about Pearl Harbor - sent the

message on a slower telegram (by accident) to warn message on a slower telegram (by accident) to warn U.S. Navy about attack U.S. Navy about attack

Pearl Harbor ContinuedPearl Harbor Continued

It was a Sunday morning - U.S. military was It was a Sunday morning - U.S. military was taken off guardtaken off guard

2 full blown attacks on Pearl Harbor 2 full blown attacks on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941December 7, 1941

Impact/Damage on U.S.Impact/Damage on U.S.► oo          2,400 U.S. military and civilians lost their lives2,400 U.S. military and civilians lost their lives► oo          1,178 U.S. military and civilians wounded1,178 U.S. military and civilians wounded► oo          18 ships and 350 planes sunk or damaged18 ships and 350 planes sunk or damaged

Pearl Harbor ContinuedPearl Harbor Continued

► Japan viewed as a stunning victoryJapan viewed as a stunning victory

►December 8, 1941, U.S. declares war December 8, 1941, U.S. declares war on Japanon Japan

►December 11, 1941, Germany and December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.Italy declare war on U.S.

Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the Atlantic

► 1939 – 1945 (Jan. 1942 – July 1943 were decisive)1939 – 1945 (Jan. 1942 – July 1943 were decisive)

► German U-Boats were sinking unprotected U.S. and other Allies' German U-Boats were sinking unprotected U.S. and other Allies' merchant ships merchant ships

► Allies began using convoys to protect shipsAllies began using convoys to protect ships

► The Allies also used a sonar system to detect German U-BoatsThe Allies also used a sonar system to detect German U-Boats

► The Germans were very successful in the beginning, but by mid - The Germans were very successful in the beginning, but by mid - 1943, the Allies had the upper hand1943, the Allies had the upper hand

"The Battle of the Atlantic was the only thing that really frightened me" - Winston Churchill.

Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad ((June 1941 – January 31, 1943)June 1941 – January 31, 1943)

►Germans violated nonaggression pact Germans violated nonaggression pact with Soviet Union and attackedwith Soviet Union and attacked

►Hitler hoped to captured Soviet oil fieldsHitler hoped to captured Soviet oil fields

►Germans nearly won (controlled 9/10 of Germans nearly won (controlled 9/10 of the city)the city)

►Winter of 1943 hitWinter of 1943 hit

Battle of Stalingrad cont…Battle of Stalingrad cont…►Hitler forced Germans to stay putHitler forced Germans to stay put

► Soviets used to their advantage and wonSoviets used to their advantage and won

► Soviets lost 1,100,000 people in this battleSoviets lost 1,100,000 people in this battle

► Turning point in WWIITurning point in WWII

► From that point on, Soviet army began to move From that point on, Soviet army began to move westward towards Germanywestward towards Germany

Normandy Invasion (D-Day)Normandy Invasion (D-Day)

► June 6, 1944June 6, 1944

► During this time, Soviet Union was pushing into Poland During this time, Soviet Union was pushing into Poland and Allies were pushing North in Italyand Allies were pushing North in Italy

  ► Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and George Patton Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and George Patton

influential in leading attackinfluential in leading attack  ► 3 million ally troops to attack3 million ally troops to attack

Normandy Invasion cont.Normandy Invasion cont.

D – DayD – Day              60 mile stretch of beach60 mile stretch of beach              156,000 troops156,000 troops              4,000 landing craft4,000 landing craft              600 warships600 warships              11,000 planes11,000 planes              Largest land-sea-air operation in historyLargest land-sea-air operation in history              Omaha beach known as one of the most Omaha beach known as one of the most brutal areasbrutal areas

► The D-Day Museum in Portsmouth, England claims a The D-Day Museum in Portsmouth, England claims a total of 2,500 Allied troops died, while German forces total of 2,500 Allied troops died, while German forces suffered between 4,000 and 9,000 total casualties on suffered between 4,000 and 9,000 total casualties on D-Day. D-Day.

