World War II Becker US History FDR: The Man Effects of WWI 1921 Washington Naval Conference –Creates 4-Power, 5-Power and 9-Power Pacts –Limits tonnage.

World War II

Becker

US History

FDR: The Man

Effects of WWI

• 1921 Washington Naval Conference– Creates 4-Power, 5-Power and 9-Power Pacts– Limits tonnage of ships and aircraft carriers– Limits size of artillery pieces on ships– Limits UK, US to 525,000 tons– Limits Japan to 315 tons

• Credited with pushing Japan toward WW2

• 1934 Japan terminates treaty

Effects of WWI• 1928 Kellogg Briand Pact

– Attempt to outlaw war as a solution to crisis

• 1935/1937 Neutrality Acts– No arms sales to warring nations– Cash and carry only– Lend-lease only

Appeasement

• 1938 Munich Conference– Neville Chamberlain is British Prime Minister– Focus on preventing war with Germany– Hitler’s seizure of Sudetenland is approved– Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia as well

Destroyers Deal• AKA “Destroyers for Bases”

– FDR calls them “50 Tin Cans”

• May 1940 – Evacuation of Dunkirk– Britain desperately in need of ships– German U-boats taking toll on Royal Navy

• US gets bases in Newfoundland, Bahamas, Caribbean

• UK gets 50 US destroyers

Atlantic Charter

• FDR and Churchill meet in August 1941– US not yet involved– Meeting is kept a guarded secret until then

• Plans for the future of Europe post-war– No territorial gains for any nations– Self-determination of nations– Freedom of the seas– Global disarmament

American Response to War

• Americans want to keep out of war

• Memory of WWI is still too fresh

• WWII does not involve the US

• Neutrality Act of 1935: no arms sales– Still sell other supplies– 1937 becomes “cash and carry”– Avoid subs dragging US into war

Germany Reclaims Territory

• 1938 Hitler unifies Austria and Germany• 1938 Hitler reclaims Sudetenland (lost at Versailles)• 1939 Hitler invades Czechoslovakia• August 1939 Hitler and Stalin sign alliance treaty

– Agree to divide Poland between Germany and USSR

• September 1939 Hitler and Stalin invade Poland– Blitzkrieg: lightning war

• September 1939 Britain and France declare war• Appeasement has failed; WWII has begun

World Political Changes

• Fascism: extreme military nationalism– Italy: Benito Mussolini– Germany: Adolph Hitler– Japan: Hideki Tojo

• Communism: one-party government– USSR: 1917 Bolshevik Revolution– Vladimir Lenin– Joseph Stalin

Blitzkrieg!"The pace is too

fast……it’s the co-operation between the dive-bombers and the tanks that is winning the war for Germany."

- French soldier’s diary

France Responds• France knows that they are the next

target

• Maginot Line is a line of concrete bunkers

– Line of concrete bunkers

– Underground tunnels

– Protect German/French border

Maginot Line Fort in France

France Surrenders

• Hitler bypasses the Maginot Line– Invades Netherlands– Passes through and invades Belgium– Passes through and invades Luxembourg– Passes through and invades France

• June 1940 France surrenders– Hitler sets up his own French government– La Resistancé continues to resist occupation

Britain Stands Firm

• Hitler expects Britain to seek peace– France has surrendered– US insists it will remain neutral

• Winston Churchill says no peace w/o victory– Asks FDR to convince Americans to join war

• Hitler sends Luftwaffe to bomb London– Battle of Britain– Churchill sends RAF to bomb Berlin

Winston Churchill

• British prime minister

• Frequently intoxicated

• Stubborn, dynamic leader

Lend/Lease PolicyLend/Lease Policy

• The US does not want another world war• 1939 US passes Neutrality Act

– Forbids US to sell either side weapons– FDR wants to help Britain but can’t– Decides to “lend” Britain weapons instead

• America First Committee criticizes FDR– WWI was horrible and costly– Let Europe fight their own war- don’t send our

boys

FDR’s Lend-Lease

                      <>

Asian Political ChangesAsian Political Changes

• 1853 Matthew Perry opens trade with Japan• Japan rapidly industrialize: “Meiji Restoration”• Problem: What do you need for industry?