► The Heritage Foundation in the U.S. claims 4,900 U.S. The Heritage Foundation in the U.S. claims 4,900 U.S. dead on D-Daydead on D-Day

► The U.S. Army Center of Military History cites a total The U.S. Army Center of Military History cites a total casualty figure for U.S. forces at 6,036. This number casualty figure for U.S. forces at 6,036. This number combines dead and wounded in the D-Day battlescombines dead and wounded in the D-Day battles

► John Keegan, American Historian and Author believes John Keegan, American Historian and Author believes that 2,500 Americans died along with 3,000 British and that 2,500 Americans died along with 3,000 British and Canadian troops on D-DayCanadian troops on D-Day

► By the end of the of the entire Normandy Campaign, By the end of the of the entire Normandy Campaign, nearly 425,000 Allied and German troops were killed, nearly 425,000 Allied and German troops were killed, wounded, or missing.wounded, or missing.

Normandy Invasion cont.Normandy Invasion cont.

The battle continuesThe battle continues

►   W/in 1 month, a million more troopsW/in 1 month, a million more troops

►   September 1944, France was freed from September 1944, France was freed from

Nazi controlNazi control

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge

► December 16, 1944December 16, 1944

► German tanks broke through American lines (80 mile German tanks broke through American lines (80 mile front)front)

  ► Fought in Belgium - Germany was trying to capture Fought in Belgium - Germany was trying to capture

AntwerpAntwerp  ► Very brutal war - one of the most extensive of U.S. Very brutal war - one of the most extensive of U.S.

military (120 American GIs captured and mowed down military (120 American GIs captured and mowed down by SS machine guns and pistols)by SS machine guns and pistols)

Battle of the Bulge Cont.Battle of the Bulge Cont.

►Germans were winning in the beginningGermans were winning in the beginning

►120,000 Germans died (also lost 600 tanks and 120,000 Germans died (also lost 600 tanks and guns and 1,600 planes – leading to defeat))guns and 1,600 planes – leading to defeat))

  ►80,000 Americans died80,000 Americans died  ►Americans won, but were close to losingAmericans won, but were close to losing

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

►Took place February 1945 before WWII Took place February 1945 before WWII was overwas over

►Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met in Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met in Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss post WWIIpost WWII

►Set up United NationsSet up United Nations

Yalta – “The Big 3”Yalta – “The Big 3”

April 12, 1945April 12, 1945

►At the beginning of his 4At the beginning of his 4thth Term, Term, President Franklin D. Roosevelt passes President Franklin D. Roosevelt passes awayaway

►The U.S. went through a major grieving The U.S. went through a major grieving periodperiod

►Harry S. Truman, as Vice-President, Harry S. Truman, as Vice-President, takes the role as Presidenttakes the role as President

The end of HitlerThe end of Hitler

► April 30, 1945 Hitler April 30, 1945 Hitler and Eva Braun commit and Eva Braun commit suicide (gun shot and suicide (gun shot and cyanide)cyanide)

► Bodies burned in Bodies burned in streetstreet

► Cover of Time Cover of Time magazine May 7, 1945magazine May 7, 1945

V-E DayV-E Day

► May 8, 1945May 8, 1945

► General Eisenhower accepted a surrender by the Third General Eisenhower accepted a surrender by the Third ReichReich

  ► V-E day = Victory in Europe dayV-E day = Victory in Europe day  ► 11stst part of War was over part of War was over  

PotsdamPotsdam► July – August 1945July – August 1945

►Truman, (Churchill and then Clement Truman, (Churchill and then Clement Atlee) and Stalin met in Potsdam, Atlee) and Stalin met in Potsdam, GermanyGermany

►Drew up a blueprint to disarm Germany Drew up a blueprint to disarm Germany and eliminate the Nazi regimeand eliminate the Nazi regime

Potsdam ContinuedPotsdam Continued

►Divided Germany into 4 sections (occupied by Divided Germany into 4 sections (occupied by France, Britain, U.S. and Soviet Union)France, Britain, U.S. and Soviet Union)

► Berlin to be divided up in East (or Soviet Berlin to be divided up in East (or Soviet Germany)Germany)

► Set up the Nuremberg Trials to persecute Nazi Set up the Nuremberg Trials to persecute Nazi leaders leaders

► Japan must “unconditionally surrender”Japan must “unconditionally surrender”