– Natural Resources: Oil, iron ore, timber, etc.

• 1931 Japan invades Chinese state Manchuria– Japanese see Chinese, Koreans as inferior– 1937 Rape of Nanking– 370,000 civilians murdered, 80,000 women/girls raped

• US outrage, begin selling weapons to China

Rape of Nanking

Anti-Asian Racism in USAnti-Asian Racism in US

• 1906 Alien Education Act– California schools segregate Asian students

• 1906 Anti-Miscegenation Act– California bans white/Asian marriages

• 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement– Japan agrees to restrict immigration to US

• 1924 Immigration Act– Basically closes Japanese immigration

Anti-Japanese Political ActsAnti-Japanese Political Acts• 1903-04 Russo-Japanese War

– Japan defeats Russia – Teddy Roosevelt favors Russia in treaty– Japan feels cheated by the United States

• 1940 Export Control Act– FDR bans sale of steel and oil to Japan– Attempt to stop Japan’s invasion of China– Brings Japanese industry to a halt

• 1941 Japan signs treaty w/ Germany/Italy

US Debates the War• FDR wants to help England• Nye Committee

– Business profit from war??

• America First Committee opposes war– Charles Lindbergh

• FDR circumvents Neutrality Acts– Lend-Lease– Destroyer Deal– Atlantic Charter

• Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

““a date which will live in infamy”a date which will live in infamy”

• Japan feels compelled to force US trade

• Dec 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

America enters World War IIAmerica enters World War II

• Dec 8, 1941 Congress declares war on Japan• Dec 11, 1941 Germany and Italy declare war

on the US– Why?

• Factories revert to arms production• Farmers encouraged to produce more• WWII will pull the US out of Great Depression

Yamamoto Plans Pearl HarborYamamoto Plans Pearl Harbor• Isoroku Yamamoto educated in the US• Given tour of Pear Harbor in 1920s

• Yamamoto calls Pearl a

“perfect target”

• US fleet training, most not

in port

• Saves US chances in

Pacific

““Fighting for Freedom”Fighting for Freedom”

• WWII is nicknamed “the good war”

• WWII is sold as a war for freedom

• FDR speaks of 4 “human freedoms”• freedom of speech• freedom of worship• freedom from want• freedom from fear

Four Freedoms Propaganda Posters

Four Freedoms Propaganda Posters

“Fighting for Freedom” for Women

• War experience broadens freedom

• Creates self-reliance since men are away

• Gov’t sanctions women in workforce

“These jobs will have to be glorified as a patriotic war service if American women are to be

persuaded to take them and stick to them. Their importance to a nation engaged in total war must

be convincingly presented.”

Basic Program Plan for WomanpowerOffice of War Information

It's a Woman's War Too!It's a Woman's War Too!

“We Can Do It!”

by J. Howard Miller

Images of the strong woman:

Rosie the Riveter

Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter

• Women obtain factory jobs as war production begins to increase in 1939

• A few questions:– What did they do before factory work?– How did the US government encourage

them to enter the factory?– In their eyes, how did their new jobs

compare to their old ones?

““Fighting for Freedom” for African-AmericansFighting for Freedom” for African-Americans

• War experience broadens freedoms

• Civil rights leaders threaten march on DC

• Government admits blacks into army

• Double V campaign is launched– Victory against enemies overseas– Victory against racism at home

Double V CampaignDouble V Campaign

What about…What about…

• Freedom for Japanese-Americans?

• Freedom for German-Americans?

What will happen…What will happen…

• To women’s rights after WWII?

• To African-Americans after WWII?

Pacific Theatre of WWII• Douglas MacArthur loses Philippines

– Extremely arrogant man, poor defense plan– Thousands die on Bataan Death March– MacArthur promises, “I shall return.”

• James Doolittle devises plan to bomb Japan– Modifies aircraft carriers to launch bombers– Tokyo attacked from US carriers 1000 miles

away

• Battle of Midway is turning point– 4 Japanese carriers, 38 aircraft destroyed

Battle of Midway

• US decodes Japanese orders

• Know attack is coming• Launch preemptive

strike on carriers• Sink 4, but Yorktown

is also hit • Stops Japanese

advance in the Pacific

Japanese Internment

• Internment of Japanese Americans– Glaring example of American intolerance– Reminder of the fragility of civil liberties in

wartime

• Why California?– History of racism toward Asian immigrants

• Why Japanese Americans?– Clustered together in highly visible

communities– Small, politically powerless minority– Only 112,000 in the three West coast states

Japanese Internment

• Treated unlike German or Italian Americans– Europeans of any brand better than Asians– Fact that Japan had attacked us directly

• General John DeWitt notes:

“A Jap’s a Jap. It makes no difference whether he is an American Citizen or

not.”• American fears of a West coast invasion• Newspapers/politicians warn of “Jap spies”

Japanese Internment

• Roosevelt issues Executive Order 9066– Aftermath of Pearl Harbor– Released in early 1942

• War Dept ordered to evacuate Japanese – Move them from the West Coast– Intern them in relocation camps in remote areas

• No evidence of Japanese disloyalty• No Japanese spies convicted of sedition• Yet, few public leaders opposed the plan

Japanese Internment

• Japanese-Americans are shocked at the news• 2/3 all Japanese in US are American citizens• First-generation Americans are called Issei• Children of Japanese-born Issei called Nissei • Forced to sell property/possessions

– Ridiculously low prices – Many refused to buy from Japanese at all

• Army ships Japanese to assembly centers• Then distributed to relocation camps

Internment Camps

A Tagged Young Girl Being Sent to an Internment Camp

Shipping Out

Japanese-Americans are

loaded onto trucks destined for

assembly centers

Documents Checked

US Government assigns tracking

numbers to Japanese-Americans

Internment Camps

Internment Camps

Japanese American Boys in a Camp

Inside, Wanting Out

Japanese Internment

• 97% of Japanese-American detained – Mostly from CA, OR, and WA– Some asked to serve as translators in US Army– Many serve in spite of their people’s treatment

• Japanese-Americans in Hawaii– Far greater numbers & far closer to Japan– However, these are not interned

• Why?– The islands’ multiracial heritage– Unskilled labor– Economy needed them

Japanese Internment

• By 1943 cracks appear in relocation policy

• Agricultural labor shortage– Farm workers allowed out of camps– College Students allowed to go to school

• 4300 allowed to attend schools• Only outside West Coast military zone

– 442nd Regimental Combat Team• Nisei volunteers served in Europe• One of the most decorated armed forces units

Japanese Internment

• Supreme Court Rules on Internment– Curfews and discriminatory conduct approved– Court declines to rule on its constitutionality

• 1944 Supreme Court Case Korematsu v. US– Citizens who could be proved loyal can’t be detained

• 1988 Congress publicly apologizes– $20,000 in reparations paid to survivors and families– Approximately 80,000 surviving detainees

Winning WWII

America Throws Her Weight

Behind the War

Germany First

• US faced with a 2-theatre war– Declaration of war against Japan on Dec 8– Germany declares war on the US Dec 11

• Allies hold the Arcadia Conference– US and UK main participants– Decide to focus first on Europe and Germany– Initially, few resources in Pacific theatre– Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal hold off

Japanese advance

Africa (The Colonies)

• November 1942• US invades N Africa• Casablanca, Morocco is captured by Patton• US suffers shocking defeat at Kasserine Pass

– Report US M3 tank is inferior in quality- M4 replaces– US learns to coordinate air and ground forces

• Patton made commander of US forces in Africa• May 1943 German forces in Africa surrender