Potsdam, GermanyPotsdam, Germany

Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials

► International tribunal court tried Nazi International tribunal court tried Nazi officialsofficials

►Over 23 nations tried Nazi war Over 23 nations tried Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germanycriminals in Nuremberg, Germany

►12 of the 22 defendants were 12 of the 22 defendants were sentenced to deathsentenced to death

►200 other officials were found guilty, 200 other officials were found guilty, but give lesser sentencesbut give lesser sentences

Battle of the Coral SeaBattle of the Coral Sea

► Prior to this battle, the Japanese were winning every battle Prior to this battle, the Japanese were winning every battle and taking over the Pacificand taking over the Pacific

  ► May 1942 - U.S. and Australia stopped Japan from May 1942 - U.S. and Australia stopped Japan from

invadinginvading  ► Japan won the actual battle, but the allies were able to stop Japan won the actual battle, but the allies were able to stop

Japan invasion for the first timeJapan invasion for the first time

► U.S. was beginning to use the Island Hopping technique to U.S. was beginning to use the Island Hopping technique to weaken Japan’s forcesweaken Japan’s forces

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

► June 1942June 1942

► Admiral Chester Nimitz intercepted Japanese Admiral Chester Nimitz intercepted Japanese codecode

► U.S. launched surprise attack on Japan at U.S. launched surprise attack on Japan at Pacific island called MidwayPacific island called Midway

► U.S. was successful in the Battle of MidwayU.S. was successful in the Battle of Midway

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

►The Japanese lost 4 carriers, a heavy The Japanese lost 4 carriers, a heavy cruiser, 3 destroyers, some 275 cruiser, 3 destroyers, some 275 planes, at least 4,800 men, and planes, at least 4,800 men, and suffered heavy damage among the suffered heavy damage among the remaining vessels of their fleet. remaining vessels of their fleet.

►American losses included 1 carrier, the American losses included 1 carrier, the YorktownYorktown, a destroyer, about 150 , a destroyer, about 150 planes, and 307 men planes, and 307 men

Iwo JimaIwo Jima

► Island in the Pacific that was critical Island in the Pacific that was critical for U.S. winfor U.S. win

►March 1945March 1945►27,000 Japanese held Iwo Jima27,000 Japanese held Iwo Jima►U.S. wonU.S. won

26,800 Japanese troops died26,800 Japanese troops died 6,000 U.S. Marines died6,000 U.S. Marines died

Battle of OkinawaBattle of Okinawa

► June 22, 1945June 22, 1945

► Japan’s last defensive strongholdJapan’s last defensive stronghold

► Japan used 1,900 Kamikaze attacksJapan used 1,900 Kamikaze attacks

► 110,000 Japanese troops died110,000 Japanese troops died

► 7,600 - 12,500 U.S U.S. troops died7,600 - 12,500 U.S U.S. troops died

► U.S. wonU.S. won

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

► 200,000 Japanese died due to the Atomic 200,000 Japanese died due to the Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasakibombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

► HiroshimaHiroshima August 6, 1945August 6, 1945 ““Little Boy”Little Boy” In 43 seconds, the city collapsed to dustIn 43 seconds, the city collapsed to dust

► NagasakiNagasaki August 9, 1945August 9, 1945 ““Fat Man”Fat Man” Leveled half of the cityLeveled half of the city

V-J DayV-J Day

►August 15, 1945: Japan offers August 15, 1945: Japan offers unconditional surrenderunconditional surrender

►September 2, 1945: V-J Day = Victory September 2, 1945: V-J Day = Victory in Japan Day (Formal surrender)in Japan Day (Formal surrender)

U.S. Occupation of JapanU.S. Occupation of Japan

►Similar trials held for Japanese war criminalsSimilar trials held for Japanese war criminals

►7 out of 28 leaders were found guilty and 7 out of 28 leaders were found guilty and sentenced to death (including Tojo)sentenced to death (including Tojo)

►U.S. occupied Japan for 6 years under the U.S. occupied Japan for 6 years under the direction of General Douglas MacArthurdirection of General Douglas MacArthur Called for a New Constitution (w/ free elections and Called for a New Constitution (w/ free elections and

women suffrage)women suffrage) Introduced a free market economyIntroduced a free market economy