Kasserine Pass

Victory at Sea

• German subs target US supply ships– US is also supplying UK, USSR, and (Italy)

• Convoy system is developed– Destroyers escort cargo ships across Atlantic– Sonar detects subs and depth charges destroy

• German subs still sink many supply ships• After 1942 US produces new ships faster

than Germans can sink them

Convoy System

Home Front

• Wartime industries develop in the S and W– Sunbelt become new industrial region in the S

• Bracero Program started in Southwest– Brings migrant Mexican workers to the US

• Great Migration begins in the South– African-Americans move North and West– About 1M people relocate to find jobs

• Zoot Suit becomes a form of social protest– Popular among young Mexican-Americans – Unpatriotic because of its wasteful use of cloth

The Zoot Suit Riots

• Sleepy Lagoon murder catches LA’s attention• Youth wearing zoot suits convicted of the crime• Their style of dress instills fear among Anglos• Describes as:

"a killer diller coat with a drape shape, reat pleats, and shoulders padded like a lunatic's cell.“

• Rumor that zoot suiters had killed a US sailor• June 1943 Sailors/Marines hunt down zoot suiters• Riots ensue, 4 zoot suiters killed in LA

Zoot Suits

Zoot Suiter, 1943

Zoot Suits

Zoot Suits

Stripped LA Zoot Suiter, 1943

Zoot Suits

Zoot Suits

Contemporary (a couple of years ago) Retro Zoot Suiters

Paying for the War

• Rationing is put in place– Metals, gas, rubber saved– Speed limits set at 35mph

• Victory gardens started– Grow your own food– Leave more for the troops

• E bonds sold– Fund about 50% of war– Paid back later w/ interest

Victory in Europe: Stalingrad

• Germany rolls through Western Russia– Little serious opposition– Finally, Soviets and Red Army make their stand

• Soviets stop German advance at Stalingrad– July 1942 – February 1943– Intense street fighting throughout city– About 2M casualties from 1 battle– Losing Stalingrad means losing the war for USSR

Stalingrad

War in Europe

• Operation Torch (November 1943)• Battle of Atlantic—won by U. S. in 1943

– Submarine threat mitigated• Invasion of Europe

– Sicily invaded on July 10, 1943– September 1944, Italy mainland invaded– Rome falls on June 4, 1944

War in Europe• Casablanca Conference (1943)

– Only unconditional surrender of Germany

• Cairo Conference:– Unconditional surrender of Japan

Victory in Europe – D-Day

• Teheran Conference yields Operation Overlord– Also, post-war UN organization first discussed

• Surprise US invasion of Europe on D-Day– June 6, 1944: Invasion at Normandy in France– Complete surprise against Germans– 5000 US troops die on Day 1

• Germans use hedgerows as defense– Quickly advance to free Paris

D-Day: Normandy

Germany’s Last Stand

• Battle of the Bulge is last German offensive– December 1944 – January 1945– When German lines break, nothing stopping Allies

• March 7, 1945, Bridge at Remagen seized– Germans unable to blow bridges - again– Allies roll into Germany

• Hitler commits suicide rather than face defeat

Germany Surrenders

• Yalta Conference (February 1945)– Big 3: FDR, Churchill, Stalin– Governing post-war Germany– USSR involvement v. Japan

• April 1945 Berlin captured by USSR

• May 7, 1945 Germany surrenders to Allies

• V-E Day declared May 8, 1945

• Liberation of concentration camps

HolocaustHolocaust

• Germans are still upset over WWI• Forced to accept war blame, pay reparations• Hitler is racist, plus hates established religion

– Blames Jews for Germany being scapegoat at Versailles– Promises to restore Germany to world power status– Nuremberg Laws deny citizenship and rights to Jews– Kristallnacht is night of anti-Jewish violence

• 1942 Hitler creates concentration camps – Sends Jews and anyone who protested their treatment– Healthy people were slave labor– The sick and weak were gassed

Auschwitz

Pacific War Continues…

• US strategy is island-hopping toward Japan • January 1943 New Guinea invaded• November 1943 Tarawa invaded• June 1944 Mariana Islands invaded• October 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf

– MacArthur able to return to Philippines

• February 1945 Iwo Jima invaded– Nearly 7000 Marines will die– Japanese fight to the death– Hide in caves, nearly impossible to defeat

Island-Hopping

• US invades Okinawa in April 1945– 12000 US troops will die

• Closer to mainland Japan = more brutal fighting• Japan refuses to surrender: bushido code• US plans to invade Japanese mainland

– Operations Coronet and Olympic

• March 1945 US begins firebombing Japan– Early form of napalm– Brutal but effective

Firebombing ofTokyo

Kamikaze

• Japanese kamikaze results in US desperation– “divine wind”: little pilot training necessary

Manhattan Project

• FDR dies suddenly in April 1945– Harry S. Truman becomes president– Truman has lived in FDR’s shadow, knows little

• Told about Manhattan Project• US is reluctant to use the weapon, but…

– 26,000 casualties taking Iwo Jima– Projections of 1M US casualties taking mainland

• 2 mid-sized Japanese cities vs. 1M US lives– Lesser of 2 evils??

Decision to use the Bomb

• August 1945 Truman decides to use the bomb– Actual destructive power really unknown– Only 1 real test…choice of “virgin” targets

• August 6 Hiroshima is bombed– 10 kiloton “Little Boy” dropped by the Enola Gay– Uranium detonated at 1,980 feet over Hiroshima– In an instant, 66,000 die, ~70,000 injured– .5 mi vaporization, 3 mi burn zone, 50+ mi radiation– Hirohito warned to surrender: refuses

Enola Gay

Nagasaki• August 9 Nagasaki is bombed

– “Fat Man” dropped by Bockscar– 10 kiloton plutonium bomb– Misses target by 1.5 mi, but still levels city– 39,000 fatalities, 25,000 injured

• Once again, Japan offered surrender termsDistance from X,feet

Killed Injured Missing TotalCasualties

Killedper square mile

0 - 1,640 7,505 960 1,127 9,592 24,700

1,640 - 3,300 3,688 1,478 1,799 6,965 4,040

3,300 - 4,900 8,678 17,137 3,597 29,412 5,710

4,900 - 6,550 221 11,958 28 12,207 125

6,550 - 9,850 112 9,460 17 9,589 20

B-29 Superfortress

Atomic Café (1982)

Japan Surrenders

• August 9 USSR declares war on Japan• August 15 Japan surrenders to the US• Emperor versus Japanese War Council

– Coup d'état fails; emperor surrenders to Allies

• September 2, 1945 Japan formally signs– Battleship Missouri is treaty location– Surrender is NOT unconditional– Emperor will remain figurehead

USSR invades Korea

• Japan had occupied Korea

• USSR declares war, invades Korea from North

• US quickly sends troops to Korea from South– We’re afraid they will claim Korea for the USSR– US and USSR troops meet at 38th parallel– Agree to “jointly occupy” Korea– Communist gov’t set up in North– Semi-democratic gov’t set up in South– Stage is set for the Korean War

Rebuilding Europe

• Nuremburg Trials held in August 1945– Goal is to punish German/Japanese war criminals– No one mentions our camps or firebombing

• United Nations is formed in 1944– New international organization to prevent wars– US does join and becomes leading power

• Potsdam conference held in 1945 (US/USSR)– Goal is to decide future of Europe– Not effective- ends up dividing Europe

Cold War Begins

• Potsdam marks beginning of hostilities– US wants a free Europe with democratic gov’t– USSR wants communist Europe as buffer zone

• 1946 George Kennan issues Long Telegram– Sets a US policy of containment– Goal to stop spread of communism at all costs

• Marshall Plan is US solution: use money

• COMECON is Soviet solution: use military aid